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Compound
NH3 (ammonia)
N2H4 (hydrazin)
NH2OH (hydroxilamin)
N2 (dinitrogen)
N2O (dinitrogen oxide)
NO (nitrogen oxide)
N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide)
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
HNO3 (nitrate acid)
(Tim Dosen Kimia Anorganik, 2015)
Redox (reduction / oxidation) is a term that describes the change in oxidation number
(oxidation state) atoms in a chemical reaction. This can be either a simple redox process
such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, or the reduction of carbon by
hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of
sugar in the human body through a series of very complex electron transfer. The term redox
comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. He can be easily explained as
follows: Oxidation describes the release of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction
describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.
(Ranawijaya, 1985)
The element nitrogen can have several oxidation numbers, ie +5, 0, -3, where these three
are the most common oxidation states and stable among others. There are two common
nitrogen oxy acid, namely nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrous acid (HNO2). Nitric acid is a strong
acid and also as a strong oxidizing. Concentrated nitric acid which can oxidize almost all
metals except Au, Pt, Rh and Ir. Nitric acid is less stable than nitric acid and tend
terdisproporsionasi be NO and HNO3
Nitric acid can not be isolated in pure liquid form because it is easily decomposed by
disproportionation reaction .
3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
HNO2 is oxidizing with iodine ions ( I- ) and as a reducing agent with the permanganate ion
(MnO4-).
2HNO2 + 2H+ + 2I- I2 + 2NO + 2H2O
5HNO2 + H+ + 2MnO4- Mn2+ + 5NO3- + 3H2O
In the laboratory , nitric acid is made through the following reaction :
KNO3 (s) + H2SO4 (l)
KHSO4 (s) + HNO3 (g)
Atoms formed can be separated by condensing because of its form in the form of gas .
Pure nitric acid is a colorless liquid , easily decomposes above 0 C to NO2, H2O dan O2.
4HNO3
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
Not reddish brown ( looks yellow when diluted )
HNO3 is a strong acid and a strong oxidizing . These compounds can dissolve most metals .
The results of the reaction depends on the concentration of HNO3 and dilute .
Cu + 2NO3- + 4H+ Cu2+ + 2NO2 + 2H2O (concentrate)
3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O (aqueous)
(Achmad, 1992)
C. Equipment and Materials
Equipmet:
1. Test tube
2. 250ml beaker glass
3. 100ml Erlenmeyer
4. Stirring Bar
Materials:
1. Litmus indicator
2. Sulphuric acid 0,05 M
3. Kalium nitrat padat
4. Copper nitrate
5. Ammonium dichromate
6. Alumunium metal
7. Cu (keping logam)
8. NaOH 0,05 M
9. HNO3 concentrated
10. HNO3 7 M
11. HNO3 2 M
12. KI
13. KMnO4
14. Ice cube
D. Procedure
1. Redox reaction of nitric acid with nitrate salt
In a different test
tube,heat the
Cu(NO3)2solid.Check
the gas and residual
solids generated in a
test tube
Observe the
changes that
occurred in both
tubes
Note the
color of the
solution,what
compounds
are formed
E. Observation Data
a. Changes in the experiment 1:
a) When Cu added by HNO3 p.a, it becomes hot, change the blue litmus into red
color, have bubbles, the color of solution become blue greenish, appear yellow
brownis steam (vapor), the reaction is fast, and Cu completely reacted.
b) When Cu added by HNO 7M, it has bubbles, the reaction slower than being added
bt HNO3 p.a, the color of the solution light blue, Cu completely reacted, change
blue litmis into red color, appear light brown yellowish vapor.
b. Reaction that occur in the experiment 1:
a) Cu (s) + 4HNO3 conc. (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
b) 3Cu (s) + 8HNO3 (aq) 3Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)
c. Changes in the experiment 2:
a) KNO3 being heated becomes melted (colorless), gas, the color of litmus paper
didn;t chage, when it cooled produced precipitate
b) Cu(NO3)2 being heated, it becomes melted (blue), gas, change the blue litmus into
red color, when it cooled produced blue precipitate
d. Reaction that occur in the experiment 2:
a) 2KNO3 (s) 2KNO2 (l) + O2 (g)
b) Cu(NO3)2 (s) Cu(NO2)2 (s) + NO2 (g)
e. Changes in the experiment 3:
Before : colorless, there is no gas, blue litmus
After : colorless, many bubbles, blue litmus
f. Reaction that occur in the experiment 3:
a) NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (aq)
b) 3NO3- (aq) + 8Al (s) + 5OH- (aq) + 18 H2O(l) 3NH3 (g) + 8[Al(OH)4]-(aq)
g. Changes in the experiment 4:
H2SO4(aq) + NaNO3(s) NaHSO4(aq) + HNO2(aq) + O2(g)
H2SO4 is cooled becomes colorless solution
Added by NaNO3 1 gram becomes colorless solution and dissolved
h. Reaction that occur in the experiment 3:
1. Tube I : heated, colorless, therere many bubbles (when it heated), white vapor
H2SO4 (aq) + NaNO3 (s) NaHSO4 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) + O2(g)
3HNO2 (aq) HNO3 (aq) + 2NO (g) + H2O (l)
2. Tube II : when it being added by KI becomes yellow (light yellow)
2NO2- (aq) + 2I- (aq) + 4H3O+ (aq) 2NO (g) + I2 (aq) + 6H2O (l)
3. Tube III : added by KMnO4 becomes dissolved, solution become purple color
5NO2- (aq) + 2MnO4- (aq) + 6H+ (aq) 5NO3- (aq) + 2Mn2+ (aq) + 3H2O (l)
F. Discussion
1.Redox Reaction of Nitric Acid with Salt Nitrate
Experiment 1: The reaction of nitric acid with copper
This experiment have purpose to identify and understand the redox reaction occurs
between the concentrated nitric acid with dilute nitric acid when reacted with copper metal.
The first experiment is made by reacting copper metal with concentrated nitric acid in a fume
hood. After coupled with concentrated nitric acid solution changes to blue-green, a lot of
bubbles, change litmus blue to red, appear yellowish brown vapor, the reaction goes faster
and Cu completely reacted with concentrated nitric acid. The reaction:
4HNO3 (l) + Cu (s) NO2 (s) + Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
0
+
5
-1
(reduksi)
+
4
+
2
+2
(oksidasi)
+
5
+2
(oksidasi)
+
2
+
2
-3
(reduksi)
In this reaction, copper undergo oxidation of Cu into Cu 2+ with an increase in oxidation from
0 to +2, so Cu acts as a reducing agent for nitric acid. While nitrogen is reduced by a
decrease in the number okidasi of +5 becomes +2. When the experiment is done, the
copper dissolves slowly, not as fast as when reacted with concentrated nitric acid, but Cu
stays completely reacted. It changes blue litmus become red color. Gas bubbles formed is
NO gas (Sugiyarto, 2004). NO gas causes the brown color in the test tube. Actually NO
colorless gas, but this gas is very easily oxidized by air and the result of the reaction is
brown NO2 gas with the following reaction:
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
+
3
-2
(reduksi)
In this reaction, nitrogen experienced a reduction of NO3- into NO2- with a reduced oxidation
state of +5 to +3.
When heating potassium nitrate salt, gas bubbles are formed which are marked dengann the
outbreak. Based on the above reaction, a gas formed is oxygen gas. To test for the presence
of oxygen gas used litmus paper. Blue litmus paper will remain blue. This indicates that gas
is alkaline. This situation is in accordance with the literature that says that the oxygen gas is
gas that is alkaline.
Further heating the salt of copper (II) nitrate. Blue salt is placed in a test tube as much as
spatula, then reheated. CuNO3 salt melts when heated and produce gas. According to the
reaction:
Cu(NO3)2 (s) Cu(NO2)2
(s)
+
5
+ NO2 (g)
+
4
-1
(reduksi)
In the reaction of the nitrogen nucleus undergo reduction reaction of NO3 to NO2 by the
decrease in oxidation of +5 becomes +4
When heating a salt of copper (II) nitrate, are formed gas bubbles are characterized by
outbreaks. Based on the above reaction, a gas is formed oxygen gas and nitrogen dioxide
gas. To test for the presence of gases used litmus paper blue, and the color turns litmus
paper turns red. This indicates that the gas mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases are acidic.
From the literature, are acidic while nitrogen gas O2 gas is alkaline. So that the mixture of
gases can redden blue litmus. The heating function is to accelerate the reaction.
Experiment 3: Reduction of Nitrate in Solution Bases
This experiment aims to identify and understand the reaction of nitrate reduction in alkaline
solution. Plus nitric acid with sodium hydroxide is then added with a piece of aluminum
metal. At first, the solution is clear and colorless after heating the colors remain clear. But
before there was heated bubbles, while there are many bubbles after heating. The gas
formed in this reaction does not change the color of litmus paper blue. The gas formed is
NH3 gas, is a gas that is alkaline. As well as pieces of metal sunk. The reaction occurs:
3NO3- (aq) + 8Al (s) + 5OH-(aq) + 18H2O (aq) NH3 (aq) + 8[Al(OH)4]+
5
-3
-8
(reduksi)
+3
(oksidasi)
+
3
In the reaction of the nitrogen nucleus undergo a reduction reaction with a reduced oxidation
state of +5 becomes -3. In other words HNO3 acts as an oxidant for aluminum, while
aluminum oxidizes with the increase in oxidation state from 0 to +3.
The experiments were performed with aluminum will not react directly with a mixture of nitric
acid and sodium hiroksida. But when heated gas bubbles appear, it indicates that the
warming speed the reaction. Based on the above reaction, ammonia gas is formed. To prove
the existence of the gas tested using litmus blue, and it does not change color litmus. This
represents an alkaline NH3 gas.
2. Nitric Acid Redox Reactions
Experiment 4: Formation and Nitric Acid Redox Reactions
This experiment aims to identify and understand the redox reaction of nitric acid as
well as studying the process of forming nitric acid. Nitric acid production performed by
reacting sulfuric acid with sodium nitrate.
Before reacted with NaNO3, dilute H2SO4 cooled for 5 minutes with the aim of tapping the
course of the reaction rate. So that the gas formed on decomposition NaNO3 bit. Day and
Underwood (1988) states that the cooling process will slow solubility. Results after the color
of the cooled clear solution. The reaction occurs:
H2SO4 (aq) + NaNO3 (s) NaHSO4 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) + 1/2 O2 (g)
If the sulfuric acid is not cooled first, it will produce nitric acid slightly but will form a more
stable nitric acid. Because the solution of nitric acid decomposes thermally reversible
manner and this reaction is disproportionate reaction. The reaction occurs:
3 HNO2 (aq) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + 2NO(g)
When sodium nitrate entered in dilute sulfuric acid which has been cooled, the salt dissolves
and the color of the solution remains clear. The compound formed is nitrous acid. The next
solution was divided into 3 parts in a test tube :
a. Tube 1: Heating HNO2 solution
When the solution is heated, gas bubbles are formed. reactions:
3 HNO2 (aq) HNO3 (aq) + 2NO (g) + H2O (l)
+
3
+2
(oksidasi)
+
+
5-1 (reduksi)
2
-1
-1
(reduksi)
+
2
+1
(oksidasi)
In this reaction, nitrogen is reduced by a decrease in the oxidation state of +3 becomes +2.
While oxidizes iodide to increase in oxidation state of -1 to 0 (KI as a reducing agent). The
gas formed in this reaction is NO gas is colorless.
c. Tubes 3: HNO2 solution was added KMnO4
HNO2 solution plus KMnO4 produce a purple solution (In acidic conditions). Reaction :
5NO2- (aq) + 2MnO4- (aq) + 6H+ 5KNO3 + 2Mn2+ +3H2O
+
3
+
7
+2
(oksidasi)
+
5
+
2
-5
(reduksi)
Refference
Achmad, Hiskia. 1992. Penuntun Belajar Kimia Dasar, Kimia Unsur Petrokimia. Bandung:
PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Day, R A., Jr. Dan A.L Underwood. 1988. Analisa Kimia Kuantitatif. Edisi keempat.
Terjemahan R. Soendoro. Jakarta : Erlangga
Ranawijaya,J. 1985. Ilmu Kimia 2. Jakarta : Depdikbud
Sugiyarto, Kristian H. 2004. Kimia Anorganik I. Yogyakarta : Penerbit UNY
Tim Dosen Kimia Anorganik. 2015. Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Anorganik. Semarang:
Unnes.
Tim Kimia Anorganik (I). 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik 1. Padang: UNP.