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Section-cut 1 axis is located within the plane parallel to the global X-Y plane, and rotates
counterclockwise from the global X axis according to the user-defined parameter Angle (X to 1).
Section-cut 2 axis is also located within the plane parallel to the global X-Y plane, though it is
oriented 90 counterclockwise from the section-cut 1 axis.
Why are section-cut integrated forces shown in 1,2,Z and not 1,2,3
directions?
Answer: For section cuts drawn within the graphical user interface, the section-cut 3 axis is
always parallel to the global Z axis, therefore integrated forces are shown in 1,2,Z directions
since this notation is more precise.
Why is the magnitude of integrated forces different for the left and
right sides?
Expanded Question: According to equilibrium, should not the magnitude of integrated forces
be equivalent for both left and right sides?
Answer: Section-cut forces may be different on either side of a section cut because they are
based on joint forces which occur in the global system. Globally, these forces are in equilibrium,
but their relation to a section cut is arbitrary and does not necessarily serve the function and
conditions of a free-body diagram. As an example, consider a section cut located in the middle
of a cantilever beam modeled by a single frame element and loaded by its self-weight only. The
results on the side of the section cut that includes the fixed end will represent the beam
reactions, while the results on the side of the section cut that includes the free joint will be zero.
Figure1:FEMmodelofcantileverbeamwithunitloadatthetip.
Figure2showsthelongitudinalstressesinthebeam.Themaximumstressof9000psiisshownnearthe
support.
Figure2:Longitudinalstressesinthebeamsubjectedtounitloadinzdirectionatitstip.
Draw a section cut near the support to determine the bending moment keeping in mind the
orientation of axes of section cut as explained above.
Display the beam in xz-view to draw the section cut conveniently. Zoom near the support as the
forces are desired near the support.
Draw a section cut line near the support. Now adjust the coordinates of the start and end of the
line to adjust the line at 0.05 from the support and is parallel to the z-axis.
The location of the resultant is to be adjusted to the desired location. We need to output forces
at mid height of the section so that bending moment is integrated about the mid of the section.
Adjust the X of resultant to desired location. For this beam the width is 0.1, so put 0.05 to be
at mid of the width.
Adjust Z to mid height of section (Although in this example it will not affect the results). The
most important here is to adjust the angle. The Angle (X to 1) is the angle by which the 1-axis of
the section cut is to be rotated counterclockwise from the global x-axis. The 1-axis of section cut
is always in a plane parallel to the global xy-plane. The 2-axis of the section cut is 90 CCW
from the 1-axis.
For this example, if angle for resultant is put as zero, the 1 axis will be in the direction of global
x-axis. The 2 axis will be into the paper. Hence the major bending moment will be about the 2
axis. The major shear force will be in the Z direction.
The results are displayed in figure 3.