Burj Khalifa

Burj Dubai redirects here. It is not to be confused with

Bur Dubai, a district of Dubai.

1 Development

Burj Khalifa (Arabic: , Arabic for "Khalifa

Tower"; pronounced English /brd klif/), known
as Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall
skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the
tallest structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722
ft).[4][9]

Construction began on 6 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The
building ocially opened on 4 January 2010,[2][10] and
is part of the new 2 km2 (490-acre) development called
Downtown Dubai at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh
Zayed Road, near Dubais main business district. The
towers architecture and engineering were performed by
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian
Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as chief structural
engineer.[11][12] The primary contractor was Samsung
C&T of South Korea.[13] The towers construction was
done by the construction division of Al Ghurair Investment group.[14][15]

Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the

exterior completed in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was opened in 2010 as
part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is
designed to be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use
development. The decision to build the building is reportedly based on the governments decision to diversify
from an oil-based economy, and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was named in honor of
the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab
Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and
the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts.
The building broke numerous height records.

2 Conception

Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith, then of

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), whose rm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center.
Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project.
The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning
systems embodied in Islamic architecture, incorporating
cultural and historical elements particular to the region,
such as the spiral minaret. The Y-shaped plan is designed
for residential and hotel usage. A buttressed core structural system is used to support the height of the building,
and the cladding system is designed to withstand Dubais
summer temperatures. A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed with a capacity of 12 to 14 passengers
per cabin.

Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a

large-scale, mixed-use development that would include
30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least
19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare
(30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision
to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the governments decision to diversify from an oil based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to ocials, it is necessary for projects like Burj
Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international recognition, and hence investment. He (Sheikh
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put
Dubai on the map with something really sensational, said
Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.[16] The tower was known as
Burj Dubai (Dubai Tower) until its ocial opening in
January 2010.[17] It was renamed in honor of the ruler
of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the
federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions
of USD so that Dubai could pay its debts Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.[17]
In 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it
suered from an economic crisis in 20072010, leaving
large scale projects already in construction abandoned.

Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive, and the building has received many awards. However, the labor issues during construction were controversial, since the building was built primarily by workers
from South and East Asia, who earned low wages and
were reportedly housed in poor conditions.

2.1

Records

ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

800 m
700 m

Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)

600 m
500 m
400 m
300 m

Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)

200 m
100 m
0m

Great Pyramid
(Giza)

Empire State Building

(New York)
Eiel Tower
(Paris)

Petronas Towers
(Kuala Lumpur)

Taipei 101
(Taipei)

Willis Tower
(Chicago)
World Trade Center
(New York)

KVLY-TV Mast
(Blanchard)
CN Tower
(Toronto)

Burj Khalifa
(Dubai)

Warsaw Radio Mast

(Gabin)

Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft)

(previously CN Tower 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)
Burj Khalifa compared with some other well-known tall struc Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): 829.8 m (2,722
ft) (previously Taipei 101 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)

tures

2.2 History of height increases

Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722

ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower There are unconrmed reports of several planned height
increases since its inception. Originally proposed as a vir527.3 m or 1,730 ft)
tual clone of the 560 m (1,837 ft) Grollo Tower proposal
Building with most oors: 163 (previously World for Melbourne, Australias Docklands waterfront development, the tower was redesigned by Skidmore, Owings
Trade Center 110)[18]
and Merrill (SOM).[32] Marshall Strabala, an SOM architect who worked on the project until 2006, in late 2008
Building with worlds highest occupied oor: 584.5
said that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m (2,651
m (1,918 ft)[19][20]
ft) tall.[33]
Worlds highest elevator installation (situated inside The design architect, Adrian Smith, felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly
a rod at the very top of the building)[21]
with the rest of the structure, so he sought and received
Worlds longest travel distance elevators: 504 m approval to increase it to the current height. It has been
explicitly stated that this change did not include any added
(1,654 ft)[21][22]
oors, which is tting with Smiths attempts to make the
[34]
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): crown more slender.
606 m (1,988 ft)[23]

Worlds tallest structure that includes residential 2.3 Delay

space[24]
Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction
of Burj Khalifa was delayed by upgraded
Worlds highest observation deck: 148th oor at 555
nishes
and
would be completed only in September
[25][26]
m (1,821 ft)
2009.[35] An Emaar spokesperson said The luxury nishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was
Worlds highest outdoor observation deck: 124th
initially conceptualized, is now being replaced by upoor at 452 m (1,483 ft)
graded nishes. The design of the apartments has also
been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attrac Worlds highest installation of an aluminium and
tive and functionally superior.[36] A revised completion
[27]
glass faade: 512 m (1,680 ft)
date of 2 December 2009 was then announced.[37] However, Burj Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010, more
Worlds highest nightclub: 144th oor
than a month later.[2][10]
Worlds highest restaurant (At.mosphere): 122nd
oor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height
of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[28][29]
Worlds highest New Year display of reworks.[30]

3 Architecture and design

The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), who also designed the Willis Tower (for Worlds second highest swimming pool: 76th merly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the new One
oor[31] (worlds highest swimming pool is located World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses
on 118th oor of Ritz-Carlton Hotel at International the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented
Commerce Centre, Hong Kong).
by Fazlur Rahman Khan.[38][39] Proportionally, the de-

Cross-section comparisons of various towers. From top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, Willis Tower, World Trade Center.

sign uses half the amount of steel used in the construction of the Empire State Building thanks to the tubular
system.[38][40] Its design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd
Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile high skyscraper
designed for Chicago. According to Marshall Strabala, a
SOM architect who worked on the buildings design team,
Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 oor Tower
Palace Three, an all residential building in Seoul. In its
early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely
residential.[33]
Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting
to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the
architecture of the project.[41] Hyder was selected for
its expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[42] Hyder Consultings
role was to supervise construction, certify SOMs design,
and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE
authorities.[41] NORRs role was the supervision of all architectural components including on site supervision during construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the
Oce Annex Building for architectural documentation.
NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the
Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD,[43] an international multidisciplinary consulting rm, to act as an independent verication and testing authority for concrete
and steelwork.
The design of Burj Khalifa is derived from patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture.[21] According to
the structural engineer, Bill Baker of SOM, the buildings
design incorporates cultural and historical elements particular to the region such as the spiral minaret. The spiral
minaret spirals and grows slender as it rises.[44] The Yshaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with
the wings allowing maximum outward views and inward
natural light.[21] As the tower rises from the at desert
base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiralling pattern, decreasing the cross section of the tower as it reaches toward the
sky and creating convenient outdoor terraces. At the top,
the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a nish-

The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra

ing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of

1.5 m (4.9 ft).[45]
As part of a study which reveals the unnecessary vanity space added to the top of the worlds tallest buildings by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), it was revealed that without its 244-metre
spire, the 828-metre Burj Khalifa would drop to a substantially smaller 585-metre height without any reduction
in usable space. As the report states, the spire could be
a skyscraper on its own.[19]
To support the unprecedented height of the building, the
engineers developed a new structural system called the
buttressed core, which consists of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form the Y' shape. This
structural system enables the building to support itself laterally and keeps it from twisting.[21]
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000
tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural
steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighing 350 tonnes (390
short tons; 340 long tons) was constructed from inside
the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 m
(660 ft) using a strand jack system. The spire also houses
communications equipment.[46]
In 2009, architects announced that more than 1,000
pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa,
while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa, featuring 196 bronze and
brass alloy cymbals representing the 196 countries of the
world.[47] It was planned that the visitors in this lobby

4 FEATURES

would be able to hear a distinct timbre as the cymbals, Jeddah, Moscow and Delhi.[60]
plated with 18-carat gold, are struck by dripping water,
intended to mimic the sound of water falling on leaves.[48]
The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubais extreme summer temperatures, and consists of 142,000 m2
(1,528,000 sq ft) of reective glazing, and aluminium and
textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular ns. Over 26,000 glass panels were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa, and more than 300 cladding
specialists from China were brought in for the cladding
work on the tower.[46] The architectural glass provides
solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare
shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. In total the glass covers more
than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft).

3.1 Plumbing systems

The Burj Khalifas water system supplies an average of
946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through
100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[21][61] An additional 213 km
(132 mi) of piping serves the re emergency system, and
34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[61] The waste water system uses gravity
to discharge water from plumbing xtures, oor drains,
mechanical equipment and storm water, to the city municipal sewer.[62]

The exterior temperature at the top of the building is

3.2
thought to be 6 C (11 F) cooler than at its base.[49]
A 304-room Armani Hotel, the rst of four by Armani,
occupies 15 of the lower 39 oors.[4][50] The hotel was
supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[51][52] but after several delays, it nally opened to the public on 27 April
2010.[53] The corporate suites and oces were also supposed to open from March onwards,[54] yet the hotel and
observation deck remained the only parts of the building
which were open in April 2010.
The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th oors house swimming pools.[55] Floors through to 108 have 900 private
residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market).
An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the
76th oor of the tower. Corporate oces and suites ll
most of the remaining oors, except for a 122nd, 123rd
and 124th oor where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky
lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck is located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that
Burj Khalifa would receive its rst residents from February 2010.[55][56]

Air conditioning

The air conditioning has been provided by Voltas. The

air conditioning system draws air from the upper oors
where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[63]
At peak cooling times, the towers cooling is equivalent
to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb) of
melting ice in one day,[61] or about 46 MW. The condensate collection system, which uses the hot and humid
outside air, combined with the cooling requirements of
the building, results in a signicant amount of condensation of moisture from the air. The condensed water is
collected and drained into a holding tank located in the
basement car park; this water is then pumped into the
site irrigation system for use on the Burj Khalifa park.[21]

3.3 Window cleaning

To wash the 24,348 windows, totaling 120,000 m2
(1,290,000 sq ft) of glass, a horizontal track has been installed on the exterior of Burj Khalifa at levels 40, 73,
and 109. Each track holds a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket
machine which moves horizontally and then vertically using heavy cables. Above level 109, up to tier 27 traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the spire,
however, is reserved for specialist window cleaners, who
brave the heights and high winds, dangling on ropes to
clean and inspect the top of the pinnacle.[64][65] Under
normal conditions, when all building maintenance units
will be operational, it will take 36 workers three to four
months to clean the entire exterior faade.[46][66]

A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed.[46]

The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per
cabin, the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m/s
(33 ft/s) for double-deck elevators. However, the worlds
fastest single-deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at
16.83 m/s (55.2 ft/s). Engineers had considered installing
the worlds rst triple-deck elevators, but the nal design
calls for double-deck elevators.[24] The double-deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such as
LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the
observation deck.[57] The building has 2,909 stairs from Unmanned machines will clean the top 27 additional tiers
and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed
the ground oor to the 160th oor.[58]
in Melbourne, Australia at a cost of A$8 million.[66] The
The graphic design identity work for Burj Khalifa is the
contract for building the state-of-the-art machines was
responsibility of Brash Brands, who are based in Dubai.
won by Australian company Cox Gomyl.[67]
Design of the global launch events, communications, and
visitors centers[59] for Burj Khalifa have also been created by Brash Brands as well as the roadshow exhibition
for the Armani Residences, which are part of the Armani 4 Features
Hotel within Burj Khalifa, which toured Milan, London,

4.3

4.1

Burj Khalifa park

The Dubai Fountain

View from the observation deck

ality device developed by gsmprjct of Montral, which

allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in realThe Dubai Fountain
time, and to view previously saved images such as those
taken at dierent times of day or under dierent weather
Main article: The Dubai Fountain
conditions.[72][73][74] To manage the daily rush of sightseers, visitors are able to purchase tickets in advance for
Outside, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at
a specic date and time and at a 75% discount over tickets
a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated
purchased on the spot.[75]
by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m
(900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed
air, accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary to the public after power-supply problems caused an
Arabic and world music.[68] On 26 October 2008, Emaar elevator to become stuck between oors, trapping a
[76][77]
Despite rumours
announced that based on results of a naming contest the group of tourists for 45 minutes.
[69]
of
the
observation
deck
reopening
for
St. Valentines
fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.
Day (14 February),[78] it remained closed until 4 April
2010.[79][80][81] During low tides and clearness, peo4.2 Observation deck
ple can see the shores of Iran from the top of the
skyscraper.[82]

4.3 Burj Khalifa park

View of The Dubai Fountain from the observation deck

An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened

on 5 January 2010 on the 124th oor. At 452 m (1,483
ft), it was the highest observation deck in the world and
the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when
it opened.[70] Although it was surpassed in December
2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower at 488
m (1,601 ft),[71] Burj Khalifa opened the 148th oor
SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), once again giving it the
highest observation deck in the world on 15 October
2014.[25][26] The 124th oor observation deck also features the Tellscope electronic telescope, an augmented re-

Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[83] The design of the park is also inspired by the core design concepts of Burj Khalifa which is based on the symmetries
of the desert ower, Hymenocallis.[84] The park has six
water features, gardens, palm lined walkways, and owering trees.[85] At the centre of the park and the base of
Burj Khalifa is the water room, which is a series of pools
and water jet fountains. In addition the railing, benches
and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis ower.
The plants and the shrubbery will be watered by the buildingss condensation collection system that uses water from
the cooling system. The system will provide 68,000,000
L (15,000,000 imp gal) annually.[85] WET Enterprises,
who also developed the Dubai Fountain, developed the
parks six water features.[86]

4.4 Floor plans

The following is a breakdown of oors.[46][87]

5 CONSTRUCTION

Construction

thumbtime=0:23

Allen Wright), is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete.
Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure
trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for
this project.[23] Burj Khalifas construction used 330,000
m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes
(61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar,
and construction took 22 million man-hours.[11] In May
2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21
MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel that would
surpass the 600 meters weight of the eective area of
each column from the foundation to the next fourth level,
and the rest is by metal columns jacketed or covered
with concreted to a then world record delivery height
of 606 m (1,988 ft),[23] the 156th oor. Three tower
cranes were used during construction of the uppermost
levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[91] The
remaining structure above is constructed of lighter steel.
Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing
more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons; 110,000
long tons) were used to construct the concrete and steel
foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre diameter x 43 m long, buried more than 50 m (164
ft) deep.[24] The foundation is designed to support the
total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes
(500,000 short tons; 440,000 long tons) 4,500 MegaNewtons or 4,500 MegaPascal. This weight is then divided
by the compressive strength of concrete of which is 30
MPa which yield a 450 sq.meters of vertical normal effective area which then yield to a 12 meters by 12 meters
dimensions.[92] A high density, low permeability concrete
was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa in which Ultimate Compressive Strenght reach as much as 30 MPa, an
eective area in which concrete is sandwiched by the pile
and the column is 12meters by 12meters and thickness as
least as possible. A cathodic protection system under the
mat is used to minimize any detrimental eects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.[46]
Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized,
air-conditioned refuge oors are located approximately
every 35 oors where people can shelter on their long
walk down to safety in case of an emergency or re.[46][93]

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008 ical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of
concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for SOM, conducted
The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T South Kothe creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural
rea, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers
analysis of the building.[94]
and Taipei 101.[89] Samsung C&T built the tower in a
joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from The consistency of the concrete used in the project was
UAE. Turner is the Project Manager on the main con- essential. It was dicult to create a concrete that could
withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it
struction contract.[90]
and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 C (122
Under UAE law, the Contractor and the Engineer of
F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured
Record, Hyder Consulting (manual structural analysis
during the day. Instead, during the summer months ice
professionals which used Flash Analysis authored by

5.2

Real estate values

was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when

the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout and is therefore
less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any signicant
cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.

17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifas height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its nal height will not be given until it is completed in
September 2009.[35]

The unique design and engineering challenges of building

Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television
documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series
on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the
Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft),

making it the tallest man-made structure ever built,
surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw
Radio Mast in Konstantynw, Poland.[100]

5.1

17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722

ft).[101]

Milestones

1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior

of the building is completed.[102]

Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010

January 2004: Excavation commences.[27]

February 2004: Piling starts.[27]
21 September 2004:
construction.[95]
March 2005:
rising.[27]

4 January 2010: Burj Khalifas ocial launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai
renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of
the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa
bin Zayed al Nahyan.[9]
10 March 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat (CTBUH) certies Burj Khalifa as worlds
tallest building.[103]

Emaar contractors begin

Structure of Burj Khalifa starts

5.2 Real estate values

In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of

the projects developer, Emaar Properties, said oce
[27]
space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq
June 2006: Level 50 is reached.
ft (over US$43,000 per m) and the Armani Residences,
February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over
US$37,500 per m).[104] He estimated the total cost for
building with the most oors.
the project to be about US$1.5 billion.[3]
13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete
pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), sur- The projects completion coincided with the global
passing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete nancial crisis of 20072012, and with vast overbuildcountry; this led to high vacancies and
was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101, ing in the [44]
foreclosures.
With Dubai mired in debt from its huge
[27][96]
while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th oor.
ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibil21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of lion dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbor Abu Dhabi.
509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the worlds tallest build- Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony,
the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the
ing, and level 141 reached.[27][97]
UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his cru12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower an- cial support.[9][105]
tenna, which stands 527.3 m (1,730 ft).
Because of the slumping demand in Dubais property
12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), be- market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40%
comes the worlds tallest freestanding structure, sur- some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments
[106][107]
passing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.
However, over the next two and a half years, overseas
reached.[27][98]
investors steadily began to purchase the available apart7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the ments and oce space in Burj Khalifa.[108] By October
KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest man-made 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments
structure, level 160 reached.[27][99]
were occupied.[109]

6 RECEPTION

6 Reception
6.1 Awards
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010
Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa award by the
CTBUH.[114] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won
the award for best project of year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[115]

The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa

5.3

Ocial launch ceremony

The opening of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January

2010.[110] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000
reworks, light beams projected on and around the
tower, and further sound, light and water eects.[111]
The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting
designers Speirs and Major.[112] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the faade
and spire of the tower, dierent lighting sequences were
choreographed, together with more than 50 dierent
combinations of the other eects.
The event began with a short lm which depicted the story
of Dubai and the evolution of Burj Khalifa. The displays
of sound, light, water and reworks followed.[111] The
portion of the show consisting of the various pyrotechnic,
lighting, water and sound eects was divided into three.
The rst part was primarily a light and sound show, which
took as its theme the link between desert owers and the
new tower, and was co-ordinated with the Dubai Fountain and pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart
Beat', represented the construction of the tower in a dynamic light show with the help of 300 projectors which
generated a shadow-like image of the tower. In the third
act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the tower in
a halo of white light, which expanded as the lighting rig
on the spire activated.[111]
The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj
Park Island, as well as several television screens placed
across the Downtown Dubai development. Hundreds of
media outlets from around the world reported live from
the scene.[111] In addition to the media presence, 6,000
guests were expected.[113]

A new award was bestowed on the Burj Khalifa by the

CTBUH at its annual Best Tall Buildings Awards Ceremony on 25 October 2010 when the building was honored as rst recipient of CTBUHs new Tall Building
Global Icon Award. According to the CTBUH the new
Global Icon award recognizes those very special supertall skyscrapers that make a profound impact, not only
on the local or regional context, but on the genre of tall
buildings globally. Which is innovative in planning, design and execution, the building must have inuenced and
reshaped the eld of tall building architecture, engineering, and urban planning. It is intended that the award
will only be conferred on an occasional basis, when merited by an exceptional project perhaps every ten or fteen
years.[116]
CTBUH Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith +
Gordon Gill Architecture said:
There was discussion amongst members of the
jury that the existing Best Tall Building of the
Year award was not really appropriate for the
Burj Khalifa. We are talking about a building
here that has changed the landscape of what is
possible in architecture a building that became
internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. Building of the
Century was thought a more appropriate title
for it.[116]
Beside these awards, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of
following awards.[117][118]

6.2 BASE jumping

The building has been used by several experienced BASE
jumpers for both authorized and unauthorized BASE
jumping:
In May 2008, Herv Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, illegally inltrated Burj
Khalifa (around 650 m at the time), and jumped o
a balcony situated a couple of oors below the 160th
oor.[119][120]
On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the
Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record

9
for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th oor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The
two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of
up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to
open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second
jump.[121][122]
On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French base jumpers Vince Reet and Fred
Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from
a specially designed platform, built at the very top of
the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 ft).[123][124][125]

6.3

Climbing

On 28 March 2011, Alain Spiderman Robert scaled the

outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire
took six hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert,
who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness for the climb.[126]

6.4

Fatalities

Within 17 months of the buildings ocial opening, a

man described as an Asian in his mid-30s who worked
at one of the companies in the tower, died by suicide on
10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th oor. He fell 39
oors, landing on a deck on the 108th oor. Dubai police
conrmed the act as a suicide, reporting that We also
came to know that the man decided to commit suicide
as his company refused to grant leave.[127] The Daily
Mail reported that on 16 November 2014, Laura Vanessa
Nunes, a Portuguese National who was in Dubai on a
tourist visa, fell to her death from Burj Khalifas At the
Top Observation Deck on the 148th oor.[128] However,
on 18 May 2015, Dubai Police disputed the report made
by The Daily Mail on this incident and said that this incident took place in Jumeirah Lakes Towers.[129]

In popular culture
Some scenes of the 2011 Hollywood movie,
Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol, were shot on
and in the Burj Khalifa where Tom Cruise performed many of the stunts himself.[130]

In 2013, the Dubai Crown Prince, Sheikh Hamdan

went to the top oor of the building to celebrate and
wave at news cameras, after the UAE won the World
Expo 2020 bid.[132]
A look-alike of the Burj Khalifa, known as the
tallest building in Springeld was featured in the
Simpsons episode YOLO which aired on 10 November 2013.[133][134][135][136]

8 Fireworks displays
20102011, reworks accompanied by lasers and
lights were displayed from the Burj Khalifa, making it the highest New Year reworks display in the
world.[30] The theme of the 2011 New Year reworks was the New Year Gala, a tribute to the
spirit of Dubai, which is home to over 200 nationalities. The display also marked the rst anniversary
of Burj Khalifa.[137]
20112012, Burj Khalifa was fully illuminated in
white, red and green colors, drawing on the colors of
the UAE national ag, through the reworks display.
The celebrations were also a salute to the nation.[138]
20122013, the reworks display on Burj Khalifa,
in a blaze of light and color, the reworks engulfed
the tower, synchronized and choreographed to a live
performance by the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra.
A window table for the New Year event was also arranged on the 122nd oor of the building at Atmosphere restaurant, at cost of 16,000 dirhams (4,300
dollars) per person.[139]
On 27 November 2013 Burj Khalifa was illuminated with lights and reworks display following announcement of Dubai as winning city to host World
Expo 2020.[140]
20132014, the Burj Khalifa and surrounding areas
were the site of a record-breaking reworks display
as part of the UAEs New Year celebrations, with
a reported 400,000 reworks being set o continuously for six minutes.[141][142]
20142015, the Burj Khalifa was illuminated by a
828 m (2,717 ft) custom build LED facade which
was installed on the building where light shows were
displayed followed by the reworks.[143][144][145]

A replica of the Burj Khalifa, made entirely from

4,200 kg of high quality Belgian chocolate was displayed on 30 November 2014 at the Dubai Interna- 9 Labor controversy
tional Airport. The 13.5-metre (44.2 ft) tall structure is a Guinness record feat by master chocolatier Further information: Human rights in the United Arab
Andrew Farrugia and is a part of the 43rd UAE Na- Emirates
tional Day Celebration.[131]

10

12

Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South

Asia and East Asia.[146][147] This is generally because
the current generation of UAE locals prefer government jobs and do not have a good attitude towards private sector employment.[148][149] On 17 June 2008, there
were 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[35] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled
carpenters at the site earned 4.34 a day, and labourers
earned 2.84.[146] According to a BBC investigation and
a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed
in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low
pay.[150][151][152] During the construction of Burj Khalifa, only one construction-related death was reported.[153]
However, workplace injuries and fatalities in the UAE are
poorly documented.[150]
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were
upset over buses that were delayed for the end of
their shifts, protested, damaged cars, oces, computers,
and construction equipment.[146] A Dubai Interior Ministry ocial said the rioters caused almost 500,000 in
damage.[146] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[146]

10

Gallery

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10.1

Construction

10.2

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11

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14

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13

External links

Ocial website
Building the Burj Khalifa
360 degree view from the worlds tallest building in
Dubai by the Daily Telegraph
Worlds Tallest Building (By Far) slideshow by Life
magazine
The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering PDF (597
KB); Wind Tunnel Testing PDF (620 KB) (Irwin et
al., Structure magazine, June and November 2006)
Wind and Other Studies performed by RWDI

EXTERNAL LINKS

BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening, with video and

links; Maintaining the worlds tallest building
Worlds Tallest Tower Opens slideshow by The
First Post
A 45 Gigapixel zoom and pannable photo from Gigapan
4K video, JetMen ying around Khalifa with Yves
Rossy and Vince Reet
3D View of Burj Khalifa

15

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Burj Khalifa Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa?oldid=720691533 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan Derksen, Mark,

Shsilver, Yooden, Rmhermen, Deb, Ambrosen, SimonP, Drbug, Nonenmac, Leandrod, Edward, Ubiquity, Michael Hardy, Modster,
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Prk1234, K scheik, Everestbco1, Edward Kaminskii, Myra n manya, Owenhardestine, Richard Keys Banter, OA2004, BubbleChamp, Ryn
Lee, Idkwhynot, SWEDISH COOL, Fcmarquis, MusikBot, Holansdaerw, Rahul.kumar19851128, SwagMasterParakeet91, Deez nutsssss,
AYYAN MANSOORI, Adamdekroon, Yolo husajhqshusjw, TristanAlessi612, CAPTAIN RAJU, SSTyer, Limenouse, JakeR, Manjjari12, Firebrace, Rats121Rats, Colonel frmling hideg!, Bentonwick, CLCStudent, Ramy5077, Hawaan12, Ur mum 3039, CaptainATW,
Dahaldee, Dirtybugular, Azul and Anonymous: 2403

14.2

Images

File:20060829_Burj_Dubai.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/20060829_Burj_Dubai.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: en.wikipedia.org: 22:28, 30. Aug 2006 . . Dubai resident 06 (Diskussion | Beitrge) . . 12001600 (410.576
Bytes) Original artist: Dubai resident 06
File:84floors.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/84floors.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
en.wikipedia.org: 23:51, 19. Nov. 2006 . . Zwigger . . 9001200 (134.575 Bytes) (Author: Zwigger Source: Zwigger URL: N/A )
Original artist: Zwigger
File:Burj.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Burj.jpg License:
en.wikipedia.org: Original artist: Rakas, modied by Nikolang

Public domain Contributors:

File:Burj2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Burj2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Original author and uploader was Soonadracula at en.wikipedia
File:BurjKhalifaHeight.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/BurjKhalifaHeight.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BurjDubaiHeight.svg'
class='image'><img
alt='BurjDubaiHeight.svg'
src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BurjDubaiHeight.svg/41px-BurjDubaiHeight.svg.png' width='41' height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BurjDubaiHeight.svg/61px-BurjDubaiHeight.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BurjDubaiHeight.svg/81px-BurjDubaiHeight.svg.png
2x' data-le-width='1233' data-le-height='614' /></a> BurjDubaiHeight.svg (by Rama).
Original artist: Astronaut (<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Astronaut' title='User talk:Astronaut'>talk</a>)
File:Burj_Dubai_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Burj_Dubai_001.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nepenthes
File:Burj_Dubai_02.12.2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Burj_Dubai_02.12.2007.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Dubai Construction Update Original artist: Imre Solt
File:Burj_Dubai_20071204.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Burj_Dubai_20071204.jpg License:
CC BY 2.0 Contributors: The tallest building in the world still under construction Original artist: Joi Ito from Inbamura, Japan
File:Burj_Dubai_Evolution.ogv Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Burj_Dubai_Evolution.ogv License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3B2KRj844w Original artist: Pierre F.
File:Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_10_December_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/
Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_10_December_2007.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Dubai Construction Update Part 9
Page 15 at Post 287. Original artist: Imre Solt
File:Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_8_May_2008_Pict_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/
8f/Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_8_May_2008_Pict_1.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Dubai Construction Update
Part 11 Page 14 at Post 267. Original artist: Imre Solt
File:Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/
d9/Burj_Dubai_Under_Construction_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Dubai Construction Update
Part 11 Page 14 at Post 267. Original artist: Imre Solt
File:Burj_Khalifa_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Burj_Khalifa_001.jpg License: CC BY-SA
2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nepenthes
File:Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cmglee
File:Burj_dubai_3.11.08.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Burj_dubai_3.11.08.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aheilner
File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg
License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aheilner

18

14

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Burj_khalifa_opening_ceremony.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/97/Burj_khalifa_opening_ceremony.

jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/4444/4245471925/ Original artist:
Hisham Binsuwaif
File:Burjdubaifeb2107.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Burjdubaifeb2107.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.
Original artist: Zaneyboy at English Wikipedia
File:Burjdubaimay07.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Burjdubaimay07.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Chee Man at English Wikipedia
Later versions were uploaded by -Majestic- at en.wikipedia.
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png License:
CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Paul C. Martens
File:Dubai_fountain-2011_(3).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Dubai_fountain-2011_%283%29.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alberto-g-rovi
File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Samara_
spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: vlastni foto Original artist: IgorF
File:Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg License: CC BYSA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nepenthes
File:View_from_Burj_Khalifa_(8667329327).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/View_from_Burj_
Khalifa_%288667329327%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: View from Burj Khalifa Original artist: Rob Young from United
Kingdom
File:View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/View_
from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidcjones/
6934713247/sizes/o/in/photostream/ Original artist: David Jones

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0