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1.1.
1.2.
3.2.
3.3. Make justified recommendations for achieving attitude change amongst a group of
stakeholders in a selected organization................................................................................12
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................12
The ego
The ego had developed to
mediate
between
the
unrealistic id and the external
real world, it make the
decision to create personality.
The ego operated based on
reality principle, working out
realistic ways to satisfy the id
demands. The ego considers
social
realities,
norms,
etiquette, and rules in social
to decide how to behave; it is
developing or postponing
satisfaction to avoid negative
point of society. The ego also
seeks pleasure and avoids
pain same to the id; but the
ego will try to concern with
devising a realistic strategy
to obtain pleasure.
The superego
The superego incorporates
the values and morals of
society
develop
during
childhood which learned
from their parents and other
people.
The
superego
operated based on perfection
principle. The superego
control the id impulse,
especially society forbids
such as sex and aggression. It
also persuades the ego to
reach moralistic goals rather
than simply realistic ones and
to strive for perfection.
Neutral operant: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease
1.2. The
contribution
of
a
scientific
investigating workplace behaviour
approach
to
With purpose encourage professional and personal growth of employees, the company might
apply behaviourist tradition. This approach can help the leader in motivate the psychology
of the employees. The leaders can use reinforcement and punishment for the staffs. If the
staffs work well and get best result, they can be rewarded with commission. However, if they
are too lazy and not try at their best in work, the leader can punish them such fired. Therefore,
this approach can be useful in considers who is the best employees in the company or who is
the bad employees in the company
Survey
Survey is a questionnaire which created for the target audience with purpose collects all data
for find out what customer demand from company to create new strategy. Nowadays, making
survey in internet can be easy and convenient. Online surveys created as web forms by some
online survey tools with a database to store the answers and has statistical software to provide
analytics. Many companies often use online surveys to find out their customers tastes and
opinions about products and services. Online surveys can be used in two basic ways: to
provide more specific data on customers (such as age, education level, etc.); to create a
survey about a specific products, services in order to know more about how customers are
reacting to it.
-
Advantages
Low costs: Due to drastically lower
overhead, not cost thousands of
dollars to collecting data.
Automation and real-time access:
respondents of customers can
automatically store electronically.
Analysis data become easier and is
available immediately.
Less time: because this is tool for
doing survey so it will auto collect the
responds and analysis all of data. Use
online survey will waste less time
instead traditional methods.
Convenience for respondents:
Customers can answer questions on
their schedule, can start a survey at
one time, or stop and complete it
Disadvantages
Limited sampling and respondent
availability: not all of people likely to
have internet access and to respond to
online questionnaires
Respondents may answers
perfunctory if the questionnaires take
too much time to complete.
The participants might misinterpret
the question because questionnaires
are standardized so it is not possible
to explain any points in the questions.
later.
Design flexibility.
b) Qualitative
Qualitative used for exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions, and motivations of customers. It provides insights into the problem, helps
to develop ideas or strategies. Qualitative is also used to uncover trends in thought and
opinions, and help researcher can understand deeper into the problem. Some common
methods include group discussions, interviews, and participation/observations. The sample
size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfil a given quota.
(Snapsurveys.com)
Interview
Advantages
Can be more useful in obtain more
information about personal feeling,
opinions.
Achieve a high response rate.
More detailed questions would be
asked.
More sufficient information
Interviews detailed information can
be collected which enables proper
analysis of a problem. Based on
factors like attitudes, feeling, opinion,
researcher can be successfully
evaluated or analysed through
interviews.
Disadvantages
Can be costly.
Quantitative
Focus on surveys, questionnaires, and
review of records or documents for
numeric information.
Primarily deductive process used to
test pre-specified concepts,
constructs, and hypotheses that make
Qualitative
Focus on groups, in-depth interviews,
and reviews of documents for types of
themes.
Primarily inductive process used to
formulate theory or hypotheses.
More subjective: describes a problem
up a theory.
- More objective: provides observed
effects (interpreted by researchers) of
a program on a problem or condition.
- It is less in-depth but also more
breadth of information across a large
number of cases.
- Statistical tests are used for analysis.
- Can be valid and reliable: largely
depends on the measurement device
or instrument used.
- Waste much time for prepare on the
planning phase but waste not much
time on the analysis phase.
- More generalizable.
Source: (Orau.gov)
Anxiety: The awareness that events lie outside one's range of understanding or
control. Fisher believes the problem here is that individuals are unable to adequately
picture the future. They do not have enough information to allow them to anticipate
behaving in a different way within the new organisation. They are unsure how to
adequately construe acting in the new work and social situations.
Happiness: The awareness that ones viewpoint is recognised and shared by others.
The impact of this is twofold. At the basic level there is a feeling of relief that
something is going to change and not continue as before. Whether the past is
perceived positively or negatively, there is still a feeling of anticipation and possibly
excitement at the possibility of improvement. On another level, there is the
satisfaction of knowing that some of your thoughts about the old system were correct
(generally no matter how well we like the status quo there is something that is
unsatisfactory about it) and that something is going to be done about.
Fear: The awareness of an imminent incidental change in one's core behavioural
system. People will need to act in a different manner and this will have an impact on
both their self-perception and on how others externally see them. However, in the
main, they see little change in their normal interactions and believe they will be
operating in much the same way, merely choosing a more appropriate, but new,
action.
Threat: The awareness of an imminent comprehensive change in one's core
behavioural structures. Here people perceive a major change on what they believe to
be their core identity or sense of self. The realisation that change that will have a
fundamental impact on who we are, how we see ourselves and what is key in our
personality to us as individuals. This is the shock of suddenly discovering you're not
who you thought you were! It is a radical alteration to our future choices and other
people's perception of them as individuals. Their old choices are no longer ones that
will work.
Guilt: An awareness of a dislodgement of our self from our core self-perception. We
are not who we thought we were! Once the individual begins exploring their selfperception, how they acted/reacted in the past and looking at alternative
interpretations they begin to re-define their sense of self. This, generally, involves
identifying what are their core beliefs and how closely they have been to meeting
them. Recognition of the inappropriateness of their previous actions and the
implications for them as people can cause guilt as they realise the impact of their
behaviour.
Depression: The awareness that our past actions, behaviours and beliefs are
incompatible with our core construct of our identity. The belief that our past actions
mean we're not a very nice person after all! This phase is characterised by a general
lack of motivation and confusion. Individuals are uncertain as to what the future holds
and how they can fit into the future 'world'. Their representations are inappropriate
and the resultant undermining of their core sense of self leaves them adrift with no
sense of identity and no clear vision of how to operate.
Disillusionment: The awareness that your values, beliefs and goals are incompatible
with those of the organisation. The pitfalls associated with this phase are that the
employee becomes unmotivated, unfocused and increasingly dissatisfied and
gradually withdraws their labour, either mentally (by just 'going through the motions',
Before change the CEO of Apple, Fisher model might be use for analyses and represents
psychological factors of employees. This model will help to present the psychological
processes of the employee during the period of stability and volatility. All of employees in
Apple was familiar with work and follow the Steve Jobs lead in many years when Steve Jobs
was a CEO. Because of his manipulative behaviour, his leadership style is considered by
some of his employees as autocratic. His behaviour in meetings for instance is described as
being rude, authoritative and obnoxious; his staffs still working with best result but they was
working with stress, worry (anxiety), have fear feeling about fired if they did not do their
best. When staffs heard about the new CEO change with difference leadership style compare
to Steve Jobs, they are so confuse about new CEO leadership will influence to their work
performance. For the mention above, Tim Cooks has a difference leadership style, he seem to
more gentle with his employees. Therefore, the employees will feel comfortable while
working instead working with high tension when they worked with Steve Jobs.
b) Kotter 8 steps
There are 8 steps in Kotter model:
-
Establish a sense of urgency: This step will help the organisation examine market
and competitive realities. It also identifies and discusses crises, potential crises or
opportunities, and creates the catalyst for change.
Form a powerful coalition: This step help to assemble a group with enough power to
lead the change effort. It is helpful in develop strategies for achieving new vision.
Create a vision: This step will help the organisation create a vision to help direct the
change effort.
Communicating the vision: Using every channel and vehicle of communication
possible to communicate the new vision and strategies.
Empowering others to act on the vision: Removing obstacles to change, changing
systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision. This step also encourages
risk taking and non-traditional ideas, activities and actions.
Planning for and creating short term wins: Planning for visible performance
improvement, recognising and rewarding employees involved in these improvements.
Consolidating improvements and producing still more change: This step using for
increased credibility to change systems, structures and policies that do not fit the
vision. Also hire, promote, and develop employees who can implement the vision;
reinvigorating the processes with new projects, themes and change agents.
Institutionalising new approaches: This final step create the connections between
new behaviours and corporate successes developing channels to ensure leadership
development and succession.
When the change happens, Kotter 8 steps model use for analysis the change of the company
Establish a sense of urgency: Tim Cooks has changed the work thats behaviourist
regulation; He tried more exposure for employees to listen to their wishes about the work
environment in the company, create a free work environment for employees that make them
feel more comfortable. Almost staffs thought that the change was unavoidable and they
would have to change to adapt with the situation and protect their jobs and money, but Tim
Cook leader behaviour can make people feel more comfortable instead of working for Steve
Job.
Form a powerful coalition: Tim Cooks motivate employees work together as a group in the
company. He wants all of staffs work together to archive a best result in work performance.
Tim Cooks also create some new rules to employees; make them adapt his leadership style.
Create a new vision: With the new rules, the new vision will keep the situation of the staffs
stable and with the strategies were popularized the new rules to staffs, stabilize the
psychology, make them comfortable when working, and tell them what to do for next project
of the company. Tim Cook also motivates his staffs more creative to create new strategy for
company.
Communicating the vision: CEO can send mail to all of staffs in the company with purpose
popular new rules, new vision.
Empowering other act on the vision: Tim Cook try to erase the stress of work of each
employee, create comfortable work environment, and encourage staffs innovation.
Planning for and creating short term wins: The plan is make every staffs should work as a
team, help each other to archive goals. Tim Cook will be a reward for staff to reach high
performance while working to motivate them.
Consolidating improvements and producing still more change: Staffs might not adapt
immediately to the new program, so they need to manage their time, carefully in working, try
to observe.
Institutionalising new approaches: all staffs will try to adapt new rules, new leadership
style. MISA JSC would be stronger and get high profits, because they worked in the
comfortable environment for a long time, then that was the time they had to accept the
challenges and deal with them.
c) Kubler Ross theory
Kubler-Ross describes five stages which are as relevant to the normal range of feelings
people have when they are dealing with change in their own lives or in the workplace. So the
"Five stages" model has been used to understand people's reactions to change for many
decades: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.
-
Denial: the individuals believe the diagnosis is somehow mistaken, and cling to a
false, preferable reality.
Anger: the individual becomes frustrated, especially at proximate individuals.
Bargaining: the hope that the individual can avoid a cause of grief. Usually, the
negotiation for an extended life is made in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. People
facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek compromise.
Depression: the individual becomes saddened by the mathematical probability of
death.
Acceptance: the individuals embrace mortality or inevitable future, or that of a loved
one, or other tragic event.
The leaders use this model to discuss the change after reform. When Steve Jobs stills in CEO
position, his employee was working with stress. His behaviour in meetings for instance is
described as being rude, authoritative and obnoxious. For some employees who have worked
long years in the company will not be surprised and feel annoyed (denial) when working
under the direction of Steve Jobs. But for those new employees, they will feel dissatisfaction
(anger) when working in stressful environment and that will reduce the quality of work of
employees. By the way, some staffs still trying to endure and become familiar with the style
of leadership of Steve Jobs (bargaining). Some staffs will have negative attitude and they
dose not try in work, then they will have fear of being dismissed (depressed). Therefore, they
will extend to a period during which the employees renounce it and recognize (acceptance)
the positive in the change. After Apple has a new CEO, Apple employees might feel more
comfortable when working because the new CEO is gentle than old CEO, Tim Cook always
want his staffs work in comfortable work environment, no stress, innovation. Therefore, the
employees will help the company bring more profits to the company.
perform the new tasks or routines to their previous standards, especially when pay is
closely tied to productivity.
- Selective information processing: Individuals shape their world through their
perceptions. Once they have created this world, it resists change. So individuals are
guilty of selectively processing information in order to keep their perceptions intact.
- Fear of the unknown: People always fear some things that they did not know.
Organisational resistance are conservative, it actively resist change. People have to look
far to see evidence of this phenomenon.
- Structural inertia: Organizations have built-in mechanisms to produce stability.
- Limited focus of change: Organizations are made up of a number of interdependent
subsystems; they can't change one without affecting the others.
- Group inertia: Even if individuals want to change their behaviour, group norms may
act as a constraint.
- Threat to expertise: Changes in organizational patterns may threaten the expertise of
specialized groups.
- Threat to established power relationships: Any redistribution of decision-making
authority can threaten long-established power relationships within the organization.
The introduction of participative decision making or self-managed work teams is the
kind of change that is often seen as threatening by supervisors and middle managers.
- Threat to established resource allocations: Those groups in the organization that
control sizable resources often see change as a threat. They tend to be content with the
way things are.
Participation: The staffs must be allowed to create their own decisions to overcome
the troubles.
Education and communication help the staffs learn more about the benefits of
changing and they will accept that changing and adapting are necessary.
Cooptation: it is stabilizing the employees with good news about the benefit of the
employees and make employees believe that they are behaved equally.
Selecting people who accept the change, leadership will create better conditions for
those who support the change. They are people who think in a positive way and
always try to adapt to every situation.
Recommendation
-
In the Apple case, the leader would find the way to make his employees to understand
and adapt to the new rules, leadership style of the new leader. Therefore, employees
will probably get best result in work (Education and communication).
Employee: The change of the leader of Apple has led the change of employees in
psychological term, and working performance. Before the change, the staffs felt so
uncomfortable and stress when working in uncomfortable work environment although
they can get high performance in work. When restructuring, every staffs felt
uncomfortable but due to the caring of the managers, they still try that to adapt to
protect their jobs. And after the change, Tim Cook has different leadership style
compare to Steve Jobs leadership style, he try to solve stress problems of all staffs,
create comfortable work environment, and friendly to staffs. His employees feel
comfortable in work, so it motivate them innovation, get more and more high
performance in work.
It also influence to shareholder, it based on in each leadership style of each people to attract
them to invest in the company.
Nowadays, the employees of Apple still feel comfortable and do their best when working
with Tim Cook. Therefore, there are no solutions for the company
Bibliography
Fisher, J. (n.d.). John fisher's personal transition curve - 2012 - the .
Orau.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/soc2web/Content/phase05/phase05_step03_deeper_q
ualitative_and_quantitative.htm
Pajares, F. (2002). uly.edu. Retrieved May 16, 2015, from
http://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/eff.html
sgundling.wordpress.com. (2009, November 30). Retrieved May 16, 2015, from
https://sgundling.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/seven-tradition-of-communications/
Skinner.B.F. (2014). a- i.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015, from http://www.ai.com/show_tree.asp?id=55&level=3&root=26