ADAMAS INSTITIUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING

555TIMER IC

MADE BY
Suvam Sinha

Anas Md. Seraj

Saikat Paul

Gunjan Kumar

Akash Sutradhar

Sk. Md. Washim Akram

Gourab Bhattacharya

Arif Md. Khan

Jakir Mondal

Md. Riazul

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF:

ASST. PROF.: Madhushrota Bandopadhyay

Declaration

I certify that
The work contained in this report is original and has been done by me
under the guidance of my supervisors.
B. 1 have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the
report
C. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code
of Conduct of the Institute.
D. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and
text) from other sources. I have given due credit to them by citing them in
the text of the report and giving their details in the references. Further, I have
taken permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever
necessary.
A.

Signature of the Student

Acknowledgement
This project would not have been possible without the support and love of a number of
incredibly special people.
My Family, friends and specially my Department guided me very well. They are more
help to me. Thank you all.
I want to thank all the team members of my group in the project
Finally. I would like to thank my faculties, Madhushrota Bandopadhyay and Gopal
Chandra Dey for helping me to do successfully this project.

Abstract
There are several motor control circuits and this is one of the commonly used
motor control circuit and it was done by employing a simple NE555IC. The
timer IC here was used to generate PWM waves so that the speed of the motor
can be adjusted accordingly. PWM is nothing but Pulse Width modulation, a
modulation technique in which the width of the output pulse was varied with
respect to the amplitude of the input signal.

Table of Contents
Topic
1. Introduction
2. Components
2.1 555Timer IC
2.2 Resistor
2.3 Diode
2.4 Resistance Pot
2.5 Capacitor
2.6 D.C. Motor
2.7 Veroboard
2.8 Solder
2.9 Soldering iron
2.10 Switch mode power supply
3. Working of dc motor speed control circuit
4. Future Modification
5. Conclusion
6. Reference

Page No.
1
2
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

1. INTRDUCTION
The basic principle of the DC motor is a device which converts DC energy
into mechanical energy. When the current carrying armature is connected to
the supply end though commentator segment, brushes are placed within the
North South Poles of permanent or electromagnets. By using these
electromagnets operating principle is depends on the Flemings left hand rule
to determine the direction of the force acting on the armature conductors of
the DC motor.
Speed Control of Shunt Motors

Flux control method

Armature and Rheostatic control method
Voltage control method

1. Multiple voltage control

2. Ward Leonard system
Speed Control of Series Motors

Flux control method

1.
2.
3.
4.

Field diverter
Armature diverter
Trapped field control
Paralleling field coils

Variable Resistance in series with motor

Series -parallel control method

2. COMPONENTS

2.1 555 timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four
timing circuits in one package.
Introduced in 1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread
use due to its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many
companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003,
it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.

Design
The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics,
which was later acquired by Dutch company Philips Semiconductors (now NXP).
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors,
2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line
package (DIP-8). Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two
555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four
slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling
edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).
The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and
the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125
C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and
inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were
NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555
got its name from the three 5 k resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has
stated that the number was arbitrary.[1]
Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS
TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply noise than the classic 555 and
the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and
in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Those
parts should generally be included, however, because noise produced by the timer
or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit
or influence its threshold voltages.
Pins

Pinout diagram

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name
1

Purpose

GND

Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

TRIG

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this
input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically
1/3 VCC, CTRL being 2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).

OUT

This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC, or to

GND.

A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but

RESET the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above
approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.

CTRL

Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by

default, 2/3 VCC).

THR

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR
("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is
open).

DIS

Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between

intervals. In phase with output.

VCC

Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V

depending on the variation.

2.2 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors may be used to
reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to lower voltage levels
within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to
adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines among other uses. High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of
electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force,
or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components
can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of
magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing
tolerance.

2.3 Diode
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite
direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version
of a check valve. This unidirectional behaviour is called rectification, and is used to
convert alternating current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from
radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers.
However, diodes can have more complicated behaviour than this simple onoff action,
because of their nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Semiconductor diodes begin
conducting electricity only if a certain threshold voltage or cut-in voltage is present in
the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The
voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a
function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or as a voltage
reference.
A semiconductor diode's currentvoltage characteristic can be tailored by selecting
the semiconductor materials and the doping impurities introduced into the materials
during manufacture. These techniques are used to create special-purpose diodes that
perform many different functions. For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage
(Zener diodes), to protect circuits from high voltage surges (avalanche diodes), to
electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to generate radiofrequency oscillations (tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes), and to produce
light (light-emitting diodes). Tunnel, Gunn and IMPATT diodes exhibit negative
resistance, which is useful in microwave and switching circuits.
Diodes, both vacuum and semiconductor, can be used as shot-noise generators.

2.4 Resistance Pot

A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper,
it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on
audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers,
for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the
power in the controlled load.

2.5 Capacitor
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by
becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal
or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the
capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a
capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, its capacitance.
Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the
potential difference V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which
is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about
1 pF (1012 F) to about 1 mF (103 F).

2.6 DC motor
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power
into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical
or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most
types produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight
line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing directcurrent lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide
range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of
DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

2.7 Veroboard
Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on an insulating board which
was originated and developed in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision Engineering
Ltd (VPE). It was introduced as a general-purpose material for use in constructing electronic circuits - differing from
purpose-designed printed circuit boards (PCBs) in that a variety of electronics circuits may be constructed using a
standard wiring board.
The first single-size Veroboard product was the forerunner of the numerous types of prototype wiring board which,
with world-wide use over five decades, have become known as Stripboard.
The generic terms 'veroboard' and 'stripboard' are now taken to be synonymous.

2.8 Solder
Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal
workpieces. Solder must be melted in order to adhere to and connect the pieces together,
so a suitable alloy for use as solder will have a lower melting point than the pieces it is
intended to join. Whenever possible, the solder should also be resistant to oxidative and
corrosive effects that would degrade the joint over time. Solders intended for use in
making electrical connections between electronic components also usually have
favourable electrical characteristics.
Soft solder typically has a melting point range of 90 to 450 C (190 to 840 F), and is
commonly used in electronics, plumbing, and sheet metal work. Manual soldering uses
a soldering iron or soldering gun. Alloys that melt between 180 and 190 C (360 and
370 F) are the most commonly used. Soldering performed using alloys with a melting
point above 450 C (840 F) is called 'hard soldering', 'silver soldering', or brazing.
In specific proportions, some alloys can become eutectic that is, their melting point
is the same as their freezing point. Non-eutectic alloys have markedly
different solidus and liquids temperatures, and within that range they exist as a paste of
solid particles in a melt of the lower-melting phase. In electrical work, if the joint is
disturbed in the pasty state before it has solidified totally, a poor electrical connection
may result; use of eutectic solder reduces this problem. The pasty state of a non-eutectic
solder can be exploited in plumbing as it allows molding of the solder during cooling,
e.g. for ensuring watertight joint of pipes, resulting in a so-called 'wiped joint'.

2.9 Soldering iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that
it can flow into the joint between two workpieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is
often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current (supplied through an electrical
cord or battery cables) through a resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be heated
by combustion of gas stored in a small tank, often using a catalytic heater rather than a
flame. Simple irons less commonly used than in the past were simply a large copper bit
on a handle, heated in a flame.
Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited production work
in electronics assembly. High-volume production lines use other soldering
methods. Large irons may be used for soldering joints in sheet metal objects. Less
common uses include pyrography (burning designs into wood) and plastic welding.

2.10 Switched-mode power supply

A switched-mode power is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator
to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power
from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting
voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a
switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off
states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted
energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is
achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the
output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power
conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switchedmode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to
the smaller transformer size and weight.

3. WORKING OF DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT:

The above IC 555 was wired as an Astable multivibrator which produces a series of
square wave pulses as output. In order to make the IC 555 to produce PWM output
signal modification in the astable circuit was needed. Generally the output frequency
of the Astable multivibrator depends on the Resistors and Capacitors attached to it.
The duty cycle of the output was governed by the Variable resistor R1 connected
between the pin 6 and pin 7.This resistor holds the key for generating the PWM waves
from the IC output so by varying the resistance in the R1 the output width of the pulse
can be varied as desired resulting in the generation of PWM waves.
The next stage was very simple it helps in driving the DC motor. The output of the IC1
is coupled to the base of the transistor Q1 which drives the motor according to the
incoming signal from the output of the 555 IC. When the duty cycle of the PWM signal
is high then the speed of the motor will be high and vice versa. The V indicates the
voltage required for the motor and it should be selected based on the motor you are about
to control with the IC. The switch was used here in order to change the direction of the
running motor, when the voltage applied in the opposite direction of the motor it will
result in running of the motor in opposite direction. Thus the R1 can be used as a switch
in order to control the motor by this way the PWM generation and DC motor control
can be done with simple 555 IC.

4. FUTURE MODIFICATIONS:
GOAL To highlight possible modifications that can be made in the project for
improving performance.
Following are the possible future modifications in our project work.
1. Use of micro- controller/micro-processor for closed loop operation.
2. Use of MOSFET or IGBT.

5. CONCLUSION:

This application note describes how to control DC motor using 555 timer.
Overall, there may be better way to control DC motor with precise timing and
position for example microcontroller, unfortunately, some of them are tedious,
some of them are not applicable in our project. The reason I pick 555 timer is
that it is non-programmable and still could provide accurate timing and position.
Also, in our project particularly, we do not really care where the flipper going to
stop as long as it is not above 180 degree, so the only thing that I pay more
attention is timing control. However, there are still some issues to bear in mind
as the modifications advance. Changes will make to this document accordingly.

6. References:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.instructables.com
www.egr.msu.edu
www.circuitdigest.com
www.circuitstoday.com