CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
The GPS satellites control themselves, the control system, operated by the U.S.
military, and the user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and
their GPS equipment. The GPS system is passive, meaning that the satellites
continuously transmit information towards the Earth. If someone has a GPS receiver
they can receive the signal at no cost. The information is transmitted on two
frequencies: L1 (1575.42 MHz), and L2 (1227.60 MHz).These frequencies are called
carrier waves because they are used primarily to carry information to GPS receivers.
The more informational receiver measures the more expensive the unit, and the more
functions it will perform with greater accuracy. When one receiver is tracking
satellites and obtaining position data, the information received has traveled over
12,000 miles and has been distorted by numerous atmospheric factors. This results in
accuracy of about 25 meters. Moreover, the department of Defense (the agency
running the GPS) degrades receiver accuracy by telling the satellites to transmit
slightly inaccurate information. This intentional distortion of the signal is called
Selective Availability (SA). With SA turned on and one receiver is used, the greatest
accuracy a user can expect is 100 meters.

To improve the accuracy of GPS,

differential, or Relative Positioning can be employed. If two or more receivers are

used to track the same satellites, and one is in a known position, many of the errors of
SA can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. Differential data can be
accomplished using common code or carrier data (L1 or L2). The most accurate
systems use differential data from a GPS base station that continually tracks twelve
satellites and transmits the differential data to remote units using a radio link. With
these systems centimeter accuracy and real-time navigation is possible.
1

All of these features make it a very desirable and useful technology for a mired of
activities including Search and Rescue, Aviation and Nautical navigation, hiking,
hunting, camping, fishing, and many more. All of these various GPS users have
unique needs, which require different levels of understanding and skill in using this
technology.
The Russian government has developed a system, similar to GPS, called GLONASS.
The first GLONASS satellite launch was in October1982. The full constellation
consists of 24 satellites in 3 orbit planes, which have a 64.8 degree inclination to the
earth's equator. The GLONASS system now consists of 12 healthy satellites.
GLONASS uses the same code for each satellite and many frequencies, whereas GPS
which uses two frequencies and a different code for each satellite. Galileo is Europe's
contribution to the next generation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
Unlike GPS, which is funded by the public sector and operated by the U.S. Air Force,
Galileo will be a civil-controlled system that draws on both public and private sectors
for funding. The service will be free at the point of use, but a range of chargeable
services with additional features will also be offered. These additional features would
include improved reception, accuracy and availability. Design of the Galileo system is
being finalized and the delivery of initial services is targeted for 2008.
As we saw earlier, the GPS system uses satellite signals. These systems were originally
developed by the government for defense purposes. The satellite part is thus available to
civilians and commercial users free of cost. All the user needs to do is install the
appropriate devices for sending out and receiving signals. This makes GPS an
inexpensive technology.
The other AVL systems like Loran and LoJack are terrestrial based and use radio
frequency (RF) transmitters. RF transmitters send out powerful signals that can pass
through walls, garages and other indoor barriers.
2

Terrestrial or otherwise, most of these do not need antenna to be in direct line of sight
with the satellite. This is a major advantage of the technologys progress.
To design the Vehicle Positioning System (VPS), we combined the GPSs ability to pinpoint location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes
GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center.
Let us briefly explain how GPS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped
with a GPS-GSM

VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the

location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location
information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map
in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control
center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other
services such as alarms, status control, and system updates. The GPS Antenna is situated
on the Moving Vehicle which receives the signal from the Space Satellite. These give the
exact location of the vehicle anywhere on earth. When the Position is monitored by the
antenna then it forwards its location to the base station or the observer via Internet or any
other mode of wireless communication.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
COMPONENTS USED

MICROCONTROLLER
G P S ANTENNA
LCD DISPLAY
RADIO FREQUENCY MODULE
MAX 232
TRANSFORMER
DC BATTERY
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
DB 9 SERIAL PORT
MISCELLANEOUS

(AT89C51)
Lampex 16X2

12 V
12 V

CHAPTER-3
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

3.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

4

 Features
8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and
pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed insystem or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution
to many embedded control applications.

Fig 1: Microcontroller AT89s51

PIN LAYOUT

Fig 3: PIN LAYOUT of AT89c52

6

The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8 Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bittimer/counters, six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer or counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. T h e

Power down mode saves the

RAM

contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.

Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode,
P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer / counter 2 external count
input (P1.0/ T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively. Port
1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are

pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
8

pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown
in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3 Pin Alternate Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of
1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
9

Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data
memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With
the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the
pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives
the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12 volt programming is selected.

3.2 GPS RECEIVER WITH ACTIVE ANTENNA

Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS
receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude)
plus precise time.
10

GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to

worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or
near the Earth. Sunroms ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from
65 channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy in extremely
challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna
and high sensitivity. The GPS receivers - 160dBm tracking sensitivity allows
continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The output is
serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol offering
industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping
software and embedded devices
.

Features

High sensitivity -160dBm

Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites

LED indicating data output

Low power consumption

GPS L1 C/A Code

Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol

Real time navigation for location based services

Works from +5V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data

Magnetic base active antenna with 3 meter wire length for vehicle roof top
installation

11

Applications

Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management

Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking

Majorly used in Defense Surveillance

Adventure Tours
Locate at any part of the World
AVL and Location-Based Services
Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices
Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application
Emergency Locator
Geographic Surveying
Personal Positioning
Sporting and Recreation
Embedded applications which needs to be aware of its location on earth
Archaeological Surveying .
GPS Method Of Operation
A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the
constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually
transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the
satellite sending the message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and
12

rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). These signals travel at the speed of
light through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere.
The receiver uses the arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each
satellite thereby establishing that the GPS receiver is approximately on the surfaces
of spheres centered at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate,
the knowledge that the GPS receiver is on (if vehicle altitude is known) or near the
surface of a sphere centered at the earth center. This information is then used to
estimate the position of the GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The
resulting coordinates are converted to a more convenient form for the user such as
latitude and longitude, or location on a map, then displayed.
It might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since
space has three dimensions. However a fourth condition is needed for two reasons.
One has to do with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver clock.
It turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth
sphere surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position.
For near earth vehicles, this knowledge that it is near earth is sufficient to determine
the GPS receiver position since for this case there is only one intersection which is
near earth.
A fourth sphere surface is also needed to correct the GPS receiver clock. More
precise information is needed for this task. An estimate of the radius of the sphere is
required. Therefore an approximation of the earth altitude or radius of the sphere
centered at the satellite must be known.

GPS Block Diagram

13

Fig 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS

The GPS Receiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF
signals and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the
module and amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and
processed to generate NMEA format serial data output.

GPS Receiver
The connector of GPS contains three wires
Red wire is TXD Out
Brown wire is +5V
. Black wire is Ground

14

FIG 4 - GPS RECEIVER

These connections are marked on the PCB. Provide regulated +5V DC supply to +5V
and Ground. The TXD output wire can be connected to microcontroller directly.
The LED onboard will indicate that data is being transmitted out. It will blink every
second indicating data out.
Note: Do not connect TXD output pin to serial port of PC directly, It needs a
MAX232 level conversion circuit since the unit has 5V level output signal.

Interfacing With MICROCONTROLLER

Here is an example of interfacing with microcontroller AT89S52 having UART at 5V
level. Configure your microcontroller to communicate at 9600 baud rate and parse the
incoming data.

15

Fig 5: GPS Interfaced with Micro Controller

Interfacing with DB 9
If you wish to interface the module with RS232 level like a PC serial port or any other
device you need a level convertor such as MAX232 as shown below.

16

Fig 6: GPS Interfaced with DB9

GENERAL GPS RECEIVER USERS TIPS

a)

If the satellite signals cannot be locked or experiencing receiving problem

(while in urban area), following steps are suggested.

b) Please plug the external active antenna into GPS receiver and put the antenna outdoor or
on the roof of the vehicle for better receiving performance.
17

c) Move to another open space or reposition GPS receiver toward the direction
with least blockage
d) Move the GPS receiver away from the interference sources.
e) Wait until the weather condition is improved
f) Some vehicles having heavy metallic sun protecting coating on windshields may
affect signal

receptions

g) Driving in and around high buildings may affect signal reception.

h) Driving under tunnels or in buildings may affect signal reception.
i) In general, GPS receiver performs best in open space where it can see clean sky.
Weather will affect GPS reception rain & snow contribute to worsen sensitivity.

3.3 LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the
light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly.
They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer
monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They
are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks,
watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT)
displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable,
less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use
phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in.
18

LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical
power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It
is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled
with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to
pro3duce images in color or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the
development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By
2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT
units.

Fig 7: LCD Display System 16 x 2

19

When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it is not technically possible to
drive each directly since then each pixel would require independent electrodes.
Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of
the display are grouped and wired together (typically in columns), and each group gets
its own voltage source. On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in
rows), with each group getting a voltage sink.
3.4 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MODULE
RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission.
It features adjustable data rate and reliable transmission distance. The communication
protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface.
The module can be embedded to your current design so that wireless communication
can be set up easily.
Features

Automatic switching between TX and RX mode.

FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference.
2.4 GHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license.
Protocol translation is self controlled, easy to use.
High sensitivity, reliable transmission range.
Standard UART interface, TTL(3-5V) logic level.
Stable, small size, easier mounting.
No tuning required, PLL based self tuned.
Error checking (CRC) of data in built.

Application

Sensor Networks / Data collection

Wireless metering
Access control / Identity discrimination
IT home appliance
20

Smart house products / Security Systems

Remote control / Remote measurement system
Weather stations

Fig08: RF Schematic Diagram

21

Operation
This module works in half-duplex mode. Means it can either transmit or receive but
not both at same time. After each transmission, module will be switched to receiver
mode automatically. The LED for TX and RX indicates whether IC is currently
receiving or transmitting data. The data sent is checked for CRC error if any. If chip is
transmitting and any data is input to transmit, it will be kept in buffer for next
transmission cycle. It has internal 64 bytes of buffer for incoming data. When you
power on the unit, the TX LED will briefly blink indicating that initialization is
complete and it is ready to use.
The RX LED is directly on TX OUT pin to indicate that actual data is received and it
is sent to output pin.
MAX 232

Fig09: MAX232

This is the device, which is used to convert TTL/CMOS and vice versa. The MAX232
is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232
voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V
TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical
hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs.
22

Features:

Operate With Single 5-V Power Supply

Operate Up to 120 kbit/s

Two Drivers and Two Receivers

30-V Input Levels

Applications:

TIA/EIA-232-F

Battery-Powered Systems

Terminals

Modems

RS-232 Protocol
RS-232 was created for one purpose, to interface between Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) employing serial binary data
interchange. So as stated the DTE is the terminal or computer and the DCE is the
modem or other communications device.RS 232 CONVERTER is a chip to convert the
TTL voltage levels into RS 232 level and vice versa. In this project MODEM is
communicating with the microcontroller through serial port, the microcontroller will
send the commands to the modem through RS 232.and the data is read through serial

23

port therefore to make compatible computer serial port with microcontroller serial port
we are using the RS 232 converter.

PIN Configuration

MAX220

24

Fig10: Interfacing microcontroller with MAX232

3.5 Power Supply
The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to DC adapter
through 7805, 5 volts regulator. The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply
will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical
electronics applications a linear regulator may be used to set the voltage to a precise
value, stabilized against fluctuations in input voltage and load. The regulator also
greatly reduces the ripple and noise in the output direct current. Linear regulators often
25

provide current limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from over
current.
The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non-regulated. The 7805 voltage regulator
is used to convert 12 V to 5V DC.

Fig: 11 V Power Supply Circuit

7805 is a 5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC . The IC has features
such as safe operating area protection, thermal shut down, internal current limiting
which makes the IC very rugged. Out currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC
provided that there is a proper heat sink. A 9V transformer steps down the main
26

voltage, 1A bridge rectifier rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7805 regulates it
to produce a steady 5V DC.

3.6 Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another

through inductively

coupled conductorsthe

transformer's

coils.

varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in
the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of
the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as
follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped
down" by making Ns less than Np.
In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around
a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect
27

portions of power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range
of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices
designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for highvoltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical.

Fig 12: A 12V AC Transformer

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce
a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing magnetic field within
a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed.
The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
28

3.7

DC BATTERY
A battery is a device that can store electricity. Some are rechargeable, and some are
not. They store direct current (DC) electricity. A battery really means two or more wet
or dry cells connected in series for more voltage, or in parallel for more current,
although people often call a cell a battery. The voltage of a cell depends on the
chemicals used while the amount of power or current it can supply also depends on
how large the cell is; a bigger cell of a given type can supply more amps, or for a
longer time.
The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are exothermic reactions and, thus,
produce heat. For example, if you leave your laptop on for a long time, and then touch
the battery, it will be warm or hot. However, the batteries used in laptops are
called lithium-ion batteries and they sometimes do have a fire hazard (A few years ago,
dell laptops that that were powered by lithium batteries began to catch fire, though this
event was rare.).
Batteries come in lots of different shapes and sizes and voltages. It is possible, but not
easy, to run wires to use an odd size battery for an odd purpose. Batteries are always
more costly/expensive than mains electricity. But mains electricity is not suitable for
things that are mobile.
Bicycles have tail-lights that can be operated by batteries, and sometimes by a
little generator powered by the wheels. Wind-up generators are now available to power
small clockwork radios, clockwork torches, etc.
Rechargeable batteries are recharged by reversing the chemical reaction that occurs
within the battery. But a rechargeable battery can only be recharged a given amount of
time (recharge life). Even iPods, with built in batteries, cannot be recharged forever.
29

Moreover, each time a battery is recharged, its ability to hold a charge is degraded a
bit. Non-rechargeable batteries should not be charged as various caustic
and corrosive substances can leak out, such as potassium hydroxide.

3.8 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a
resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage.
This constant of proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the
conductance is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value
of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy,
such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,
particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude.
When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the
resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor,
according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may
also be of concern in some precision applications.
Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must
exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is
30

mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings
are physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention
must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.
The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms
law; this specification can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller
values of resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a
resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature
coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor.
They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors
manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also
characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position of
its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using
them.

Fig 13: Co-axial Resistor

3.9 CAPACITOR
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors
separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for
example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
31

capacitor

is

a passive electronic

component consisting

of

pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential

difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the
dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the
other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the
ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output
of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and
for many other purposes.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of
conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early
means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in
a breakdown

voltage,

while

the

conductors

and leads introduce

an

undesired inductance and resistance.

3.10 DB-9 SERIAL PORT

An Asynchronous port on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer
and capable of transmitting one bit at a time. Serial ports are typically identified on
IBM compatible computers as COM (communications) ports. For example, a mouse
might be connected to COM1 and a modem to COM2. With the introduction
32

of USB, FireWire, and other faster solutions serial ports are rarely used when compared
to how often they've been used in the past. DB 9 and DB 25 Are most common Serial
port used for Communication.

CHAPTER-4
BLOCK DESCRIPTION
System Block Diagram of GPS
33

GPS

Rx

Microcontroller

AT89C51

RF
Tx

Power supply

Fig 14: System Block Diagram of Static Monitoring Point

RF
Rx

Logic
Convert
er

PC
34

Fig 15: Block Diagram

DESCRIPTION
A network of satellite that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it
possible to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from satellites.
By having received the almanac and ephemeris data, the GPS receiver knows the
position (location) of the satellites at all times
The device consists of microcontroller interfaced with a GPS and a RF Module. The
GPS module receives the information of the vehicle and passes it to the controller. The
controller extracts the required information and makes a packet outfit that consists of
geographical data and other information
This packet is passed to the RF Transmitter that is configured for point to point service.
Te remote receiver consists of a RF Receiver interfaced with PC.A software will
display the current position of the vehicle on the screen window or on the map.

CHAPTER -5
PCB MANUFACTURING
5.1 ABOUT PCB

35

Miniaturization of electronics components has given rise to the printed circuit board
(PCB). In PCB a copper clad board is used. Required conducting paths are kept and
remaining copper material is etched out by the chemical process.
Holes are drilled and leads of components are inserted to the holes, with component
on the non-conducting side of the board. Soldering of the leads is done on the copper
side. Thus large number of connection is made without using wires.
5.2 ADVANTAGES OF PCB
1. Use of PCB eliminates clumsy wires connections.
2. Elimination of wires results I decency.
3. Fault finding becomes easy.
4. Component density is increased.
5. Edge connectors can be used so servicing becomes easy as the card can be
replaced by new on immediately.
6. Reliability is increased with proper and careful layout.
7. Time of manufacturing is reduced.
8. It is moat suitable for mass production.
9. It result in uniform product.
10. Inspection time is reduced.

5.3 COPPER CLADDING

Thin sheet of copper is produced by rolling process or preferably by electro
deposition process. Thickness of sheet is 35 um. Purity is 99.9%. Different layers of
base material with resin are kept on copper foil until the required thickness is
reached. It is then heated with steam in hydraulic press to the temperature required
for the curing of resin. After the required time it is water cooled.
Types of PCB
36

There are four types of PCBs are manufactured.

1. Single sided PCB
2. Double sided PCB
3. Multilayered PC
4. Flexible PCB
Single sided PCB has copper foil on one side. Components are placed on the
insulator side. These are widely used. In double sided PCB, there is copper cladding
on both sides. Components are kept on both sides. Plated through hole technique is
used to make connection on the two sides. This is used where space is the problem.
Multilayer boards are used with MSI and VSLI IC technology. This requires less
space. In this thin printed circuit boards are stacked together. Boards are joined
together with adhesives and insulation materials. Plated through holes are used. In
flexible printed circuit boards, special material which can be flexed is used. There is
reduction in weight and space. These are used in space shuttle, military equipment
and computers.
5.4 PCB MAKING MADE EASY
Making of printed circuit boards is as much art as a technique particularly so when
they are to be fabricated in very small numbers.
There are several ways of drawing PCB patterns and making the final boards, but
the methods most likely to interest people in need of just a few PCBs has to be
simple and economical.
The making of a PCB essentially involves two steps:
1) Preparing the PCB drawing
2) Fabricating the PCB itself from the drawing
37

The traditional method of making a PCB drawing with complete placement of

parts, taking a photographic negative of the drawing developing the image of the
negative formed on photosensitized copper plate, and dissolving the excess copper
by etching is a standard practice being followed in large scale operation.
However, For small scale operation, where large number of copies are not required,
the cost saving procedure presented here may be adopted, this procedure has its
own advantages, as the lateral inversion problem is overcome.
Also tracing of the circuit and fault finding is made easy as the PCB exactly
matches with the original circuit so that one does not have to constantly look for
positions to drill holes and various components.

5.5 PCB DRAWING

Making of the PCB drawing involves some preliminary considerations such as
placement of component on a piece of paper, location of holes , deciding the
diameter of various holes, the optimum area each component should occupy the
shape and location of islands for connecting two or more components at a place,
full space utilization, and prevention of overloading of components at a particular
place. There is no other way to arrive at the correct conclusions than by trial and
error. For anchoring of components 1 mm dia. holes and for fixing PCB holding
screws to the chassis 3 mm dia. Holes are recommended.
Following these hints a sketch may be redrawn neatly on a fresh piece of paper, if
desired. This sketch is the mirror image of the PCB patterns desired; it shows the
38

components placement on the other side of the PCB laminate. The mirror image of
this sketch, the PCB pattern can now be drawn with help of a thick tracing paper.
The sketch redrawn on a tracing paper would appear as the PCB pattern when
viewed from the other side. To save time and effort, the sketch may be made on the
tracing paper itself right in the beginning. Alternatively, the PCB pattern can be
drawn from the sketch with the help of a carbon paper. A fresh carbon paper may
be placed face up on a flat surface and covered with a plain sheet of paper. On this
sheet the sketch may be placed .Now, by carefully tracing the sketch with a ball
pen or a hard pencil, the mirror image of the sketch may be obtained on the lower
sheet of paper.

5.6 PCB FABRICATION

The copper clad PCB laminate may be prepared by rubbing away the oxide, grease
and dirt etc with a fine emery paper or send paper. In this the final PCB drawing
may be traced this time by using the carbon paper in the normal way.
Clips should be used to prevent the carbon and the paper from slipping while the
PCB pattern is being traced on the laminate. Only the connecting lines in PCBs,
islands and holes should be traced the positions of component need not be traced.
The components positions can be marked on the PCB reverse side, if desired.
The marked holes in PCB may be drilled using 1 mm or 3 mm drill bits and traced
PCB pattern coated with black, quick drying enamel paint, using a thin brush and
39

small metal scale. In case there is any shorting of lines due to spilling of paint,
there may be removed by scrapping with a blade or a knife, after the paint has
dried. After drying 22-30 gms of ferric chloride in 75 ml of water may be heated to
about 60 C and poured over the PCB placed with its copper side upwards in plastic
tray of about 15X20 cm. stirring the solution helps speedy etching.
The dissolution of unwanted copper would take about 45 minutes. If etching takes
longer, the solution may be heated again and the process repeated. The paint on the
pattern can be removed by rubbing with a rag soaked in thinner, turpentine or
acetone. The PCB may then be washed and dried.
5.7 SOME TIPS TO SIMPLIFY PCB COOKING
PCB making can be real simple and fun too!
Yet, we can expect almost professional result, if you are carefully. To begin with,
collect the following items:
1. PCB sheet:
Paper base is cheaper and should be enough for most of the project.
2. Hand drill and bit:
Small type in the workbench with a 0.8 mm bit should do. Be carefully in
handling. Dont try press the hole the drill bit drill it!
3. Quick-set etch resistant paint:
A long name! but we already have it in our sister dressing table, nail police. Even
the French police is equally good. Enamel paints take much longer to get dry.
4. Painting brush:
Water color type. Go for something pointed, to draw narrows lines.
5. Etching solution:
Here, no short cut! Try at our local chemist ferric chloride available in 500 gm
packings. Very pure quality is not required.
6. Dish:
40

Take an enameled dish, flat at the bottom and enough to accept the work piece,
avoid aluminum, steel etc. since warning on a heater may be required, plastic is out
question.
5.8 Drafting:
Prepare actual size PCB foil pattern on a sheet of paper graph paper can be helpful.
Study some pattern and their schematics to get idea. To cut the PCB sheet to size, draw
deep lines with a sharp pointed tool on both sides, and hold the sheet on one side of the
lines firmly near the edge of a able with a scale and push down the part of sheet on the
other side of the lines. The sheet will break easily where the lines were drawn. Now,
Place the sheet cut to size with copper side up, exactly below the PCB drawing and
trace all the holes given on the pattern with a sharp nail and a small hammer.
For drawing pins at four corners help o keep the board inn place. After center
punching the board, take it out and drill the holes carefully with the hand-drill. Clean
all burr formation with a sharp razor blade.
5.9 PRINTING:
We can do well if we have a good hand in drawing lines with a brush. Master it with
practice. Concentrate on the PCB pattern and drilled board. Join the holes with lines
as in the PCB pattern with the brush dipped in etch resistant. Avoid too narrow or too
wide lines. Blows dry the painting with your mouth.
5.10 COOKING:
Wash the dish, take water just enough to immerse the board, and add FeCl3 carefully,
without any splashing. FeCl3 is irritating to the skin and stain the clothes. Place the
board in solution with copper side up. Try not to breathe the vapors. Stir the solution
by giving see-saw motion to the dish and solution in it. Occasionally warm it over a
41

heater not to boiling. After some time the unshaded parts changes their color.
Continue to each. Gradually the base material will become visible. Etch for two
minutes more to get a neat pattern.Take out board, wash with running water; rub with
vim or pumice to remove the coating of etch resistant till we get shining copper. Dry it
and put a coat of varnish to remain the shine. Our PCB is ready.

5.11 SOLDERING GUIDE

Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron.
They are very hot (about 400C) and will give you a nasty burn.
Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron.
The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. Ordinary plastic flex melts
immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a risk of burns and electric shock.
Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.
Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment.
Allow joints a minute or so to cool down before you touch them.

42

CHAPTER-6
WORKING
Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought
this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars,
ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed
countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS),
Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System
(MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency
and utilization of the vehicles. GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and
navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without
the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the
destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or
less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for
the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems
combine a number of well-developed technologies.
To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPSs ability to pin-point location along
with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to
43

communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPSGSM modules and a base station called the control center.
Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped
with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the
location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location
information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map
in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control
center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other
services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.
CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE CODING
#include <reg51.h>
//#define LCD_DATA_PORT P2
sbit rs = P3^7;
sbit rw = P3^6;

//LCD data port

//enable signal
//read/write signal

sbit en = P3^5 ;
unsigned char value,lati_value[10],lati_dir, longi_value[11], longi_dir;
unsigned int t;
void lcd_busy()
{
int p;
for(p=0;p<2000;p++);
}
void LCD_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
44

{
lcd_busy(); rw=0;
rs=0;
P2 = cmd;
en=1;
en=0;}}
void LCD_data(unsigned char dat)
{
lcd_busy();
rw=0;

rs=1;

P2 = dat;
en=1;
en=0;
}
void init_LCD()
{
LCD_cmd(0x38); //initialization of 16X2 LCD in 8bit mode
LCD_cmd(0x0E); //cursor ON
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_cmd(0x80); // ---8 go to first line and --0 is for 0th position
}
void init_USART()
{
TMOD=0x20;
45

SCON=0x40;
TH1=0xFD;
TL1=0xFD;
TR1=1;
REN=1;
}
unsigned char usart_getch()
{
while(RI==0);
RI=0;
return(SBUF);
}
void LCD_write_string(char *str) //take address vaue of the string in pionter *str
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0') // loop will go on till the NULL charaters
{
LCD_data(str[i]); // sending data on CD byte by byte
i++;
}
return;
}
void display_lat()
46

LCD_cmd(0x80);
LCD_write_string("lt:");
LCD_data(lati_dir);
LCD_data(0x20);
LCD_data(lati_value[0]);
LCD_data(lati_value[1]);
LCD_data(0xDF);
LCD_data(lati_value[2]);
LCD_data(lati_value[3]);
LCD_data(0x27);
LCD_data(lati_value[5]);
LCD_data(lati_value[6]);
LCD_data(lati_value[7]);
LCD_data(lati_value[8]);
LCD_data(0x22);
}

void display_logn()
{ LCD_cmd(0xC0);
LCD_write_string("lg:");
LCD_data(longi_dir);
LCD_data(longi_value[0]);
LCD_data(longi_value[1]);
LCD_data(longi_value[2]);
47

LCD_data(0xDF);
LCD_data(longi_value[3]);
LCD_data(longi_value[4]);
LCD_data(0x27);
LCD_data(longi_value[6]);
LCD_data(longi_value[7]);
LCD_data(longi_value[8]);
LCD_data(longi_value[9]);
LCD_data(0x22);}
void delay_5sec()
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<100;i++);
for(j=0;j<10000;j++);
}
void get_city_name()
{
unsigned int value1,value2,value3;
unsigned int lati_degree,lati_minute,longi_degree,longi_minute;
value1 = lati_value[0]-0x30;
value2 = lati_value[1]-0x30;
lati_degree = value1*10+value2;
value1 = lati_value[2]-0x30;
48

value2 = lati_value[3]-0x30;
lati_minute = value1*10+value2;
value1 = longi_value[0]-0x30;
value2 = longi_value[1]-0x30;
value3 = longi_value[2]-0x30;
longi_degree = value1*100+value2*10+value3;
value1 = longi_value[3]-0x30;
value2 = longi_value[4]-0x30;
longi_minute = value1*10+value2;
if((lati_degree==28) && (lati_minute==61) && (longi_degree==77) &&
(longi_minute==23))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Delhi");
delay_5sec();
}
else if((lati_degree==26) && (lati_minute==92) && (longi_degree==75) &&
(longi_minute==82))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Jaipur");
delay_5sec();
}

49

else if((lati_degree==23) && (lati_minute==03) && (longi_degree==72) &&

(longi_minute==58))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Ahmedabad");
delay_5sec();
}
else if((lati_degree==18) && (lati_minute==97) && (longi_degree==72) &&
(longi_minute==82))

{LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Mumbai");
delay_5sec();
}
else if((lati_degree==23) && (lati_minute==25) && (longi_degree==77) &&
(longi_minute==41))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Bhopal");
delay_5sec();
}
else if((lati_degree==22) && (lati_minute==56) && (longi_degree==88) &&
(longi_minute==36))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
50

LCD_write_string("It's a Kolkata");
delay_5sec();
}
else if((lati_degree==12) && (lati_minute==96) && (longi_degree==77) &&
(longi_minute==56))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Bengaluru");
delay_5sec();}
else if((lati_degree==13) && (lati_minute==8) && (longi_degree==80) &&
(longi_minute==27))
{
LCD_cmd(0x01);
LCD_write_string("It's a Channai");
delay_5sec();
}}
int main(void)
{
P2=0x00;

//LCD_DATA port as out put port

P3=0x0F;

//ctrl as out put

init_LCD();

//initialization of LCD

LCD_write_string("

GPS DEMO");

LCD_cmd(0xC0);
LCD_write_string(" using AT89C51");
51

init_USART();

// initialization of USART

while(1)
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='$')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='P')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='R')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='M')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='C')
{
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')

// wait upto next ","

52

{
value=usart_getch();
value=usart_getch();
}
while(value!=',')

// wait upto next ","

{
value=usart_getch();
}
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')

// wait upto next ","

{
value=usart_getch();
}
lati_value[0] = usart_getch();
value = lati_value[0];
for(t=1;value!=',';t++)
{
lati_value[t] = usart_getch();
value = lati_value[t];
}
lati_dir=usart_getch();
value = usart_getch();
longi_value[0] = usart_getch();
value = longi_value[0];
53

for(t=1;value!=',';t++)
{
longi_value[t] = usart_getch();
value = longi_value[t];
}
longi_dir=usart_getch();
LCD_cmd(0x01);
display_lat();
display_logn();
get_city_name();
}
}
}
}
}

54

CHAPTER-8
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
A properly designed Vehicle Monitoring System saves time and work by eliminating the
need for service personnel to visit each site for inspection, data collection/logging or
make adjustments. Here we are using simplex transmission and not duplex transmission.
So data can only be sent from remote end to the central end. We can also send the data
regarding the speed, altitude, fuel level or any other quantity, to the industry end, from
remote places at any time.

The following advantages have been found:

The circuit is quite simple.
The technique is suitable for long distances and large geographical area.
Remote monitoring systems are designed to allow a smaller number of operators to
monitor a large number of individual assets.
Many issues surround the future of Global Positioning System
technology and operability. The most certain aspect of the future of
GPS is its increased usage and its expansion into new areas of
55

application. Bradford Parkinson, from the University of Minnesota

Center for Transportation Studies, predicts that by 2010 there will be
more than 50 million GPS users that perform applications relating to
the following fields:

automobiles

ships

farm vehicles

Aircraft

military systems

Technology
Additional advances in GPS technology will also include increased positional accuracy
and more reliable calculations. The addition of civilian codes and civilian frequencies
will be developed to solely meet the needs of civilian users with little to no military
application. (Marine Computer Systems)

GPS Satellite System Interoperability

With the advent of the European GALILEO system, GPS developers and users have
increasingly pondered the benefits of interoperating the NAVSTAR and GALILEO
systems. The possible benefits include:

more available signals that will allow GPS users to access more satellites from
remote areas
56

additional signal power and spectrum diversity will lessen the impact of expected
signal noise and interference

improved signal redundancy

Drawbacks
Some potential drawbacks, costs and challenges that will be incurred with
interoperability include:

increased equipment cost to the user to be able to access both systems

additional noise and interference environment

Advantages

There are many advantages of having a GPS system:

A GPS system comes with a panic button. When this button is pressed an
operator at the GPS carrier can listen in on the conversation and either help you out
or alert the authorities. This will keep you safe in case of accidents or hi jacks.

Your car will never lose your car at any place. The GPS service will track the car

for you and send its lights flashing.

If your vehicle is ever stolen the GPS system will track the vehicle and the
authorities will be able to get it back in no time.

A GPS system in a car, boat, plane or haversack will ensure that you are never
lost.
57

A GPS system streamlines supply chains and truck movements. The system cans
their destination. Track goods at any point of time and accurately predict when goods

will reach.

GPS systems are used to detect structural problems in buildings and roads and to
predict disasters like earthquakes and so on. The scientific applications of a GPS
system are many.

REFERENCE

1. Bancroft, S. (January 1985). "An Algebraic Solution of the GPS

Equations". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.
2. Borre, Kai; M. Akos, Dennis; Bertelsen, Nicolaj; Rinder, Peter; Jensen, Sren
Holdt (2007). A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver. A singleFrequency Approach. Springer. p. 18. ISBN 0-8176-4390-7.
3. Dietrich Schroeer, Mirco Elena (2000). Technology Transfer. Ashgate.
p. 80. ISBN 0-7546-2045-X. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
58

4. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global

Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995).
5. Rumerman, Judy A. (2009). NASA Historical Data Book, Volume VII (PDF).
NASA. p. 136.

59