TheHarvardsystemofreferencing

Contents
1.

Introduction ...............................................................

Plagiarism .......................................................................

Citationstyles ....................................................................

Collectingandorganisingreferences ................................................

Dates ...........................................................................

2.

Citationsinthetext ........................................................

3.

Webresources ............................................................

4.

ReferenceList/Bibliography.................................................

4.1 References books(includingelectronicbooks).......................................

4.2 References othersources ........................................................

Journalarticles(includingelectronicjournals) ..........................................

Newspapers(includingelectronicnewspapers) ........................................

Imagesanddiagrams..............................................................

Conferenceproceedings...........................................................

Publicationsfromacorporatebody ..................................................

Marketresearchreports............................................................

BritishStandards .................................................................

Thesesanddissertations...........................................................

Exhibitioncatalogues ..............................................................

4.3 References liveperformances .....................................................

Dance ..........................................................................

Play ............................................................................

10

4.4 References electronicoraudiovisual ...............................................

10

Webpages,emailsandcomputerprograms ..........................................

10

Computergames .................................................................

10

Software ........................................................................

10

Emailsfromapublicdomain .......................................................

11

Weblogs(blogs)..................................................................

11

Wikis ...........................................................................

11

Socialnetworkingsites(Facebook,Twitter,Beboetc)...................................

11

Media(video,lmorbroadcast) .....................................................

11

Onlinelm .......................................................................

12

Podcasts ........................................................................

12

Onlineimages....................................................................

12

4.5 References personalcommunication ...............................................

13

LecturenotesonBlackboard .......................................................

13

4.6 References referenceworks ......................................................

13

Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias........................................................

13

Classicalworks ..................................................................

14

Furtherinformation ........................................................

14

5.

TheHarvardsystemofreferencing

ThisisaguidetotheHarvardsystembutyoushouldalwayscheckyourcoursehandbook
and/ormoduleoutlineforanyfurtherguidance,asyourlecturersmaypreferadifferent
styleofreferencing.Itisalwaysadvisabletocheckwhichsystemyouareexpectedtouse
andtowhatextentitmayvaryfromthisguide.
1. Introduction
Whenwritingapieceofworkyoushouldprovidereferencestothesourcesused.Areference isthe
detailedbibliographicdescriptionoftheitemfromwhichyougainedyourinformation.Insimpleterms,this
meansthedetailsoftheitemsthatyouhaveused,e.g.author,title,dateofpublication.Referencesare
brieycitedwithinthetext,andthengiveninfullattheendofyourworkinareferencelist.Anyother
itemsreadforbackgroundinformationbutnotreferredtointhetextshouldbegiveninfullattheendof
yourworkinabibliography.
Referencesareusedto:
Enablethereadertolocatethesourcesyouhaveused;
Helpsupportyourargumentsandprovideyourworkwithcredibility;
Showthescopeandbreadthofyourresearch;
Acknowledgethesourceofanargumentoridea.Failuretodosocouldresultinachargeofplagiarism.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is dened by De Montfort University Student Regulations as The signicant use by a student
of other peoples work and the submission of it as though it were his or her own. For more information on
how to avoid plagiarism please see www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Howto/HowtoAvoid
Plagiarism.pdf
Citationstyles
Variouscitationstylesexist.Theyconveythesameinformation,onlythepresentationofthatinformation
differs.Moststyleguidesfallintotwocommonlyusedsystems:
authordatesystem (e.g.Harvard);
numericsystem (e.g.Vancouver,MLA,IEEE).
Whicheversystemyouuse,itisimportantthatyouareconsistentinitsapplication.
ThisguideisintendedtoprovideyouwithadviceonhowtousetheHarvard (authordate)system
whereyousupplytheauthorsnameandthedateofpublicationofthedocumentreferredtowithinthe
text.Inordertondoutmoreaboutthedocumentareadercansimplylookuptheauthorsnameinthe
referencelist.

Collectingandorganisingreferences
Itisoftennoteasy(orpossible)toretrievesourcesafteryouhavewrittenyourtext.Forthisreasonitis
besttokeepagoodrecordofeverythingthatyouuse.Referencemanagementsoftware,suchas
RefWorks,EndNote,MendeleyorZotero,willhelpyouorganiseyourreferencesaccordingtodifferent
citationsystemsandtoaddthecitationstoyourtext.Alternatively,youcouldstoreyourreferenceson
indexcards.ForfurtherinformationaboutreferencemanagementandhelpusingRefWorks,pleasesee
ourreferencemanagementguideat:libguides.library.dmu.ac.uk/referencing
Anoteaboutdatesandpagenumbers
Ifnodatecanbeestablishedyoucanusen.d.e.g.Webb(n.d.)

IfthedatecanbeestablishedbutonlyapproximatelyyoushoulduseWebb(c.2001)

ElectronicbooksreadviaanereadersuchastheKindledonothavetraditionalpagenumbers.Inthis

case,usethechaptersinsteadforindicatingthelocationofaquotedsection;

e.g. Jones(2001,chapter6)statesthat
Ifyouwishtociteawebresourcethatdoesnotincludepagenumbers,youcanincludeanyofthe
followinginthetexttocitethequotation:
Aparagraphnumber,ifprovided;alternatively,youcouldcountparagraphsdownfromthebeginningof
thedocument.
Anoverarchingheadingplusaparagraphnumberwithinthatsection.
Ashorttitleinquotationmarks,incasesinwhichtheheadingistoounwieldytociteinfull.
e.g. BritishMedicalAssociation(2012,para.2)statesthat

or

NHS(2012,Migraines,para.3)statesthat

or

NHS(2012,Riskssection,Drivingandmobilephones)statesthat

2. Citationsinthetext
Allideastakenfromanothersourceregardlessofwhetherdirectlyquotedorparaphrasedneedtobe
referencedinthetextofyourassignment.Tolinktheinformationyouuseinyourtexttoitssource(book,
article,etc.),puttheauthorsnameandtheyearofpublicationattheappropriatepointinyourtext.Ifthe
authorsnamedoesnotnaturallyoccurinyourwriting,puttheauthorssurnameanddateinbrackets.
SoiftheauthorsnameisJamesRobertJones,youwouldusethesurnameJonesandthedatetocitein
thetext.
e.g. Thereissomeevidence(Jones,1992)thattheseguresareincorrect.

Iftheauthorsnameis partofthestatement,putonlytheyearinbrackets:
e.g. Jones(1992)hasprovidedevidencethattheseguresareincorrect.
Iftherearetwoauthors,giveboth:
e.g. Itisclaimedthatgovernmentintheinformationagewillworkbetterandcostless

(BellamyandTaylor1998,p.41).

Note: ifyouaregivingadirectquotationthenyouneedtoincludethepagenumber.
Iftherearemorethantwoauthors,citeonlytherstfollowedbyetal.(whichmeansandothers):
e.g. adoptiveparentswerecopingbetterwiththephysicaldemandsofparenthoodandfound

familylifemoreenjoyable(Levyetal.1991).

Note: uptothreeauthornamescanbegiveninyourreferencelist/bibliography.
Ifanauthorhaspublishedmoredocumentsinthesameyear,distinguishbetweenthembyadding
lowercaseletters:
e.g. InrecentstudiesbySmith(1999a,1999b,1999c)
Secondaryreferencing
Whenanauthorquotesorcitesanotherauthorandyouwishtocitetheoriginalauthoryoushouldrsttry
totracetheoriginalitem.However,ifthisisnotpossible,youmustacknowledgebothsourcesinthetext,
butonlyincludetheitemyouactuallyreadinyourreferencelist.
e.g. IfJonesdiscussestheworkofSmithyoucoulduse:
Smith(2009)ascitedbyJones(2012)

or

Smiths2009study(citedinJones2012,p.156)showsthat

ThenciteJonesinfullinyourreferencelist.
Informationfoundinmorethanonesource
Ifyoundinformationinmorethanonesource,youmaywanttoincludeallthereferencestostrengthen
yourargument.Inwhichcase,citeallsourcesinthesamebrackets,placingtheminorderofpublication
date(earliestrst).Separatethereferencesusingasemicolon(;).
e.g. Severalwriters(Jones2011;Biggs2010;Smith2009)argue

3. Electronicresources
Electronicbooksandelectronicjournalsshouldbecitedasprintusingtheguidelinesinsections4.1and
4.2respectively.
Theprinciplesforcitingelectronicresourcesarethesameasforotherformats;usetheauthoranddateof
publicationinthetext,thenfollowtheconventionasdetailedbelowin4.4.Thenatureofwebresources
meansthatauthornamesareoftennotavailableanddatescanbeveryvague.Thereforeyouwillneedto
decidewhoisresponsibleforproducingthewebpageandusethemastheauthor,oftenthiswillbean
organisationratherthanapersonalname.Youshouldbeabletondthisinformationbyfollowingabout
usorcontactuslinks.
Ifthereisnoauthor,ororganisationyoucanusethetitleofthewebpage,ifthereisnotitleusea
truncatedwebaddress(youshouldconsiderwhetherthisresourceissuitableforacademicwork).

4. ReferenceList/Bibliography
Fullreferencesofsourcesusedshouldbelistedattheendofyourworkasareferencelist.Thislistof
referencesisarrangedalphabeticallyusuallybyauthor.Youmayalsoberequiredbyyourtutortoincludea
bibliographywhichshouldlistallitemsusedwithinthetextbutalsoincludeanyothersourcesyouhave
readaspartofyourresearch.
Wheneverpossible,elementsofabibliographicalreferenceshouldbetakenfromthetitlepageofthe
publication.Eachreferenceshouldgivetheelementsandpunctuationasfoundbelow.Authorsshould
alwaysbeincapitals.
IftheauthorisJamesRobertJonesthiswillbecomeJONES,J.R.AbdulRahmanAlHaddadwouldbe
ALHADDAD,A.
Thedateinbracketsaftertheauthor.Intheseexamples,thesource,(e.g.title)hasbeenitalicised;you
canalsoemphasisethesourcebyunderlining ortypinginbold.Itdoesnotusuallymatterwhichyouuse,
solongasyouareconsistent throughoutyourreferencelist.

4.1 References Books

Books
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Title.Edition ifnotthe1st.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. CLARKE,S.(2011)Textiledesign.London:LaurenceKing.
Bookswithtwoorthreeauthors
e.g. MALTZMAN,R.andSHIRLEY,D.(c2011)Greenprojectmanagement. London:CRCPress.
Bookswithmorethanthreeauthors givethenameoftherstauthor,followedbyetal.(andothers).
e.g. SHAW,R.etal.(2011)Managementessentialsfordoctors.Cambridge:

CambridgeUniversityPress.

Bookswithoneormoreeditor(s) Includetheabbreviation(ed.)or(eds.)aftertheirsurname.
EDITOR(S)(ed./eds.)(Year)Title.Edition.PlaceofPublication:Publisher
e.g. FURSE,A.(ed.)(2011)Theatreinpieces:politics,poeticsandinterdisciplinarycollaboration:

ananthologyofplaytexts19662010.London:MethuenDrama.

Chaptersinbooks
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofchapter.In:AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S),ed(s).Booktitle.Edition.Placeof
publication:Publisher,Pages.(usep.orpp.)
e.g. TUCKMAN,A.(1999)Labour,skillsandtraining.In:LEVITT,R.etal.(eds.)Thereorganised

NationalHealthService.6thed.Cheltenham:StanleyThornes,pp.135155.

Note: Electronicbooksshouldbecitedexactlythesameasprint,followingtherulesabove.

4.2 References othersources

Journalarticles
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofarticle.Titleofjournal,Vol.no.(Partno./Issue/Month),Pages,usep.orpp.
e.g. MAIMON,D.andBROWNING,C.R.(2012)AdolescentsViolentVictimizationinthe

Neighbourhood:SituationalandContextualDeterminants.BritishJournalofCriminology,

52(4),pp.808833.

Note: Ifyouarereferencinganelectronicjournalarticle,usethestandardreferencingformatforjournal
articlesasdetailedabove.
Newspaperarticles
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Articletitle.Newspapertitle,DayandMonth(abbreviated),Pages,usep.orpp.
(wherethereisnopagenumbere.g.anonlinenewspaperusethesource).
e.g. GOODLEY,S.(2012)BankofEnglandcutsUKgrowthforecasts.Guardian,8thAug.

retrievedfrom:http://www.guardian.co.uk

NewspaperarticlestakenfromtheInternetoradatabaseshouldbecitedasprintusingtherulesabove,
onlyincludethewebaddressordatabasenameiftherearenopagenumbers.Whenincludingtheweb
addressjustusethemainwebaddresse.g.http://www.guardian.co.uk nothttp://www.guardian.co.uk/
business/2012/aug/08/bankofenglandcutsukgrowthforecasts.
Image(s)orDiagram(s)withinabook
Wheretheimagecitedfromabookisnottheworkoftheauthor,additionalreferencetotheworkshould
bemade,asfollows:
Image:
ARTIST(Year)Titleofthework.[Materialtypes].AtorIn:(wherefound,forexampleinabookormuseum).
AUTHOR/EDITORofbook.(Year).Title.Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pagenumber.

e.g. MASOLINO,T.(1427)TheTemptationofAdamandEve [Painting].In:BRUCEMITFORD,M.

(1996).TheIllustratedBookofSignsandSymbols.London:DorlingKindersley,p.63.
or
Diagram:
e.g. MINTZBERG,H.(1979)Thebasicpartsoforganisations Mintzbergsmodel. [Diagram].

In:COLE,G.A.(2004)ManagementTheoryandPractice.6thed.London:Thomson,p.186.

Papersinconferenceproceedings
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Title.In:EDITOR(S)Titleofconferenceproceedings.Placeanddateofconference
(unlessincludedintitle).Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pages,usep.orpp.
e.g. GIBSON,E.J.(1977)Theperformanceconceptinbuilding.In:Proceedingsofthe7thCIB
TriennialCongress,Edinburgh,September1977. London:ConstructionResearchInternational,
pp.129136.
Publicationsfromacorporatebody (e.g.Governmentpublications)
NAMEOFISSUINGBODY(Year)Title.Placeofpublication:Publisher,Reportno.(whererelevant),
Pages,usep.orpp.
Pleasenotethatwheretheauthorisagovernmentbody,thecountrybecomestheauthor.Ifanofcial
reporthasindividualauthorstheseshouldnotbeused,insteadusetheofcialbody.
e.g. GREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFTHEENVIRONMENT,DEVELOPMENTCOMMISSION
(1980)38thReport,1stApril1979to31stMarch1980.London:HMSO,197980HC.798,
pp.7081.
Forreportsknownbythenameofthechairmanorpersonresponsiblefortheinquiry,includeasee
referenceinyourreferencelist,inadditiontothemainentry.
e.g. Cadburyreport see COMMITTEEONTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOFCORPORATE

GOVERNANCE(1992).

COMMITTEEONTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE(1992)
ReportoftheCommitteeontheFinancialAspectsofCorporateGovernance (CadburyReport).
London:Gee.
Forreportsknownbytheirtitleratherthantheirauthor/s,includeaseereferenceinyourreferencelist,
inadditiontothemainentry.
e.g. TheClevelandEnquiry seeGREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDSOCIAL

SECURITY(1988).

GREATBRITAIN.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDSOCIALSECURITY(1988).Reportofthe
enquiryintochildabuseinCleveland.London:HMSO,Cm413.

Marketresearchreports
NAMEOFISSUINGBODY(Year)Title,dateifavailable.Edition(ifavailable).Placeofpublication:
Publisher,Reportno.(ifrelevant)
e.g. MINTEL(2012)Coffee:Mintelmarketingreport,April2012.London:MintelInternational.

or

KEYNOTE(2012)Footwear:KeyNotemarketreportplus.Hampton:KeyNote.

BritishStandards
NAMEOFAUTHORISINGORGANISATION(Yearofpublication)Numberandtitleofstandard.Placeof
publication:Publisher.
e.g. BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTE(2008)BSISO81782:Reciprocatinginternal

combustionengines Exhaustemissionmeasurement.London:BritishStandardsInstitute.

Thesesanddissertations
AUTHOR(Year)Title.Designation(Level,e.g.MSc,PhD.),Institution.
e.g. FENG,W.(2010)Remoteserviceprovisionforconnectedhomes.Unpublishedthesis(PhD),

DeMontfortUniversity.

Exhibitioncatalogues
ARTIST(Year)Titleofexhibition [Exhibitioncatalogue]Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. HARRIS,W.(1983)WilliamHarrisasdesigner [Catalogueofanexhibitionheldatthe

WhitworthArtGallery,3May 4June1983]London:ArtsCouncil.

Musicscores
COMPOSER(Year)Title[Musicscore]Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. BACH,J.S.(1970)Organmusic [Musicscore]NewYork:DoverPublications.

4.3 References LivePerformance

Dance
COMPOSERorCHOREOGRAPHER(Yearofpremiere)Title.Company(optional).[Location.Dateseen].
e.g. ASHTON,F.(1948)Cinderella.[RoyalOperaHouse,London.13thJanuary2004].
Play
Title byAuthor(Yearofperformance)DirectedbyaddDIRECTORSNAME.Company(optional).
[Location.Dateseen].

e.g. AnInspectorCalls byJ.B.Priestley(2009)DirectedbySTEPHENDALDRY.

[ArtsTheatre,Cambridge.11thMay2009]

4.4

References Electronicoraudiovisual

WebPages,emailsandcomputerprograms
Electronicreferencesshouldcontainthefollowingelements:
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofdocument [Typeofresource,e.g.email,WWW]Organisationresponsible
(optional).Availablefrom:webaddress[Dateaccessed].
e.g. NHS(2012)Mobilephonesafety [WWW]NHS.Availablefrom:http://www.nhs.co.uk/

conditions/Mobilephonesafety/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed08/08/12].

Ifyouarereferencinganelectronicjournalguide,newspaperarticleorbook,usethestandard
referencingformatforthatitem.Guidelinescanbefoundabove.
Note: Datesarenotalwaysavailableforwebpages,ifthisisthecaseuse(n.d.)wheren.d.representsno
datesothatthereaderknowsyouhaveomittedthiselement.
e.g. PATIENT.CO.UK(n.d.)Hypothyroidism UnderactiveThyroid [WWW]Patient.co.uk.

Availablefrom:http://www.patient.co.uk/health/HypothyroidismUnderactiveThyroid.htm

[Accessed08/08/12].

ComputerGames
AUTHORorORIGINATOR(Year)Titleofgame [Mediumofitem,i.e.DVD,CDoronline].Platform(Xbox,
PCetc.)PlaceofPublication:Publisher.
e.g. ELECTRONICARTS(2003).TheSims. [CD]PlayStation2.London:ElectronicArtsInc.
Software
Individualauthorsarerarelyacknowledged.Ifyoucannotndanamedauthorofanelectronicsourcethen
usetheorganisationortitleinplaceoftheauthor.
AUTHORorORIGINATOR,(Year),Title,[Software],version/seriesetc,Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. SPSS(2004), SPSSforWindows, [Software],version12.0.1,Chicago:SPSS.
Emailmessage fromapublicdomaine.g.discussionboardsorconferences.
AUTHOR(ofmessage)(Year)Subjectofthemessage[Online]Electronicconferenceorbulletinboard.
Day/monthofposting.Availablefrom:emailaddress.
e.g. BROWN,F.(2007)Howtopromoteonlinereading[Online]Libraryandinformation

professionalsdiscussionlist.12thMay.Availablefrom:http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/LIS

profession.html.

10

Weblogs(Blogs)
AUTHOR.(Year)Titleoftheposting(ifapplicable).Titleofthesite.Weblog[Online]day/monthof
posting.Availablefrom:webaddress.[Accesseddate].
e.g. TRANSPORTATIONSECURITYADMINISTRATION(2008)Behaviourdetectionofcerslead
toarrestinOrlando.Evolutionofsecurity.Weblog[Online]2ndApril.Availablefrom:
http://www.tsa.gov/blog/.[Accessed03/04/08].
Wiki
WIKINAME.(Year)Titleofarticle.[Online].Availablefrom:webaddress.[Accesseddate].
e.g. INFOTEACH.(2007)Learning_outcomes.[Online].Availablefrom:

http://infoteach.org/wiki/doku.php/learning_outcomes.[Accessed18/04/08].

Socialnetworkingsites(Facebook,Twitter,Beboetc)
Thesearewebpagessowillbereferencedassuch.
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofpage [Titleofwebsite]Day/monthofpostedmessage.Availablefrom:web
address[Dateaccessed].
e.g. JONES,S.(2009)ReferencingGroup [Facebook]5thMay.Availablefrom:

www.facebook.com.[Accessed09/05/09].

or

Guardian(2012)Homelessteenagerforcedtoliveintentaftercouncilsneglecthisneeds

http://http://gu.com/p/39t49/tf [Twitter]8thAugust.Availablefrom:

https://twitter.com/guardian/status/232976814790807552 [Accessed08/08/12].

Media(video,lm,orbroadcast)
Title (Year)Typeofmedia.ORIGINATOR(e.g.director).Placeofproduction:Productioncompany.
e.g. Rebelwithoutacause (1983)Film.DirectedbyNICHOLASRAY.USA:WarnerBros.
Atelevisionorradiobroadcastshouldalsoincludethedateandtimeofbroadcastandtheepisode
number,wherepossible.
Title (Year)Typeofmedia.ORIGINATOR(e.g.channel).Exactdateandtimeofbroadcast.
e.g. Dyslexicchildren (1999)TV.CHANNEL4.29thJuly,1900hrs.
or

DoctorWho (2008)Episode8,Silenceinthelibrary.TV.BBC1.31stMay,1900hrs.

or

Bookoftheweek (2008)TheAtlanticOcean.Radio.BBCRADIO4.21stJuly,0945hrs.

Individualcontributorsorintervieweesshouldbecitedasfollows:
e.g. BROWN,G.(2008)Interview.In:TodayProgramme.Radio.BBCRADIO4.

15thMay,0810hrs.

11

OnlineFilm
SCREENNAME.(Year).Titleoflm [typeofresource].Availablefrom:webaddress[Dateaccessed].
e.g. LOSANGELESOPERA.(2008).TristanundIsoldepodcast [onlinevideo].Availablefrom:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgqqxAilSRw [Accessed03/04/08].

Podcasts
BROADCASTER(ifavailable).(Year)Nameofpodcast [typeofresourcee.g.podcast].
Organisation/publisherresponsible(optional),dayofpodcast(day,month).Availablefrom:
webaddress[dateaccessed].
e.g. HOPKIN,K.(2008)Themythicaldailywaterrequirement [podcast].ScienticAmerican,
2ndApril.Availablefrom:http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=0BD1CF72E411
2EE5A4CDEE3447E81C93 [Accessed03/04/08].
Onlineimages
ORIGINATOR(Year)Descriptionortitleofimage [Onlineimage].Availablefrom:webaddress
[Dateaccessed].
e.g. SCIENCEBLOGS(2006)PolarBear [Onlineimage].Availablefrom:

http://scienceblogs.com/strangerfruit/polarbear.jpg [Accessed15/06/09].

4.5 References PersonalCommunication

Apersonalcommunicationcanbealetter,memo,email,fax,aninterview,aninformalconversation,
telephonecalloralecturepresentation.Theyshouldbeincludedwithinthetextbutnotgenerallyinthe
referencelistasthereferenceisnottraceable.
Whenreferencingapersonalcommunicationyoushould:
Askpermissionofthepersonbeforequotingthem;
Providethecommunicatorsinitialsandsurnameandthetypeofcommunicationinthetext;
Providetheexactdateofthecommunication.
e.g. Inanemailon23rdJuly2007J.Brownstatedthat

or

Inaconversationon25thMarch2008B.Jonesconrmedthat

or

Inalectureon8thJanuary2008V.Rolfeoutlined

12

LecturenotesonBlackboard
NAME.(Yearofpresentation).Lecturetitle,frommodulecode(capitalised)titleofmodule.Teaching
organisation,locationanddateofpresentation.Availablefrom:Blackboard[Accesseddate].
e.g. POULTON,A.(2008).Referencingandcitation Harvardstyle,fromBIOM2060Professional

Skills2.DeMontfortUniversity,KimberlinLibraryon6thNovember.Availablefrom:Blackboard.

[Accessed29/07/08].

4.6 References ReferenceWorks

Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias
Ifanencyclopaediaentryhasanamedauthorthentheformatforachapterinabookshouldbeusedwith
theadditionoftheencyclopaediavolumenumber.
AUTHOR(S)(Year)Titleofchapter.In:AUTHOR(S)/EDITOR(S)ed(s).Title,Volume(ifapplicable),
Edition.Placeofpublication:Publisher,Pages.(usep.orpp.)
e.g. KESNER,R.P.(2002).Memoryneurobiology.In:RAMACHANDRAN,V.S.Encyclopediaofthe

humanbrain,Vol.2.SanDiego:AcademicPress,pp.783796.

Ifthereisnoauthorthenthetitle(e.g.OxfordEnglishDictionary)shouldbeusedbothwithinthetextand
inthereferencelist.
Title.(Year)Volume(ifapplicable),Edition.Placeofpublication:Publisher.
e.g. TheOxfordEnglishDictionary (1989)Vol.3,Oxford:ClarendonPress.
Note:Ifyouarereferencingfromanonlinesourceusethestandardreferencingformatforreference
worksasdetailedabove.
ClassicalWorks
PrincipalclassicalworkssuchastheBibleandKoran/Quranshouldonlybeincludedinthetextandnot
inthereferencelist.Appropriatedetailsshouldbeincludedbutnoyearshouldbeincluded.
e.g. Remaininme,andIwillremaininyou.Nobranchcanbearfruitbyitself

(John15:4,NewInternationalVersion).

13

5. FurtherInformation
Ifyouneedfurtherhelppleasecontactyoursubjectlibrarianoremailjustask@dmu.ac.uk.Alternatively
furtherguidanceoncitationandreferencingcanbeobtainedfromthefollowingonlinesources.
Remember,itisalwaysadvisabletoconsultthepersonforwhomyouarewriting,whetheritisa
tutororaneditor,astowhichstyleofreferencingtheywantyoutouse.
HARNACK,A.andKLEPPINGER,E.(2003)Online!Areferenceguidetousinginternetsources
[WWW].StMartins.Availablefrom:http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html
[Accessed15/08/12].
BOURNEMOUTHUNIVERSITY(2011)BUguidetocitationintheHarvardstyle.[WWW].
BournemouthUniversity.Availablefrom:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/docs/
Citing_Refs.pdf [Accessed19/06/12].
UNIVERSITYOFBIRMINGHAM(2006)Referencing [WWW].UniversityofBirmingham,Information
Services.Availablefrom:http://www.icite.bham.ac.uk/referencing.shtml [Accessed15/08/12].
UNIVERSITYOFTHEWESTOFENGLAND(2009)Aguidetoreferences [WWW].Universityofthe
WestofEngland,LibraryServices.Availablefrom:http://www.uwe.ac.uk/library/resources/general/
info_study_skills/refs.htm [Accessed15/08/12].

Thisguideisalsoavailableonthelibrarywebsiteat:
www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf
AguidetoreferencingandusingRefWorksisavailableat:
libguides.library.dmu.ac.uk/referencing

14

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DMULibraries&LearningServices.Allrightsreserved.PublicationNo.23056

Issued:10/12 PC1989

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