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List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of mathematical symbols


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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&action=edit).


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Contents
1Sy
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2Va
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3Se
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5Ex
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Symbols
Symbol Symbol
in
in TEX
HTML

Name

Explanation

Read as

Examples

Category
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i
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(
The forms !
=,/
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e
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wh
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

1/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

2/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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24=0
.
5
3/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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ec
o
mp
l
e
xp
l
a
n
e
)b
e
t
we
e
n
a
bs
o
l
u
t
ev
a
l
u
eof
;mod
u
l
u
s
xa
n
dz
e
r
o
.
of
|
i|
=1
n
u
mbe
r
s

|
|

Eu
c
l
i
d
e
a
nn
or
mor
Eu
c
l
i
d
e
a
nl
e
n
g
t
hor
ma
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

|
x|
me
a
n
st
h
e(
Eu
c
l
i
d
e
a
n
)l
e
n
g
t
ho
f
v
e
c
t
o
rx.

|
3+4
i|
=5
Fo
rx =(
3
,
4
)

Eu
c
l
i
de
a
nn
or
mo
f
g
e
ome
t
r
y
de
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
de
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
of

|
A|
me
a
n
st
h
ede
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
o
f
t
h
ema
t
r
i
xA

ma
t
r
i
xt
h
e
o
r
y
c
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
y
c
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
i
t
yo
f
;
s
i
z
eo
f
;
or
de
rof

|
X|
me
a
n
st
h
ec
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yo
f
t
h
es
e
t
X.
|
{
3
,
5
,
7
,
9
}
|
=4
.
(
#may be used instead as described below.)

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
n
o
r
m
n
o
r
mof
;
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

4/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


[
4
]
x me
a
n
st
h
en
or
mo
f
t
h
ee
l
e
me
n
t
xo
f
an
o
r
me
dv
e
c
t
o
rs
p
a
c
e
.
l
i
n
e
a
ra
l
g
e
b
r
a

l
e
n
g
t
hof

n
e
a
r
e
s
ti
n
t
e
g
e
rf
u
n
c
t
i
on

x +y x + y

xme
a
n
st
h
en
e
a
r
e
s
t
i
n
t
e
g
e
rt
ox.

n
e
a
r
e
s
ti
n
t
e
g
e
rt
o

This may also be written [


x]
,
x,
n
i
n
t
(
x)or Ro
u
n
d
(
x)
.
)
n
u
mbe
r
s(

1
=1
,

1
.
6
=2
,

2
.
4
=2
,

3
.
4
9
=3

c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
a
l
e
v
e
n
t
g
i
v
e
n

P(
A|
B)me
a
n
st
h
epr
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
yo
f
t
h
ee
v
e
n
t
ao
c
c
u
r
r
i
n
gg
i
v
e
nt
h
a
t
bo
c
c
u
r
s
.

i
f
Xi
sau
n
i
f
o
r
ml
yr
a
n
d
o
md
a
yo
f
t
h
ey
e
a
rP(
Xi
sMa
y2
5|

pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

a
n
st
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
dt
ot
h
es
e
t
A,
t
h
a
t
i
s
,
i
t
i
st
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nwi
t
h
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
onof
t
o; f|
A me
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
dt
o
d
oma
i
nA d
om(
f)t
h
a
t
a
g
r
e
e
swi
t
hf.

Th
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf :
RRd
e
f
i
n
e
db
yf(
x)=x 2i
sn
o
t
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
v
e

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
;
s
ot
h
a
t

|
me
a
n
s"
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
"
,
s
e
e"
:
"(
described below)
.

S={
(
x
,
y
)|
0<y<f
(
x
)
}
Th
es
e
t
o
f
(
x
,
y
)s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
yi
sg
r
e
a
t
e
rt
h
a
n0a
n
dl
e
s
st
h
a
nf
(
x

e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e

di
v
i
s
o
r
,d
i
v
i
de
s
d
i
v
i
d
e
s

The symbol can be difficult to type, and its negation is rare, so a regular
n
u
mbe
rt
h
e
o
r
y(
but slightly shorter vertical bar |
character is often used instead.)

Si
n
c
e1
5=3
5
,
i
t
i
st
r
u
et
h
a
t
3 1
5a
n
d5 1
5
.

e
x
a
c
t
di
v
i
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
e
x
a
c
t
l
yd
i
v
i
d
e
s

pa n me
a
n
spa e
x
a
c
t
l
yd
i
v
i
d
e
sn (
i
.
e
.
pa d
i
v
i
d
e
sn b
u
t
pa+1d
o
e
sn
o
t
)
.

3 3
2
6
0
.

n
u
mbe
rt
h
e
o
r
y

pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
i
spa
r
a
l
l
e
l
t
o

x y me
a
n
sx i
spa
r
a
l
l
e
l
t
oy.
x y me
a
n
sx i
sn
o
t
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
t
oy.
x y me
a
n
sx i
se
q
u
a
l
a
n
dp
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
t
oy.

The symbol can be difficult to type, and its negation is rare, so two
g
e
ome
t
r
y(
regular but slightly longer vertical bar |
|
characters are often used
instead.)

a b me
a
n
sa di
v
i
de
sb.
a b me
a
n
sa do
e
sn
o
t
d
i
v
i
d
eb.

I
f
lma
n
dm n t
h
e
nl n.

i
n
c
ompa
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
si
n
c
ompa
r
a
bl
et
o

x y me
a
n
sx i
si
n
c
o
mp
a
r
a
b
l
et
oy.

{
1
,
2
} {
2
,
3
}u
n
d
e
rs
e
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
.

or
de
rt
h
e
o
r
y
c
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
y
c
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
i
t
yo
f
;
s
i
z
eo
f
;
or
de
rof

#
X me
a
n
st
h
ec
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yo
f
t
h
es
e
t
X.
#
{
4
,
6
,
8
}=3
(
|
|
may be used instead as described above.)

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
ds
u
m

c
on
n
e
c
t
e
ds
u
mof
;
k
n
ot
s
u
mof
;
k
n
ot
c
ompo
s
i
t
i
o
no
f

A#B i
st
h
ec
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
ds
u
mo
f
t
h
ema
n
i
f
o
l
d
sA a
n
dB.
I
f
Aa
n
dB a
r
ek
n
o
t
s
,
t
h
e
n A#
Sm i
sh
o
me
o
mo
r
p
h
i
ct
oA,
f
o
ra
n
yma
n
i
f
o
l
dA,
a
n
dt
h
es
p
t
h
i
sde
n
ot
e
st
h
ek
n
o
t
s
u
m,
wh
i
c
hh
a
sas
l
i
g
h
t
l
ys
t
r
o
n
g
e
rc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.

t
op
ol
o
g
y
,
kn
o
tt
h
e
o
r
y
pr
i
mo
r
i
a
l
pr
i
mo
r
i
a
l

n#i
sp
r
od
u
c
t
of
a
l
l
p
r
i
men
u
mb
e
r
sl
e
s
st
h
a
no
re
q
u
a
l
t
on.

1
2
#=23571
1=2
3
1
0

n
u
mbe
rt
h
e
o
r
y

a
l
e
phn
u
mb
e
r

r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
sa
ni
n
f
i
n
i
t
ec
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
i
t
y(
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
et
ho
n
e
,
wh
e
r
e i
sa
n
o
r
d
i
n
a
l
)
.
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

a
l
e
p
h
be
t
hn
u
mbe
r
be
t
h

|
|
=0,
wh
i
c
hi
sc
a
l
l
e
da
l
e
p
h
n
u
l
l
.

r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
sa
ni
n
f
i
n
i
t
ec
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
i
t
y(
s
i
mi
l
a
rt
o,
b
u
t
d
o
e
sn
o
t
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
i
l
y
i
n
de
xa
l
l
o
ft
h
en
u
mb
e
r
si
n
d
e
x
e
db
y.
)
.
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

c
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yo
ft
h
ec
o
n
t
i
n
u
u
m
c
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yof
t
h
e
c
on
t
i
n
u
u
m;
Th
ec
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yo
f i
sd
e
n
o
t
e
db
y
c
;
Fr
a
kt
u
rl
e
t
t
e
rC)
.
c
a
r
di
n
a
l
i
t
yo
ft
h
er
e
a
l
n
u
mb
e
r
s

o
rb
yt
h
es
y
mb
o
l(
al
o
we
r
c
a
s
e

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

5/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
;
s
ot
h
a
t

:
me
a
n
s"
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
"
,
a
n
di
su
s
e
di
np
r
o
o
f
sa
n
dt
h
es
e
t
b
u
i
l
d
e
rn
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
described below)
.

n :
ni
se
v
e
n
.

e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e
f
i
e
l
de
x
t
e
n
s
i
on
e
x
t
e
n
ds
;
ov
e
r

K:
F me
a
n
st
h
ef
i
e
l
dK e
x
t
e
n
d
st
h
ef
i
e
l
dF.

This may also be written as K F.


f
i
e
l
dt
h
e
o
r
y

i
n
n
e
rpr
o
du
c
to
fma
t
r
i
c
e
s

A:
B me
a
n
st
h
eFr
o
b
e
n
i
u
si
n
n
e
rp
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
t
h
ema
t
r
i
c
e
sA a
n
dB.

i
n
n
e
rp
r
o
du
c
t
of

The general inner product is denoted by u,


v ,u|
v or (
u|
v)
,
as
y is
l
i
n
e
a
ra
l
g
e
b
r
adescribed below. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x
common. Se
ea
l
s
oBr
a
k
e
t
n
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
.

i
n
de
xof
as
u
bg
r
ou
p

Th
ei
n
d
e
xofas
u
bg
r
o
u
pHi
nag
r
o
u
pGi
st
h
e"
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
es
i
z
e
"o
f
Hi
nG:
e
qu
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
l
y
,t
h
en
u
mb
e
ro
f
"
c
o
p
i
e
s
"(
c
o
s
e
t
s
)o
f
Ht
h
a
t
f
i
l
l
u
pG
g
r
ou
pt
h
e
o
r
y

i
n
de
xo
fs
u
bg
r
ou
p

Th
es
t
a
t
e
me
n
t!
Ai
st
r
u
ei
f
a
n
do
n
l
yi
f
Ai
sf
a
l
s
e
.
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
n
e
g
a
t
i
on

As
l
a
s
hpl
a
c
e
dt
h
r
ou
g
ha
n
o
t
h
e
ro
p
e
r
a
t
o
ri
st
h
es
a
mea
s"
!
"p
l
a
c
e
di
nf
r
o
n
t
.

n
ot

pr
o
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
og
i
c(
The symbol !is primarily from computer science. It is avoided in

!
(
!
A) A
x y !
(
x =y)

mathematical texts, where the notation A is preferred.)


f
a
c
t
o
r
i
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
a
l

n!me
a
n
st
h
epr
o
du
c
t
12.
.
.
n.

c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
or
i
c
s

c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
on
;
bi
n
omi
a
l
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
nc
h
oo
s
ek

me
a
n
s(
i
nt
h
ec
a
s
eo
f
n =p
o
s
i
t
i
v
ei
n
t
e
g
e
r
)t
h
en
u
mb
e
ro
f
c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
so
f
k
e
l
e
me
n
t
sd
r
a
wnf
r
omas
e
t
o
f
ne
l
e
me
n
t
s
.

c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
or
i
c
s
n
(
This may also be written as C(
n,
k)
,
C(
n;
k)
,
o
r
n Ck ,Ck ,

.
)

mu
l
t
i
s
e
t
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
u mu
l
t
i
c
h
oos
ek

(
wh
e
nu i
sp
o
s
i
t
i
v
ei
n
t
e
g
e
r
)
c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
or
i
c
s
me
a
n
sr
e
v
e
r
s
eorr
i
s
i
n
gb
i
n
o
mi
a
l
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.

pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
yd
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
h
a
sd
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n

X ~ D,
me
a
n
st
h
er
a
n
d
o
mv
a
r
i
a
b
l
eX h
a
st
h
ep
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
yd
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
nD.

X ~N(
0
,
1
)
,
t
h
es
t
a
n
d
a
r
dn
o
r
ma
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

s
t
a
t
i
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

3
.
1
4
1
5
9

6/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

i
s
o
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d
a
bo
u
tB.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

7/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(
may mean the same as , or it may have the meaning for functions
given below.)

i
mpl
i
e
s
;
i
f t
h
e
n

pr
op
os
i
t
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on
a
l
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y
t
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6
]or it may have the meaning for superset
may mean the same as ,[
a
l
g
e
b
r
a(
given below.)

ma
t
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r
i
a
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e
qu
i
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e
n
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e
i
f
a
n
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f

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a
n
sA i
st
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f
Bi
st
r
u
ea
n
dA i
sf
a
l
s
ei
f
Bi
sf
a
l
s
e
.

x +5=y +2 x +3=y

pr
o
po
s
i
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The symbol ~has many other uses, so or the slash notation is preferred.
pr
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texts.)

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x = y)

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)
.

n <4 n >2 n =3wh


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c
et
h
ewe
d
g
ep
r
o
d
u
c
t
a
n
dt
h
ec
r
o
s
sp
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
t
wo
v
e
c
t
or
sa
r
ee
a
c
hot
h
e
r
'
sHo
d
g
ed
u
a
l
.
e
x
t
e
r
i
ora
l
g
e
b
r
a

we
dg
epr
odu
c
t
;
e
x
t
e
r
i
o
rp
r
od
u
c
t

a ^b me
a
n
sa r
a
i
s
e
dt
ot
h
ep
o
we
ro
f
b

e
x
po
n
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
on

(
r
a
i
s
e
d)t
ot
h
ep
owe
ro
f
3=8
(
a ^b is more commonly written ab .
The symbol ^is generally used in
2
^
3=2

programming languages where ease of typing and use of plain ASCII text
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
eis preferred.)

l
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
i
s
j
u
n
c
t
i
ono
rjoin i
n
al
a
t
t
i
c
e
Th
es
t
a
t
e
me
n
tA B i
st
r
u
ei
f
Ao
rB (
o
rb
o
t
h
)a
r
et
r
u
e
;
i
f
b
o
t
ha
r
ef
a
l
s
e
,
t
h
e
or
;
s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
i
sf
a
l
s
e
.
ma
x
;
j
oi
n
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sA(
x
)a
n
dB(
x
)
,
A(
x
) B(
x
)i
su
s
e
dt
ome
a
nma
x
(
A(
x
)
,
B(
x
)
)
.
pr
o
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
og
i
c
,l
a
t
t
i
c
eForf

n 4 n 2 n 3wh
e
nn i
san
a
t
u
r
a
l
n
u
mb
e
r

t
h
e
o
r
y
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
v
eor

x
or
Th
es
t
a
t
e
me
n
tA B i
st
r
u
ewh
e
ne
i
t
h
e
rAo
rB,
b
u
t
n
o
t
b
o
t
h
,
a
r
et
r
u
e
.
AB
(
A) A i
sa
l
wa
y
st
r
u
e
,
AAi
sa
l
wa
y
sf
a
l
s
e
.
a
n
st
h
es
a
me
.
pr
o
pos
i
t
i
on
a
l
l
og
i
c
,me
Boo
l
e
a
na
l
g
e
b
r
a
Th
edi
r
e
c
t
s
u
mi
sas
p
e
c
i
a
l
wa
yo
f
c
o
mb
i
n
i
n
gs
e
v
e
r
a
l
o
b
j
e
c
t
si
n
t
oo
n
eg
e
n
e
r
a
l
o
bj
e
c
t
.

di
r
e
c
ts
u
m
d
i
r
e
c
ts
u
mo
f

The bun symbol ,


or the coproduct symbol , i
su
s
e
d
;
i
so
n
l
yf
o
r
a
bs
t
r
a
c
ta
l
g
e
b
r
a(
l
og
i
c
.
)

Mo
s
t
c
o
mmo
n
l
y
,
f
o
rv
e
c
t
o
rs
p
a
c
e
sU,
V,
a
n
dW,
t
h
ef
o
l
l
o
w
U =V W (
U =V +W) (
V W ={
0
}
)

u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
qu
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on

f
o
ra
l
l
;
f
o
ra
n
y
;
f
o
re
a
c
h

x:
P(
x)me
a
n
sP(
x)i
st
r
u
ef
o
ra
l
l
x.

n :
n2n.

pr
e
di
c
a
t
el
og
i
c
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

t
h
e
r
ee
x
i
s
t
s
;
t
h
e
r
ei
s
;
t
h
e
r
ea
r
e

x:
P(
x)me
a
n
st
h
e
r
ei
sa
t
l
e
a
s
t
o
n
ex s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
P(
x)i
st
r
u
e
.

n :
ni
se
v
e
n
.

pr
e
di
c
a
t
el
og
i
c

u
n
i
qu
e
n
e
s
squ
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
t
h
e
r
ee
x
i
s
t
se
x
a
c
t
l
yo
n
e !x:
P(
x)me
a
n
st
h
e
r
ei
se
x
a
c
t
l
yo
n
ex s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
P(
x)i
st
r
u
e
.

!n :
n +5=2
n.

pr
e
di
c
a
t
el
og
i
c

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

8/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

=:
:
=

x:
=y,
y =:
x orx y me
a
n
sx i
sd
e
f
i
n
e
dt
ob
ea
n
o
t
h
e
rn
a
mef
o
ry,
u
n
d
e
r
c
e
r
t
a
i
na
s
s
u
mpt
i
o
n
st
a
k
e
ni
nc
o
n
t
e
x
t
.

de
f
i
n
i
t
i
on

i
sde
f
i
n
e
da
s
;
Some writers use to mean congruence)
.
i
se
qu
a
l
b
yd
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
ont
o (
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e
P:
Q me
a
n
sP i
sd
e
f
i
n
e
dt
ob
el
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
ye
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
t
oQ.

c
o
n
g
r
u
e
n
c
e

ABC DEFme
a
n
st
r
i
a
n
g
l
eABCi
sc
o
n
g
r
u
e
n
t
t
o(
h
a
st
h
es
a
me
me
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
sa
s
)t
r
i
a
n
g
l
eDEF.
g
e
ome
t
r
y

i
sc
on
g
r
u
e
n
t
t
o

i
s
o
mo
r
p
h
i
c
i
si
s
omor
ph
i
ct
o

G H me
a
n
st
h
a
tg
r
o
u
pG i
si
s
o
mo
r
p
h
i
c(
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
l
yi
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
)t
og
r
o
u
pH.

can also be used for isomorphic, as described above.)


a
bs
t
r
a
c
ta
l
g
e
b
r
a(
c
o
n
g
r
u
e
n
c
er
e
l
a
t
i
on

.
.
.i
sc
on
g
r
u
e
n
t
t
o.
.
.
mo
du
l
o.
.
.

a b (
mo
dn)me
a
n
sa b i
sd
i
v
i
s
i
b
l
eb
yn

52(
mo
d3
)

mo
du
l
a
ra
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c

{,
}

s
e
tbr
a
c
k
e
t
s
t
h
es
e
to
f

[
7
]
{
a,
b,
c}me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
go
f
a,
b,
a
n
dc.

={1
,
2
,
3
,
}

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

{:}
{|
}
{;}

s
e
tbu
i
l
d
e
rn
ot
a
t
i
on

[
7
]{
{
x:
P(
x)
}me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
o
f
a
l
l
xf
o
rwh
i
c
hP(
x)i
st
r
u
e
.
x|
P(
x)
}i
st
h
es
a
me
{
n:
n2<2
0
}={1
,
2
,
3
,
4
}
a
s{
x:
P(
x)
}.
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

t
h
es
e
tof
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t

e
mpt
ys
e
t
[
7
]{}me
me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
wi
t
hn
oe
l
e
me
n
t
s
.
a
n
st
h
es
a
me
.
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

t
h
ee
mp
t
ys
e
t

{}

{
n:
1<n2<4
}=

s
e
tme
mbe
r
s
h
i
p

1
(
1
/
2
)
[
7
]a S me
a S me
a
n
sa i
sa
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
es
e
t
S;
a
n
sa i
sn
o
t
a
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
[
7
]
S.
1
2
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e
,s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

i
sa
ne
l
e
me
n
t
of
;
i
sn
o
ta
ne
l
e
me
n
to
f

s
u
c
ht
h
a
ts
y
mb
ol

o
f
t
e
na
bbr
e
v
i
a
t
e
da
s"
s
.
t
.
"
;
:
a
n
d|
a
r
ea
l
s
ou
s
e
dt
oa
b
b
r
e
v
i
a
t
e"
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t
"
.
Th
e
u
s
eof g
oe
sba
c
kt
oe
a
r
l
yma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
o
g
i
ca
n
di
t
su
s
a
g
ei
nt
h
i
ss
e
n
s
ei
s Ch
o
o
s
e 2
|a
n
d3
|.
(
He
r
e|
i
su
s
e
di
nt
h
es
e
n
s
eo
f
"
d
e
c
l
i
n
i
n
g
.
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
og
i
cd
s
u
c
ht
h
a
t

s
e
tme
mbe
r
s
h
i
p
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
sa
sa
ne
l
e
me
n
t S me
a
n
st
h
es
a
met
h
i
n
ga
s S,
wh
e
r
eSi
sas
e
t
a
n
d i
sa
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
S.
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
s
e
tme
mbe
r
s
h
i
p

do
e
sn
ot
c
on
t
a
i
na
sa
n S me
a
n
st
h
es
a
met
h
i
n
ga
s S,
wh
e
r
eSi
sas
e
t
a
n
d i
sn
o
t
a
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
me
n
t
S.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

9/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

s
u
bs
e
t
i
sas
u
b
s
e
to
f

(
A B) A

(
pr
o
pe
rs
u
bs
e
t
)A B me
a
n
sA B b
u
t
A B.

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
(
Some writers use the symbol as if it were the same as .
)
A B me
a
n
se
v
e
r
ye
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
Bi
sa
l
s
oa
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
A.

s
u
pe
r
s
e
t
i
sas
u
pe
r
s
e
t
of

[
8
]
(
s
u
b
s
e
t
)A B me
a
n
se
v
e
r
ye
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
Ai
sa
l
s
oa
ne
l
e
me
n
t
o
f
B.

A B me
a
n
sA B b
u
t
A B.

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
(
Some writers use the symbol as if it were the same as .)

(
A B) B

s
e
t
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
cu
n
i
on

a
n
st
h
es
e
t
o
f
t
h
o
s
ee
l
e
me
n
t
swh
i
c
ha
r
ee
i
t
h
e
ri
nA,
o
ri
nB,
o
ri
n
t
h
eu
n
i
onof
o
r; A B me
[
8
]
b
ot
h
.
u
n
i
o
n

AB (
A B)=B

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
s
e
t
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
ci
n
t
e
r
s
e
c
t
i
o
n

i
n
t
e
r
s
e
c
t
e
dwi
t
h
;
i
n
t
e
r
s
e
c
t

A B me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
sa
l
l
t
h
o
s
ee
l
e
me
n
t
st
h
a
t
Aa
n
dB h
a
v
ei
n
[
8
]
c
ommo
n
.

{
x:
x 2=1
} ={
1
}

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

s
y
mme
t
r
i
cd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
y
mme
t
r
i
cd
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

Not to be confused with delta,


,
described below.)
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y(

s
e
t
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
cc
o
mp
l
e
me
n
t

AB(
orA B)me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
o
f
e
l
e
me
n
t
si
ne
x
a
c
t
l
yo
n
eo
f
Ao
rB.

mi
n
u
s
;
wi
t
h
o
u
t

[
8
]
A B me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
sa
l
l
t
h
o
s
ee
l
e
me
n
t
so
f
At
h
a
t
a
r
en
o
t
i
nB.

(
can also be used for set-theoretic complement as described above.)
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

{
1
,
5
,
6
,
8
}{
2
,
5
,
8
}={
1
,
2
,
6
}
{
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
} {
1
,
2
,
5
,
6
}={
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
}

{
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
} {
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
}={
1
,
2
}

f
u
n
c
t
i
ona
r
r
o
w
f
r
om t
o

f:
X Y me
a
n
st
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf ma
p
st
h
es
e
t
Xi
n
t
ot
h
es
e
t
Y.

Le
t
f:
{
0
}b
ed
e
f
i
n
e
db
yf(
x):
=x 2.

s
e
t
t
h
e
or
y
,t
y
p
et
h
e
o
r
y
f
u
n
c
t
i
ona
r
r
o
w
ma
pst
o

f:
a b me
a
n
st
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf ma
p
st
h
ee
l
e
me
n
t
at
ot
h
ee
l
e
me
n
t
b.

Le
t
f:
x x+1(
t
h
es
u
c
c
e
s
s
o
rf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
)
.

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
f
u
n
c
t
i
onc
ompo
s
i
t
i
o
n
c
o
mp
os
e
dwi
t
h

[
9
]
fg i
st
h
ef
u
n
c
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

10/17

3/6/14

Zn
Zp

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

pa
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sNote that any letter may be used instead of p,

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t
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e
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.
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e
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x]
,
|
|
x|
|
,
n
i
n
t
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x)or Ro
u
n
d
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x)
.
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=4
,
2
.
1
=3
,
2
.
9
=3
,
2
.
6
=2

2
=2
,
2
.
6
=3
,
3
.
4
=3
,
4
.
4
9
=4
[
(
2
):
]=2

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

11/17

3/6/14

[:]

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

de
g
r
e
eo
faf
i
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de
x
t
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on
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e
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s
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f
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l
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h
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[
:
]=2
[
:
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[
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a
n
st
h
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q
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a
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e
n
c
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l
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s
so
f
a,
i
.
e
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x ~a}
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q
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i
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a
l
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t
a ~b b
et
r
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f
f
a b (
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.
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c
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s
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,
8
,
3
,
2
,
7
,
}
.
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r
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c
ta
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b
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q
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l
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l
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r
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g
r
e
a
t
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s
ti
n
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n
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r

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l
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ox.

(
This may also be written x,
f
l
o
o
r
(
x)or i
n
t
(
x)
.
Not to be confused with
the nearest integer function, as described below.)
n
u
mbe
r
s

n
e
a
r
e
s
ti
n
t
e
g
e
rf
u
n
c
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on

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a
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st
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en
e
a
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s
t
i
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e
g
e
rt
ox.

n
e
a
r
e
s
ti
n
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e
g
e
rt
o

[]
[,
]
[,
,
]

[
3
]=3
,
[
3
.
5
]=3
,
[
3
.
9
9
]=3
,
[
3
.
7
]=4

(
This may also be written x,
|
|
x|
|
,
n
i
n
t
(
x)or Ro
u
n
d
(
x)
.
Not to be confused
n
u
mbe
r
swith the floor function, as described above.)

[
2
]=2
,
[
2
.
6
]=3
,
[
3
.
4
]=3
,
[
4
.
4
9
]=4

I
v
e
r
s
onbr
a
c
ke
t
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ft
r
u
e
,
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t
h
e
r
wi
s
e

[
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p
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t
a
t
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n
t
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n
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l
s
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t
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t
e
me
n
t
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o0
.

[
0
=5
]
=0
,
[
7
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=1
,
[
2 {
2
,
3
,
4
}
]
=1
,
[
5 {
2
,
3
,
4
}
]
=0

pr
o
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
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i
c
f[
X]me
a
n
s{f(
x):
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,
t
h
ei
ma
g
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f
t
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf u
n
d
e
rt
h
es
e
t
X
d
om(
f)
.

i
ma
g
e
i
ma
g
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u
n
d
e
r

(
This may also be written as f(
X)if there is no risk of confusing the image
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
eof f under X with the function application f of X.
Another notation is I
mf,
the image of f under its domain.)

c
l
os
e
di
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.

c
l
os
e
di
n
t
e
r
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a
l

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n
d1
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2a
r
ei
nt
h
ei
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
[
0
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1
]
.

or
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r
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c
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t
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t
or
t
h
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t
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o
ro
f

[
g,
h]=g1h1gh (
o
rghg1h1)
,
i
f
g,
hG(
ag
r
o
u
p
)
.

a,
b]=ab ba,i
fa,
b R(
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t
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r
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r
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u
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h
e
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,r
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r
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x y =x[
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g
r
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h
e
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r
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[
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r
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e
o
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.

t
r
i
pl
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c
a
l
a
rpr
o
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c
t
t
h
et
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a b wi
t
hc.

[
a,
b,
c]=[
b,
c,
a]=[
c,
a,
b]
.

v
e
c
t
orc
a
l
c
u
l
u
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
ona
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
of

f(
x)me
a
n
st
h
ev
a
l
u
eo
f
t
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf a
t
t
h
ee
l
e
me
n
t
x.

2=9
I
f
f(
x):
=x 2,
t
h
e
nf(
3
)=3
.

s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y
f(
X)me
a
n
s{f(
x):
xX}
,
t
h
ei
ma
g
eo
f
t
h
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
nf u
n
d
e
rt
h
es
e
t
X
d
om(
f)
.

i
ma
g
e
i
ma
g
eof
u
n
d
e
r

(
This may also be written as f[
X]if there is a risk of confusing the image
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
eof f under X with the function application f of X.
Another notation is I
mf,
the image of f under its domain.)

()
(,
)

pr
e
c
e
de
n
c
eg
r
o
u
pi
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s

Pe
r
f
or
mt
h
eo
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
si
n
s
i
d
et
h
ep
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
sf
i
r
s
t
.

(
8
/
4
)
/
2=2
/
2=1
,
b
u
t
8
/
(
4
/
2
)=8
/
2=4
.

e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e
t
u
pl
e

Anor
d
e
r
e
dl
i
s
t(
o
rs
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
,
o
rh
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
v
e
c
t
o
r
,
o
rr
o
wv
e
c
t
o
r
)o
f
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
t
u
pl
e
;nt
u
pl
e
;
Note that the notation (
a,
b)is ambiguous: it could be an ordered pair or
or
d
e
r
e
dp
a
i
r
/
t
r
i
p
l
e
/
e
t
c
; (
an open interval. Set theorists and computer scientists often use angle
r
o
wv
e
c
t
or
;
s
e
qu
e
n
c
e
brackets
instead of parentheses.)
e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e

(
a,
b)i
sa
no
r
d
e
r
e
dp
a
i
r(
o
r2
t
u
p
l
e
)
.
(
a,
b,
c)i
sa
no
r
d
e
r
e
dt
r
i
p
l
e(
o
r3
t
u
p
l
e
)
.
()i
st
h
ee
mp
t
yt
u
p
l
e(
o
r0
t
u
p
l
e
)
.

h
i
g
h
e
s
tc
ommo
nf
a
c
t
or
h
i
g
h
e
s
tc
o
mmonf
a
c
t
or
; (
a,
b)me
a
n
st
h
eh
i
g
h
e
s
t
c
o
mmo
nf
a
c
t
o
ro
f
aa
n
db.
g
r
e
a
t
e
s
tc
o
mmondi
v
i
s
or
;
h
c
f
;g
c
d
(
This may also be written h
c
f
(
a,
b)or g
c
d
(
a,
b)
.
)

(
3
,
7
)=1(
t
h
e
ya
r
ec
o
p
r
i
me
)
;
(
1
5
,
2
5
)=5
.

n
u
mbe
rt
h
e
o
r
y

(,
)

op
e
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
o
pe
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

(
Note that the notation (
a,
b)is ambiguous: it could be an ordered pair or
a,
b[can be used instead.)
or
de
rt
h
e
o
r
yan open interval. The notation ]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

4i
sn
o
t
i
nt
h
ei
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
(
4
,
1
8
)
.
(
0
,
+)e
q
u
a
l
st
h
es
e
t
o
f
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
er
e
a
l
n
u
mb
e
r
s
.

12/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

],
[
(,
]

l
e
f
t
o
pe
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
h
a
l
f
op
e
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
;
l
e
f
t
op
e
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

],
]
[,
)
[,
[

(
1
,
7
]a
n
d(
,
1
]

[
4
,
1
8
)a
n
d[
1
,
+)

or
de
rt
h
e
o
r
y
r
i
g
h
t
ope
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
h
a
l
f
op
e
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
;
r
i
g
h
t
op
e
ni
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
or
de
rt
h
e
o
r
y
u,
v me
a
n
st
h
ei
n
n
e
rp
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
ua
n
dv,
wh
e
r
eu a
n
dv a
r
eme
mb
e
r
so
f
a
n
i
n
n
e
rp
r
od
u
c
t
s
pa
c
e
.
Note that the notation u,
v may be ambiguous: it could mean the inner
product or the linear span.

i
n
n
e
rpr
o
du
c
t
i
n
n
e
rp
r
o
du
c
t
of

There are many variants of the notation, such as u |


v and (
u|
v)
,
l
i
n
e
a
ra
l
g
e
b
r
a
which are described below. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation,
x
y is common. For matrices, the colon notation A :
B may be used. As
and can be hard to type, the more "keyboard friendly" forms <and >
are sometimes seen. These are avoided in mathematical texts.

Th
es
t
a
n
d
a
r
di
n
n
e
rp
r
o
d
u
c
t
b
e
t
we
e
nt
wov
e
c
t
o
r
sx
x
,
y =21+35=1
3

f
o
rat
i
mes
e
r
i
e
s:
g(
t)(
t =1
,
2
,
.
.
.
)
a
v
e
r
a
g
e

l
e
tSbeas
u
b
s
e
t
ofNf
o
re
x
a
mp
l
e
,
e
l
e
me
n
ti
nS.
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s

a
v
e
r
a
g
eof

r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
st
h
ea
v
e
r
a
g
eo
f
a
l
l
t
h
e

wec
a
nd
e
f
i
n
et
h
es
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
ef
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
sSq ()
:

S me
a
n
st
h
es
pa
no
f
S V.
Th
a
t
i
s
,
i
t
i
st
h
ei
n
t
e
r
s
e
c
t
i
o
no
f
a
l
l
s
u
b
s
p
a
c
e
so
f
V wh
i
c
hc
on
t
a
i
nS.
u1,u2, i
ss
h
or
t
h
a
n
df
o
r{
u1,
u2,
} .

l
i
n
e
a
rs
p
a
n
(
l
i
n
e
a
r
)s
p
a
nof
;
l
i
n
e
a
rh
u
l
l
o
f

Note that the notation u,


v may be ambiguous: it could mean the inner
l
i
n
e
a
ra
l
g
e
b
r
aproduct or the linear span.
The span of S may also be written as Sp
(
S)
.

s
u
bg
r
ou
pg
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
dbya
s
e
t

me
a
n
st
h
es
ma
l
l
e
s
t
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
po
f
G(
wh
e
r
eS G,
ag
r
o
u
p
)c
o
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
e
v
e
r
ye
l
e
me
n
t
of
S.
t
h
es
u
bg
r
ou
pg
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
db
y
i
ss
h
o
r
t
h
a
n
df
o
r
.
g
r
ou
pt
h
e
o
r
y

I
nS3,

i
sa
no
r
d
e
r
e
dp
a
i
r(
o
r2
t
u
p
l
e
)
.

t
u
pl
e
Anor
d
e
r
e
dl
i
s
t(
o
rs
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
,
o
rh
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
v
e
c
t
o
r
,
o
rr
o
wv
e
c
t
o
r
)o
f
v
a
l
u
e
s
.
t
u
pl
e
;nt
u
pl
e
;
or
d
e
r
e
dp
a
i
r
/
t
r
i
p
l
e
/
e
t
c
;
(
The notation (
a,
b)is often used as well.)
r
o
wv
e
c
t
or
;
s
e
qu
e
n
c
e

i
sa
no
r
d
e
r
e
dt
r
i
p
l
e(
o
r3
t
u
p
l
e
)
.
i
st
h
ee
mp
t
yt
u
p
l
e(
o
r0
t
u
p
l
e
)
.

e
v
e
r
y
wh
e
r
e

a
n
d

u|
v me
a
n
st
h
ei
n
n
e
rp
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
ua
n
dv,
wh
e
r
eu a
n
dv a
r
eme
mb
e
r
so
f
a
n
[
1
0
](
i
n
n
e
rp
r
od
u
c
t
s
pa
c
e
.
u|
v)me
a
n
st
h
es
a
me
.
i
n
n
e
rpr
o
du
c
t

Another variant of the notation is u,


v which is described above. For
spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x
y is common. For matrices,
l
i
n
e
a
ra
l
g
e
b
r
athe colon notation A :
B may be used. As and can be hard to type, the
more "keyboard friendly" forms <and >are sometimes seen. These are
avoided in mathematical texts.

i
n
n
e
rp
r
o
du
c
t
of

(
|
)
ke
tv
e
c
t
o
r

t
h
eke
t
;
t
h
ev
e
c
t
or

|
me
a
n
st
h
ev
e
c
t
o
rwi
t
hl
a
b
e
l
,
wh
i
c
hi
si
naHi
l
b
e
r
t
s
p
a
c
e
.

Aq
u
b
i
t
'
ss
t
a
t
ec
a
nb
er
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
da
s|
0 +|
1,
wh
e
r
e
2+|
2=1
|
|
.

Di
r
a
cn
ot
a
t
i
o
n
br
av
e
c
t
or

t
h
ebr
a;
t
h
ed
u
a
l
of

|
me
a
n
st
h
ed
u
a
l
o
f
t
h
ev
e
c
t
o
r|
,
al
i
n
e
a
rf
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
wh
i
c
hma
p
sak
e
t
|

o
n
t
ot
h
ei
n
n
e
rpr
o
du
c
t |
.
Di
r
a
cn
ot
a
t
i
o
n

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

13/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

s
u
mma
t
i
on
me
a
n
s

s
u
mo
v
e
r f
r
om t
o
of

a
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
pr
odu
c
t
p
r
od
u
c
tov
e
r f
r
om
t
o of

me
a
n
s

a
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
Ca
r
t
e
s
i
a
np
r
od
u
c
t

me
a
n
st
h
es
e
t
o
f
a
l
l
(
n
+1
)
t
u
p
l
e
s

t
h
eCa
r
t
e
s
i
a
npr
od
u
c
tof
;
t
h
ed
i
r
e
c
tp
r
odu
c
to
f
s
e
tt
h
e
o
r
y

(
y0,
,
yn )
.

c
o
pr
o
du
c
t

Ag
e
n
e
r
a
l
c
on
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
nwh
i
c
hs
u
b
s
u
me
st
h
ed
i
s
j
o
i
n
t
u
n
i
o
no
f
s
e
t
sa
n
do
f
c
o
pr
o
du
c
to
v
e
r f
r
o
m t
opo
l
og
i
c
a
l
s
p
a
c
e
s
,t
h
ef
r
e
ep
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
a
n
dt
h
ed
i
r
e
c
t
s
u
mo
f
mo
d
u
l
e
s
t
o of
a
n
dv
e
c
t
ors
p
a
c
e
s
.Th
ec
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
af
a
mi
l
yo
f
o
b
j
e
c
t
si
se
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
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h
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l
e
a
s
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pe
c
i
f
i
c
"o
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e
c
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i
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a
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e
c
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h
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a
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l
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d
mi
t
samo
r
p
h
i
s
m.
c
a
t
e
g
or
yt
h
e
o
r
ys
de
l
t
a

x me
a
n
sa(
n
on
i
n
f
i
n
i
t
e
s
i
ma
l
)c
h
a
n
g
ei
nx.
d
e
l
t
a
;
c
h
a
n
g
ei
n

i
st
h
eg
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
o
f
as
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
l
i
n
e

(
If the change becomes infinitesimal, and even dare used instead. Not to
above.)
c
a
l
c
u
l
u
sbe confused with the symmetric difference, written ,

La
pl
a
c
i
a
n

f
i
sat
wi
c
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
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e
a
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a
l
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e
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n
c
t
i
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nn
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c
l
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pa
c
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e
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a
l
c
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l
u
s

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p
l
a
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r
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t
or
Di
r
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l
t
af
u
n
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Di
r
a
cde
l
t
ao
f

(
x
)

h
y
pe
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Kr
on
e
c
k
e
rde
l
t
a

i
j

Kr
o
n
e
c
ke
rde
l
t
ao
f
h
y
pe
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

Fu
n
c
t
i
on
a
l
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e
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a
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e
Fu
n
c
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s

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r
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;
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f/

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14/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

de
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15/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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See also
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

16/17

3/6/14

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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e
l
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l
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:
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g
eUn
i
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t
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e
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.^ Ni
e
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s
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s
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0)
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w Yo
r
k
:
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r
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d
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.^ M.Be
n
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t
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,A.La
z
r
i
k,a
ndK.Sa
mi
,"
Ar
a
b
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Con
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,20
05.

External links
Th
ec
ompl
e
t
es
e
t
of
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
sUn
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c
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p
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p
)
J
e
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j
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols

17/17

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