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COMPARISON
LEGISLATION
OF
TRAILER
ABS
SYSTEMS
&
Jeffry Steemans
WABCO
Gunther Meise
WABCO
Copyright 2011 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc
ABSTRACT
In ECE R13, ABS braking systems are categorized
in Category A and Category B systems. In this paper,
WABCO provides argumentation to support its
recommendation to use Category A trailer braking
systems, and not Category B. Four key arguments will be
elaborated:
1.
2.
3.
4.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
VV VW
100%
VV
VW = VV
The wheel speed equals the vehicle speed
= 0%
VW = 0
The wheel is blocked
= 100%
Table 1 correlation between wheel speed and slip
Figure 3 Latitudinal friction
R1
R2
L1
L2
TOP VIEW
REAR VIEW
R1
R2
L1
L2
Vehicle speed
Wheel speed
TOP VIEW
REAR VIEW
R1
R2
L1
L2
Category
Possible
Systems
Cat A
2S/2M
4S/2M
4S/3M
Non-ABS brake
Cat B
2S/1M
Detection
of wheel
slippage
#
of
wheels
monitored
for
slippage
Brake
pressure in
case
of
slippage
M1
ABS Category B
NO
PL = PR = P Max
ABS Category A
YES
YES
2 (2S/1M)
2 (2S/2M)
4 (4S/2M, 4S/3M)
PL=PR
PL = f (max(left))
P= f(max(left, right))
PR = f (max(right))
Typical
pressure
chart3
2S1M
Buckling angle
Low
High
2S2M
Low
4. COMPARISON OF TRUCK-TRAILER
COMBINATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT ABS
In this chapter, we will illustrate the behavior of trucktrailer combinations both drawbar and semitrailers - in
different combinations with or without ABS.
Cat A
2S/2M
Cat B
2S/1M
Combination
Truck
Trailer
No ABS
No ABS
No ABS
ABS
ABS
No ABS
ABS
ABS
Combination
Truck
Trailer
No ABS
No ABS
No ABS
ABS
ABS
No ABS
ABS
ABS
Road surface
value
Wet asphalt
High
0,6
Wet concrete
High
0,55
Wet blue basalt
Low
0,2
Table 7 Road surfaces and values
The tests included four scenarios on horizontal road
surface, as listed in following table.
Scenario
Driving direction
Road friction
1
Straight forward
high
2
Straight forward
low
3
Straight forward
split
4
Curve
high
Table 8 Truck & trailer - ABS test scenarios
The curve scenario was performed on a horizontal circuit
with a radius of 100m, to simulate a sudden manoeuvre to
avoid an obstacle, such as a car coming out of a side street,
or an unexpected traffic jam on the road.
Truck-drawbar trailer
combination
60
-60
ABS
ABS
50
-50
All tests were performed with two drivers. For each vehicle
combination, the test results were similar for both drivers.
ABS
NO ABS
NO ABS
NO ABS
-170 170
-40
ABS
40
ABS
70
-70
ABS
NO ABS
NO ABS
NO ABS
-170 170
ABS
requirements
Country
Regulation
Australia
Australian
Design
Rule ADR 38/03,
Brazil
Resolution
CONTRAN
312/2009
China
GB/T
13594-2003
Antilock
braking
performance
and
testing procedure for
motor vehicles and
their trailers
EU, all
member
states
Annex 13
Defined,
all
O4 shall be
equipped with
ABS Cat A
India
Indian Standard IS
11852; based on
European regulations
In Part 9; if O4
are fitted with
ABS they have to
fulfil
requirements of
part 9
Defined, but
not required
On trailers it is recommended
to equip the trailer with ABS power supply with a 5pole or 7-pole connection according ISO 7638.
to use ABS modulators which are designed for the
additional voltage supply via ISO 1185 or ISO 12098,
which is the brake lamp supply 24N. If the brake
modulator is connected to more than one power supply,
it will automatically select the highest voltage. If one
power supply fails, the brake modulator automatically
switches to the other power supply, to ensure correct
ABS functionality.
Japan
Local
regulation
based on UN ECE
R 13 Series 6
All O3 & O4
trailers must have
ABS
Canada
CMVSS 121
Brake Systems
All semi-trailers
and full trailers
shall have ABS
Korea
UN ECE R13
Series 10
South
Africa
SANS 20013,2009
Edition 3,copy of
ECE R13, 2008
Revision 6
USA
FMVSS 121
Brake Systems
UN ECE
Regulation No 13,
Series 11
10
Air
If ABS is fitted,
Appendix 1
Until 1.1.2014 all
O
shall
be
equipped
with
ABS
All O4 shall be
equipped
with
ABS; technical
requirements
similar to ECE R
13
Annex 13
Air
All
vehicles
O3&O4
built
after 14.02.2004
have
to
be
equipped
with
ABS
All semi-trailers
and full trailers
shall have ABS
Annex 13
Cat A
Not mentioned
Not
defined
yet, but follow
original ECR
R13
Defined, but
not required
Not
defined
but
follow
original
R13 06
No
ABS
categories are
defined
Defined,
all
O4 shall be
equipped with
ABS CAT A
Only vehicles
for hazardous
goods requires
CAT A
No
ABS
categories are
defined
Defined,
all
O4 shall be
equipped with
ABS Cat A
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
EU countries all use the ECE R13 norm, and have
mandatory usage of Cat A ABS systems for O4 trailers
(+10 Ton)
Many regions and countries base their new ABS and
RSS legislation on the European norm ECE R13,
which will lead to an international standardisation on
long term.
Some countries still have no ABS legislation
Even in many countries where ABS legislation is not
implemented for transport in general, Category A ABS
systems are mandatory for Transport of hazardous
goods.
In countries where ABS legislation is implemented but
not mandatory requiring a Cat A system, the market
has typically adopted Cat A systems on over 50% of
the O4 trailers.
WABCO
RECOMMENDATIONS
TO
LEGISLATIVE ORGANIZATIONS - Based on
observations and experiences in regions which already
implemented ABS and additional legislation, WABCO
recommends following to legislative authorities:
has
and
and
and
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 correlation between wheel speed and slip ..............2
Table 2 Layout comparison of Cat A and Cat B ABS
systems ................................................................................5
Table 3 brake pressure behavior in three brake systems .....5
5
11
12