7.

FOOD
1. .
EVOLUTION OF NUTRITION
The need for regular/continuous (1) food caused Homo sapiens to turn from
hunting, fishing and gathering to the development of agriculture and
rearing/bringing up (2) livestock. It was a very slow process which lasted for
thousands of years, and for which no one can claim paternity/patent (3). The
habit of harvesting which was gained/acquired (4) between the 7th and 6th
centuries BC was the very basis of civilization. Indeed it strengthened/ enforced
(5) settlement, which gave rise to towns, then states, politics, technology and
wars. The cultivation of ground led to that of the mind/brains (6). Being isolated
geographically, and therefore also genetically, the peoples began to
differential/differentiate (7) and their religions to diversify/diverse (8).
One change has come about since the first grain harvest: the
intervention/interference (9) of industry. Agricultural mechanization has greatly
reduced/minimized (10) the agrarian class, causing a radial/
radical (11) modification of society. Food preservation/store (12) and then the
whole food industry have certainly destroyed/eliminated (13) the threat of food
shortage in the industrial countries, which persisted/insisted (14) in Europe until
the 18th century and later in some countries. Now replete, the industrial societies
have adopted/adapted (15) dietary rules.
Though of small significance, the diversification/diversion (16) of cultures,
helped by voyages of exploration, and the practices of agricultural selection have
also caused integrated/integral (17) changes in plant and animal species. There is
no longer much in general/common (18) between the Mexican corn of yesteryear
(the distant past) and modern corn, and our farmers really would be surprised if
they saw a Middle Ages pig, a remarkable creature/creation (19) with flat flanks
and powerful bone structure. The advent/adventure (20) of the potato has
changed the diet of half the world making it the typical staple till the middle of the
20th century.

2. .
FOOD: QUALITY VS. QUANTITY
Whether to buy genetically engineered food or not seems to depend on what

7. FOOD
kind of person you are. While some people find it attract (1), the others regard it
as a growing menace to health. There are quite a lot of contradict (2) among these
points of view. Whatever the attitude to this new thing is, this food is going to
become soon a normal part of our diets.
As the name of this food implies, it comes from
the word genes. Genes are the carry (3) of genetic
information, which passes from one generate (4)
to another, making sure that humans give birth to
humans and cows give birth to cows. The
mechanism of genes transmit (5) from parents to
their offspring is still being studied. Trying to learn
how genes operate, scientists may take genes from one species for example, a
scorpion, and transfer them to another for example, corn. They may also
introduction (6) duck genes into chickens to make the chickens bigger or put
hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. In this way a new life form
is created. These new life forms have been description (7) as a real-life
Frankenstein. The genetic operate (8) do not make the new life forms cheaper,
tastier or health (9). They just make it easier and faster for the farmer to grow.
The affect (10) of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Such genes
as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths can hardly be called harm (11) so
they can't be included in the foods that are part of our diet.
The experiments with the natural world may result in disaster (12)
consequences. The engineers may create life forms monsters that we cannot
control. The new life forms have no natural habit (13) or home. They will have to
find one, fight for one or kill for one. Moreover, the effects of these experiments
can often be cruel. In America, some animals were given human genes to make
them bigger and less fat (14). The experiment failed. The animals became very ill
and began to lose their eye (15). Some people believe, though, that genetic
engineering could be the solve (16) to the problem of famine and it will thus save
the lives of starve (17) people.
We must all aim to raise aware (18) of the dangers of carrying out cruel
experiments with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a fright (19) and
heart (20) monster that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a
story and no more than that.

7. FOOD
3. .
CANNED FOOD
Anxious (1) over the preservation of food is doubt (2) as old as humanity. Ever
since man hunted, he must have realized that the meat of his game would go rotten
and become harm (3) in certain circumstances. However, even primitive treat (4)
like drying or salting could prevent meat and fish from losing their organoleptic
qualities. It is also known that from the 3rd or 4th millennium
before Christ man used special places like caves for store (5)
his surplus food. The Chinese seem to have mastered three
techniques of preservation by the 1st millennium: the first, by
salting, the second by using spices, and the third by ferment
(6) in wine. Moreover, the Chinese had improved the process
of drying by its combine (7) with smoking. It is with the
Chinese therefore that the actual invention of preservation of food began.
These technical (8) hardly varied for at least two and a half millennia. There
was an obvious problem with all of them, which was firstly gastronomic and then
diet (9): these foods always tasted strongly of salt or vinegar. Apart from pickled
foods and other similar conserve (10) methods, there was no progress in the
domain of the preservation of food until the invention of appertization.
Nicolas Appert, a confection (11) in Paris, was the first to have the idea, in
1780, that heat apply (12) to sealed jars could prevent the fermentation of food; he
began to put it to the test. The idea was so remarkable, yet mature (13), that it was
only Pasteur, nearly one century later, who proof (14) that heat actually killed the
bacteria respond (15) for fermentation.
From 1815 number (16) canning industries were created all over the world.

4. .
SALT
Salt is (1) ___ to life. At one time it was considered so valuable that it was
actually (2) ___ as a god. Roman soldiers used to be paid salt money, which is
where the world salary (3) ___ from. Nowadays, however, salt is so (4) ___ that
few people even (5) ___ to think about it. But perhaps they should.
The human body needs so little salt to (6) ___ its balance that it is very easy to

7. FOOD
(7) ___ too much of it. An (8) ___ of salt in the diet can lead to high blood
pressure, which in turn can increase the risk of heart disease. Cooking with salt
also reduces the nutritional (9) ___ of the food. For example, spinach boiled in
salted water loses 50% of its iron, (10) ___ to only 19% when boiled in salt-(11)
___ water. Many people have the habit of (12) ___ salt to their food when they are
at the table. Some even do this before they have tasted the food. This is one of the
(13) ___ why the (14) ___ person in Britain eats two and a half to three teaspoons
of salt every day. The maximum recommended (15) ___ is one and a half, and the
(16) ___ amount is just half a teaspoon.

A substantial

B necessary

C essential

D significant

A worshipped

B praised

C adored

D respected

A arrived

B originated

C appeared

D emerged

A typical

B average

C widespread

D common

A mind

B worry

C bother

D labor

A sustain

B retain

C obtain

D contain

A consumption B assume

C resume

D consume

A access

B excess

C except

D assess

A quality

B validity

C value

D evaluation

1
0

A compared

B comparable

C incomparable D opposed

11 A free

B clean

C empty

D clear

1
2

A inserting

B mixing

C including

D adding

1
3

A possibilities

B justification

C reason

D explanations

1
4

A ordinary

B average

C common

D usual

1
5

A dosage

B dose

C overdose

D doze

A ideal

B superior

C good

D excellent

7. FOOD
6

5. .

A SHORT HISTORY OF BEEF

The word beef, which refers/denotes (1) to the

flesh of a cow or an ox, did not come to England with
William the Conqueror, as many people
suggest/suppose (2): it was first brought over from
France towards the end of the thirteenth century. There are recordings/records (3)
of beef being eaten nearly 4 500 years ago and beef was the most
favoured/favourite (4) food with the Romans when they arrived/reached (5) in
Britain.
The Anglo Saxons tended to prefer mutton or pork, but the Normans were
decisively/ definitely (6) keener on beef. The Normans also preferred cows milk
to sheeps milk and as a result there was a steady/stable (7) rise in the number of
cows in Britain, so that by the thirteenth century beef had become
the countrys favourite/favourable (8) meat. It has kept that pose/position (9)
ever since and the roast beef of old England has a special placement/
place (10) not only in the hearts of the English people but also in their
cuisine/kitchen (11), especially when beef is accompanied/served (12) by
Yorkshire pudding, a traditional English dish.
The word beef has also possessed/acquired (13) several metaphorical
meanings in everyday/nowadays (14) English. It can mean 'muscular/ masculine
(15) power or effort', as in the adjective beefy or to complain in Stop beefing
about your job all the time. Both of these uses of the word came over from the
United States in the nineteenth century.

7. FOOD

6.
.
WORCESTERSHIRE SAUE

retirement order safe local wonderful original

manufacturers horrible clearing stuff natural annually

Fifty million bottles of Lea and Perrins Worcestershire sauce are now sold (1)
___ in 130 different countries.
The (2) ___recipe did not come from Worcestershire, however, and at the
beginning Mr Lea and Mr Parrins, the (3) ___, did not even like it.
It was lord Marcus Sandys who, on his (4) ___from the post of the Governor of
Bengal in India, brought in the recipe to Worcester in 1835. He asked the
(5) ___ chemists shop, Lea and Perrins, to make up several bottles of this
(6) ___for him.
They carried out his (7) ___, making some sauce for themselves as well. But,
deciding it tasted (8) ___, they put it in the cellar and forgot about it. Two years
later, when (9) ___ up the cellar they found the bottles, tasted the sauce and
thought it was (10) ___.
The sauce is still made to the same secret recipe and the bottles you buy in the
shops are about three years old. Even when one hundred years old, the sauce is
said to be not only (11) ___, but also still very good indeed, despite the fact that it contains only (12) ___ ingredients.

7. FOOD

7. .
TOMATO
The first known mention/recollection (1) of the
Italian tomato in Italy dates back to the year 1544. It was
then that the herbalist Mattioli called it Pomidoro,
which means Golden Apple, referring/meaning (2)
possibly to the golden colour of the original yellow
vegetable known at that time. Tomatoes were then
cultivated into bright red varieties/variations (3) and according to Mattioli they
were cut into slices/strips (4) and eaten fried/roasted (5) in oil with salt and
pepper.
In 1811, the Italian cook Filippo Re discovered that if tomatoes were
crushed/crashed (6), cooked and afterwards dried in the sun they turned into a red
paste. This was an ideal way of preserving/saving (7) the tomato throughout the
year, allowing the preparation of many dishes such as sauces and stews. Around
the 1840s this product started to be commercialized/industrialized (8) and sold in
markets, where it was served on fresh fig leaves.
It was later recognized that the tomato was packed full of many
worthy/precious (9) vitamins and other substances contained/consisted (10) in
the seeds, along with a low calorie count/account (11) and can be suitable for a
vast number of culinary uses. The various technologies for preservation were
created, enabling/enpowering (12) tomatoes to be used throughout the year and in
the subsequent/consequent (13) years the tomato has become second only to the
potato as the most popular vegetable in the world.
8. .

IT TAKES YOUR BREATH AWAY!

7. FOOD
The art of cooking requires the use of garlic. Of course, the
eating of garlic is not general (1) approved of. Working beside
someone who has eaten garlic is as bad as sitting beside
someone who is smoking. But while smoking is define (2) bad
for you, there is no doubt that garlic eating is good for the
health. Cultivate (3) and export of garlic has become big
business now that so many people use it for flavour (4) meat
and adding to different dishes. This eating habit appeared at a
very early date in history. It is known for sure that by the 1st century BC the
Egyptian market gardens included a great various (5) of products, garlic being
among them. It was due to trade between countries that garlic came from the
regions which are now Tadzhikstan and Ouzbekistan.
Not only cooks used garlic to give flavour to food but also doctors found it
benefit (6). Since old times garlic has been among the products which
contribution (7) to good health. Addition (8), people who do not eat garlic can
more easy (9) catch a cold than people who do. Nothing will cure the common
cold if you have caught it, but there are some palliative steps which may be taken.
You may take aspirin and other medicine (10) which act to relieve your comfort
(11). It is also advisable to stay in bed if you can, drink plentiful (12) of liquids,
and partake of some home remedy that has been around for centuries: the chicken
broth your mother makes and a few cloves of garlic which is supposed to increase
the natural resist (13) the human body has to virus (14) infection.
Apart from eating garlic when trying to combat a disease, you may eat it just
for please (15). Being a garlic eater is something to be proud of and shows you
enjoy good living. So do not ignore this excellent product whose story is really a
breath (16) success.
9. .
ICE CREAM
Ice cream is rated as Americas favourite dessert, and it is heavily consumption
(1). A kind of ice cream was created in China four thousand years ago. At this point
in ancient history, people had just begun to get milk from farm animals, and the
white liquid was a value (2) commodity. A favourite dish of the noble (3) consisted
of a sort paste made from cook (4) rice, spices, and milk, and the mix (5) was
packed in snow to solid (6). This milk ice was considered to be a symbol of
wealthy (7) at that time. The Chinese also developed various types of desserts
made from ice combination (8) with different fruits, and by the thirteenth century

7. FOOD
many flavors of these ice (9) desserts were being sold on the streets of Peking.
From China, Marco Polo brought recipes for these wonderful desserts to
fourteenth-century Italy. Before long, freeze (10) desserts traveled from Italy to
France. And when Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France, she
introduction (11) into that country a semifrozen dessert made from cream.
Soon a way to quickly freeze the ice cream and iced fruits developed; cooks
from different countries added to the popular (12) of the ices by introducing
chocolate coat (13), thus evolving the concept of a product that brings
happy (14) both to children and adults everywhere.
10. .
MARGARINE
Napoleon III of France was responsible for the invention of the butter (1) ___
known as margarine. He was looking for a cheap (2) ___ to butter for poorer
people of the society, and for his army and navy. So he set up a prize (3) ___ to see
who would come up with the best (4) ___.
There was only one (5) ___ into this competition, from a man called MgesMouris. He had spent over two years experimenting, and finally found an (6) ___
butter substitute made from milk and (7) ___ animal fats. It tasted quite pleasant,
and spread well on bread, but it was pure white. Despite its colour, Mges-Mouris
invention was (8) ___ the prize. Yellow (9) ___ was added to it at a later date.
Margarine soon went into mass (10) ___ and was exported all over the world.
In Britain it was called Butterine, until active (11) ___from farmers led to that
name being made (12) ___. Farmers in America were not happy about the new (13)
___ on the market either. They (14) ___ to the yellow colouring, saying that it
made margarine resemble butter so closely that it could (15) ___ consumers.
In effect, Napoleon IIIs competition is still going on. The ultimate (16) ___ of
every margarine manufacturer is to produce a product that is (17) ___ to
distinguish from butter. And they keep trying.
1

A substance

B substitution

C subsistence

D substitute

A option

B replacement

C alternative

D alternation

A contest

B conquest

C competitor

D conqueror

A resolution

B decision

C salvation

D solution

7. FOOD

A competitor

B applicant

C attempt

D entry

A unexpected

B excepted

C acceptable

D accessible

A varying

B verified

C versatile

D various

A rewarded

B honored

C deserved

D awarded

A colouration

B paint

C colouring

D dye

1
0

A production

B creation

C industry

D construction

11 A objection

B protests

C negation

D rejection

1
2

A unjustified

B unauthorized C illegal

D unjust

1
3

A emergence

B appearance

C entry

D arrival

1
4

A protested

B objected

C disagreed

D argued

1
5

A deceive

B conceive

C perceive

D receive

1
6

A ambition

B objective

C goal

D purpose

1
7

A improbable

B unable

C impossible

D incapable

11.
.
CHOCOLATE

physical sequence combined brewed substance range resist

unknown currency addiction explorers divine powers similar
energized

7. FOOD
Until the Spanish (1) ___ brought chocolate back
from the New World, it was totally (2) ___ in
Europe. Arriving in Mexico in the early 1500s,
Hernn Corts discovered that the Indians drank a
delicious, dark, frothy beverage called chocolatl, (3)
___ from the beans of the native cacao plant. Cacao
beans were so highly valued in the area that they were used as (4) ___. In the
marketplace of Chichn Itz, a center of Mayan Indian civilization, four beans
would buy a pumpkin and 100 would buy a slave. The Indians of Mexico seemed
to have (5) ___ to chocolate as well. Whenever the Aztec Indian king Montezuma
did not drink his 50 cups of chocolatl a day, it is said, he would feel a strong (6)
___ need for it.
It is a good thing for the chocolate lovers of the world that Corts actually met
Montezuma. If he hadnt, the delicious (7) ___ might never have crossed the ocean
to Spain. Chocolate was popular in Spain for a century before the news of its (8)
___ taste and reputed medicinal and psychological (9) ___ spread to other
European countries.
Theobromine, a substance (10) ___ to caffeine, is found in chocolate, which
explains why people felt (11) ___ after drinking chocolate. Doctors reported that
chocolate was an effective medicine, imparting energy, among other things.
Chocolate was primarily a beverage until the 1800s, when a Swiss chocolatier
(12) ___ it with milk to get solid chocolate. This eventually resulted in the wide
(13) ___ of candies and candy bars that we enjoy today. Chocolate cake or cookies
which anyone can hardly (14) ___ tasting would probably never have been
developed if it had not been for an unusual (15) ___ of events dating to the 16th
century.

12. .

COCA-COLA
John Pemberton, a chemist from Georgia, as responsible for the invent (1) of
Coca-Cola in 1886. He decided to make a syrup that was both origin (2) and thirstquenching.

7. FOOD
In his drugstore, he produced a mix (3) of cola-nut extract, sugar and caffeine.
The exact compose (4) is still a secret. A few months later, one of Pembertons
assistants mistake (5) served Coca-Cola with add (6) soda water, which turned out
to be very successful. To market his new drink Pemberton decided to form a
partner (7) with Frank Robertson whose elegant hand (8) was used for the CocaCola trademark.
In 1985, the introduce (9) of an improved recipe called New Coke didnt meet
with the approve (10) of Coke drinkers and the old recipe was revived.

13.
.
THE SANDWICH
existed sense advertising established incident gambling
drag toast lump original portable

John Montague, the eleventh Earl of Sandwich, was so

keen on (1) ___ that he could not (2) ___ himself from the card
table, even for a meal. Once he spent 24 hours playing cards
without once getting up to eat or drink. Instead, to stop himself
from feeling hungry during the game, he had his servants make
him a special (3) ___ meal, made up of a piece of cold beef
between two slices of (4) ___. There was nothing (5) ___ in
putting a piece of bread round vegetables or even round a (6)
___ of meat. It had been done for as long as bread itself had (7)
___. However, it was this famous (8) ___ that gave the snack a
name; the sandwich. The first written record we have of the use of the word in this
(9) ___ goes back to 1762. The word was well (10) ___ by the middle of the
nineteenth century and even began to be used as a verb meaning to put something
between two things of another type, as in, I found myself sandwiched between a
crowd of football fans and a brick wall. Also, someone who carries two (11) ___
boards over his shoulders came to be known as a sandwich man.
14. .

7. FOOD

EAT MORE FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

A more recent report on the eat (1) habits of children in Britain suggests that
children from the age of three to sixteen show a strong like (2) for vegetables and
only eat suffice (3) amounts of fruit at Christmas. One researcher says not eating
proper (4) may have serious consequences for a childs speak (5) and physical
development, resulting in poorer perform (6) at school.
One solve (7) is to give children extra iron and vitamins but in the long run it is
more effect (8) if children get the right ingredients in their day (9) diet.
Fortunate (10), parents choose food for their children that is quick and
convenience (11) to prepare, rather than food which is fresh and healthy.
Consequence (12), it is difficult later to get children to change their habits.

JOKES

Progress is the continuing effort to make the things we eat, drink and
wear as good as they used to be.

Appetizers are little things you eat until you lose your appetite.

I had supper with friends last night and was served an entirely vegetarian
meal. So I said, I didnt fight my way to the top of the food chain in order to eat

7. FOOD
vegetables.

My wife is on a diet. Coconuts and bananas. She hasn't lost any weight,
but she is now extremely good at climbing trees.