ONE-SCHOOL.

NET
Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08)
01 Functions
Absolute Value Function Inverse Function If
f ( x ), if f ( x ) 0 f ( x)
f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0
y = f ( x ) , then f 1 ( y ) = x
Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of y or f(x) f(x) map onto i
tself means f(x) = x
02 Quadratic Equations
General Form Quadratic Formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. *Note that the highest power of an unkn
own of a quadratic equation is 2. Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: If
nd re the roots of qu dr tic equ tion


2 4 c x= 2
When the equ tion c n not
e f ctorized. N ture of Roots
+ =

=
c
The Qu dr tic Equ tion
x 2 ( + ) x + = 0
or x ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0 SoR = Sum of Roots PoR = Product of Roots
2

2 4 c
2 4 c
2 4 c
2 4 c
>0 =0 <0 0
two re l nd different roots two re l nd equ l roots no re l roots the roots r
e re l
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03 Qu dr tic Functions
Gener l Form Completing the squ re:
f ( x) = x 2 +
x + c where ,
, nd c re const nts nd 0. *Note th t the h
ighest power of n unknown of
qu dr tic function is 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
f ( x) =
( x + p)2 + q the v lue of x, x = p min./m x. v lue = q min./m x. poi
nt = ( p, q) equ tion of xis of symmetry, x = p
Altern tive method:
> 0 minimum (smiling f ce)
< 0 m ximum (s d f ce)
f ( x) = x 2 +
x + c (i) the v lue of x, x =

2

) 2
2

(ii) (iii)
Qu dr tic Inequ lities
> 0 nd f ( x) > 0 > 0 nd f ( x) < 0
min./m x. v lue = f (
equ tion of xis of symmetry, x =
N ture of Roots

< x<

intersects two different points t x xis 2
4 c = 0 touch one point t x xis

2 4 c < 0 does not meet x xis

2 4 c > 0
x <

or x >

04 Simult neous Equ tions

To find the intersection point solves simult neous equ tion. Remem
er: su
stitut
e line r equ tion into non line r equ tion.
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05 Indices nd Log rithm
Fund ment l if Indices L ws of Indices
Zero Index, Neg tive Index,
0 = 1
(
m

m n =
m ) n =

m+n
m
n = mn
m n (
) n = n
n

1 =
1

( ) 1 =

1 n

Fr ction l Index

=
n
m n
=
n
n n ( ) = n


L w of Log rithm
Fund ment l of Log rithm
log
log

y = x
= 1

log

mn = log

x = y
m + log

log
log
log

x = x
1 = 0

m = log

m log

n n

log mn = n log m
Ch nging the B se
log

=

log c
log c
log

=

1 log

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06 Coordin te Geometry
Dist nce nd Gr dient
Dist nce Between Point A nd C =
(x1 x2 )2 + (x1 x2 )2
Gr dient of line AC, m = Or
y int ercept Gr dient of

line, m = x int ercept y2 y1 x2 x1

P r llel Lines
Perpendicul r Lines
When 2 lines re p r llel,
When 2 lines
m1 m2 = 1

re perpendicul r to e ch other,

m1 = m2 .
m1 = gr dient of line 1 m2 = gr dient of line 2
Midpoint
A point dividing

segment of

line

Midpoint, M =
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
A point dividing

segment of

line

nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 P = 1 , m+n m+n

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Are of tri ngle:
Are of Tri ngle
=
1 2
1 ( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 ) 2
A=
Form of Equ tion of Str ight Line Gener l form
x +
y + c = 0
Gr dient form
y = mx + c
Intercept form
m = gr dient c = yintercept
x y + =1

= xintercept
= yintercept m=

Equ tion of Str ight Line Gr dient (m) nd 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1)
nd (x2, y2) given given y y1 y2 y1 y y1 = m( x x1 ) = x x1 x2 x1
xintercept nd yintercept given x y + =1

Equ tion of perpendicul r
isector gets midpoint nd gr dient of perpendicul r l

ine.
Inform tion in rhom
us: A
B
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
s me length AB = BC = CD = AD p r llel lines mAB = mCD or mAD = mBC di gon ls (p
erpendicul r) mAC mBD = 1 sh re s me midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint BD ny point
solve the simult neous equ tions
D
C
(v)
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Remem
er:
yintercept x = 0 cut y xis x = 0 xintercept y = 0 cut x xis y = 0 **point li
es on the line s tisfy the equ tion su
stitute the v lue of x nd of y of the po
int into the equ tion.
Equ tion of Locus ( use the formul of dist nce) The equ tion of the locus of
moving point P ( x, y ) which is lw ys t const nt dist nce (r) from
fixed
point A ( x1 , y1 ) is
The equ tion of the locus of moving point P ( x, y ) which is lw ys t
t nt dist nce from two fixed points A ( x1 , y1 ) nd B ( x2 , y 2 ) with
o m : n is PA m = PB n

cons
r ti

The equ tion of the locus of moving point P ( x, y ) which is lw ys equidist

nt from two fixed points A nd B is the perpendicul r
isector of the str ight l
ine AB. PA = PB ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) 2 = ( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2
2
PA = r
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r 2
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 m 2 = ( x x2 ) + ( y y 2 ) 2 n 2
More Formul e nd Equ tion List: SPM Form 4 Physics  Formul e List SPM Form 5 P
hysics  Formul e List SPM Form 4 Chemistry  List of Chemic l Re ctions SPM For
m 5 Chemistry  List of Chemic l Re ctions
All t OneSchool.net
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07 St tistics
Me sure of Centr l Tendency Ungrouped D t Me n
x= x N
Without Class Interval
x= fx f
Grouped Data With Class Interval
x= x = mean f = frequency x = class mark fx f
x = mean x = sum of x x = value of the data
N = total number of the data
x = mean x = sum of x f = frequency x = value of the data
=
(lower limit+upper limit) 2
Median
m = TN +1
2
m = TN +1
2
When N is an odd number.
When N is an odd number.
1 2 N F m = L+ f C m
m = medi n L = Lower
ound ry of medi n cl ss N = Num
er of d t F = Tot l frequ
ency
efore medi n cl ss fm = Tot l frequency in medi n cl ss c = Size cl ss = (
Upper
ound ry lower boundary)
TN + TN m=
2 2
+1
TN + T N m=
2 2
+1
2
2
When N is an even number.
When N is an even number.
Measure of Dispersion Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Without Class Interval With Cl
ass Interval
variance

x2 =
2
N
x
2
fx 2 = f
2
x
2
fx 2 = f
2
x
2
= variance
Standard Deviation
(x x ) = N
2
= variance
= =
(x x ) N x 2 x2 N
2
= variance
f (x x) = f
2
=
x 2 x2 N
=
fx 2 x2 f
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The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the
mean. The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.
Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersi
on Data are changed uniformly with +k k k k +k k k k
Measures of Mean, median, mode Central Tendency Range , Interquartile Range Meas
ures of tandard Deviation dispersion Variance
No changes No changes No changes
k k k2
k k k2
08 Circular Measures
Terminology
Convert degree to radian: Convert radian to degree:

radians
180
D

degree
)radian 180 180 ) degree x radian = ( x
xo = ( x

180D
Remember:
180D = rad ??? 360 = 2 rad
D
0.7 rad
O ???
1.2 rad
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Length and Area
r = radiu A = area  = arc length = angle l = length of chord
Arc Length:
Length of chord:
Area of Sector:
Area of Triangle:
Area of Segment:

 = r
l = 2r in

2
A=
1 2 r 2
A=
1 2 r in 2
A=
1 2 r ( in ) 2
09 Differentiation
Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or traight)
dy y = lim ( ) x x 0 x
Differentiation of a Function I
y = xn y = nx n1 x
Example y = x3
Differentiation of Algebraic Function Differentiation of a Constant

y = 3x 2 x
y=a y =0 x
a is a constant
Differentiation of a Function II
y = ax y = ax11 = ax 0 = a x
Example y=2 y =0 x
Example y = 3x y =3 x
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Differentiation of a Function III Chain Rule
y = ax n y = anx n1 x
Example y = 2 x3
y = un
u an v are functions in x

y y u = x u x
Example y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
u = 2 x 2 + 3, y = u5 , therefore u = 4x x
y = 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2 x
Differentiation of a Fractional Function
1 xn Rewrite y= y = xn y n = nx n1 = n+1 x x
therefore

y = 5u 4 u
y y u = x u x = 5u 4 4 x = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4
Or ifferentiate irectly y = (ax + b) n
Example 1 y= x y = x 1 y 1 = 1x 2 = 2 x x

y = n.a.(ax + b) n 1 x
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5 y = 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4 x
Law of Differentiation Sum an Difference Rule
y =uv u an v are functions in x y u v = x x x Example y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2

y = 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x x
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Prouct Rule Quotient Rule
y= u v v u an v are functions in x u v u x x v2
y = uv
(3 x 3
u = 2x
2 =(3

+
x

an
2 x
3 v
2

v
2
=
x

are functions in x y u v = v +u x x x Example y = (2 x + 3)

x)
3x3 2 x 2 x u v =2 = 9 x2 4 x 1 x x y u v =v +u x x x 3
x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1)

y = x
Or ifferentiate irectly y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 2 x 2 x)

y = (3x3 2 x 2 x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 4 x 1) x

Example x2 y= 2x +1 u = x2 v = 2x +1 u v = 2x =2 x x u v u v y = x 2 x 
x v y (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = x (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
Or ifferentiate irectly x2 y= 2x +1 y (2 x + 1)(2 x) x 2 (2) = x (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x = = (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
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Graients of tangents, Equation of tangent an Normal Graient of tangent at A(x
1, y1):

y = graient of tangent x Equation of tangent: y y1 = m( x x1 )

Graient of normal at A(x1, y1):
mnormal = 1 mtangent
If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the graient of the line (for a stra
ight line) or the graient of the y tangent of the line (for a curve) is the va
lue of x when x = x1.

x Equation of normal : y y1 = m( x x1 )
1 y
= graient of normal
Maximum an Minimum Point
Turning point At m ximum point, dy =0 dx
dy =0 dx
d y <0 dx 2
2
At minimum point , dy =0 dx
d2y >0 dx 2
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R tes of Ch nge Sm ll Ch nges

nd Approxim tion Sm ll Ch nge:

Ch in rule
dA dA dr = dt dr dt
y y y y x x x x
Approximation: ynew = yoriginal + y
If x changes at the rate of 5 cms 1
dx =5 dt Decre ses/le ks/reduces NEGATIVES v lues!!!
= yorigin l +
dy x x
x = small changes in x y = small changes in y If x becomes smaller x = NEGATIVE
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10 Solution of Triangle
Sine Rule:
a b c = = sin A sin B sin C
Cosine Rule:
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc coA b2 = a2 + c2 2ac coB c2 = a2 + b2 2ab coC
Area of triangle:
a
C
b
Ue, when given 2 ide and 1 non included angle
B A 180 (A+B) a

2 angle and 1 ide

co A =
b2 + c2 a 2 2bc
A=
a A b
a
Ue, when given
a A b b c

2 ide and 1 included angle

1 a b in C 2
C i the included angle of ide a and b.
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Cae of AMBIGUITY
A
180 
If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged, the oint B can alo be at o
int B where ABC = acute and A B C = obtue. If ABC = , thu ABC = 180 .

Remember : in = in (180 )

Cae 2: When a = b in A CB jut touch the ide ooite to C
C B B Cae 1: When a < b in A CB i too hort to reach the ide ooite to C.
Outcome: No olution Cae 3: When a > b in A but a < b. CB cut the ide ooi
te to C at 2 oint
Outcome: 1 olution Cae 4: When a > b in A and a > b. CB cut the ide ooit
e to C at 1 oint
Outcome: 2 olution Ueful information:
b a c
Outcome: 1 olution

In a right angled triangle, you may ue the following to olve the roblem. (i)
Phythagora Theorem: c = a 2 + b2 (ii) Trigonometry ratio: in = b , co = a ,
tan = c c
b a
(iii) Area = (bae)(height)
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11 Index Number
Price Index Comoite index
I =
P 1 100 P0
I=
Wi I i Wi
I = Price index / Index number
P0 = Price at the base time P1 = Price at a specific time
I = Composite Index W = Weightage I = Price index
I A, B I B ,C = I A,C 100
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