WATMAN Magazine May 2016

Masthead
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Water Today May 2016
C O N T E N T S
C-Tech Process for Treatment &

Recycle of Sewage for a Thermal
Power Plant in Nagpur:
A Case Study..............26
The article discusess Cyclic Activated Sludge Process for
Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for a
Thermal Power Plant. Read on...
By Satya Narayana Y. V. V.
Sustainability of Water
Resources: Role of Natural &
Ecological Engineering in Climate
Regulation, Water Demand &
Purification............54
The article discusses the role of natural & ecological
engineering in climate regulation, water demand &
purification. Read on...
By Dr. J.S. Pandey
SIBF System: A Proven &

Sustainable Wastewater
Treatment & Reuse
Method................34
SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment

based on ecological engineering
for the specific requirement. Read on
By Navin Singh & Rahul Babar
Use of Bacteriophages & Biofilms

Based Technologies for Waste
Water Treatment .... 40
A Comprehensive Analysis on
Sewage Treatment Facilities
in NCR & Introduction of an
Innovative Low Cost Sewage
Technology for Rural & Urban
Areas ....58
The article discusses the importance of a pollution free

environment with a special focus on existing situation &
Issues related with non treatment of waste water and sewage
water in NCR.
By Aniruddh Gupta
The article discusses the use of bacteriophages & biofilms

based technologies for Waste Water Treatment. Read on...
By Dr. Zarine P. Bhathena
Lime Storage Silos Disasters

Waiting to Happen?..........66
Measuring Organic Compounds
in Wastewater Which Method
Should I Choose? A Case Study
from a European Sustainable
Sugar Manufacturer................46
This article compares three techniques which measure the

organic content in wastewater (BOD, COD & TOC), and which
is the most suitable analysis depending on the processing
needs. Optimizing the method can lead to quick ROI in many
instances. Read on...
10
By Alyson Lanciki & Peter Gulden
Material in and around a Pressure Relief Valve on the top of a

silo is a tell-tale sign that theres something wrong and a
catastrophic blow-out is waiting to happen. The latest silo
protection technology provides much more than a safety
system to prevent over-filling and over-pressurisation.
By Maurice Mahoney
Sustainable Treatment & Reuse of

Wastewater..................70
The goal of ecological engineering is to attain High

environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good
quality/high efficiency production, and Full utilization of wastes.
By S. M. Kumar
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Sustainable Developments in
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Methods ... 76
The article discusses sustainable developments in
wastewater treatment and reuse methods.
By Daniel L. Theobald
City of Auburn, Alabama,

Converts WWTP from
Chlorine Gas to Flexible
& Modern UV Disinfection
System .......90
CIDCO Facilitates Design of

New Stormwater Systems
With CivilStorm....80
By Aidan Mercer
By Wayne Lem
Effective Waste Water

Management to achieve New
MoEF Norms for Coal Fired
Thermal Power Plants .... 92
Flow Measurement Solutions

in Sewer Networks and
Waste Water Channels .... 84
By Ram Warriar
By Dhanesh Sharma
Masthead ....................................8
Editorial Calendar.....................98
Water Wire.................................14
Subscription Form.....................99
Launch Pad................................18
Classifieds...............................100
Event Zone.................................20
Ad. Index..................................103
Product Zone.............................24
Editors Note.............................104
12
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Water wastage to invite Rs 2,000 fine in

Chandigarh
White Paper on Urban Wastewater PPPs

Released
In view of the rising temperature and shortage of water, the

municipal corporation (MC) is set to launch a drive to check
on the wastage of potable water supplied to the city residents
during the morning hours (5.30 am to 9am). To be launched
from April 15, the drive will continue till June 30. The MC has
formed 16 teams, comprising three members each, to challan
people misusing potable water with a fine of Rs 2,000. Last
year, nearly 248 challans were issued, mostly from the southern
sectors and only two challans from the northern sectors.
Secretary of Ministry of Water Resources, Ganga Rejuvenation

and River Development, Shashi Shekhar, released a white paper on
Urban Wastewater PPPs, prepared by the FICCI Water Mission and
2030 Water Resources Group. Developed as a joint collaboration
between the FICCI Water Mission and the 2030 Water Resources
Group (2030 WRG), the Paper advocates for governments, both
at the national and state levels, to focus on improvement in the
quality of sewerage services in the country through Public-Private
(Community) Partnerships (PP(C)P), over and above private sector
participation as a means to bridge the investment gap.
BK Dhawan, executive engineer, MC, said notices will be issued

to residents for wastage or misuse of water such as overflow
from overhead or underground water tanks, leakages in pipeline
from ferrule to water meters and leakage or overflow from
desert coolers. People have been given time to repair the defects.
If not solved in time, they will be fined, he said, adding the
fine would be recovered through regular water bills, and even
booster pumps and hosepipes used by the defaulters would be
confiscated. The water connection of repeated offenders will
be disconnected without any notice. There were more than one
lakh houses in the city and every household, on an average, had
two cars. According to the official records, wastage of water
due to leakage is 20 million gallons per day causing loss of
around Rs 10 crore to the MC and can be used to meet the
demands of around 48,000 houses in the city.
Making Pit Water Potable

The Central Institute of Fuel and Mining Research (CIMFR)
centre has come up with a technology through which water
can be made potable and supplied to the nearby villages of the
mining area. The project proposal has got a go ahead from the
Prime Ministers office (PMO) on Wednesday, said director of
CIMFR, P K Singh at the institution. Singh also apprised about
the arrival of Science and Technology minister, Harsh Vardhan
on April 7.
While explaining about the project, Singh said that the system
has been successfully installed at Baliahar in Putki and handed
over to Bharat Coking Coal Limited. He said that 25 such
projects would be completed at different places within a
time span of 2 years so that drinking water crisis is solved to
some extent. The mining water, also known as pit water, is
in abundance near the mining sites but not safe for drinking.
However, after treatment the same water can be made potable.
A sizeable population of the state dwells along the mining area
be it coal, iron ore or other minerals. Installation of the system
will be a boon for them, said Singh.
14
Water Today I May 2016
The outcome of extensive stakeholder consultations with industry

participants, water and wastewater utilities, government agencies
and financiers, the Paper recommends a three level payment security
mechanism which involves ring fencing of sewerage revenues at the
local government/state utility level, followed by funding support
from the state government through a separate State Sanitation Fund,
and backstopped by a guarantee facility from the Government of
India. It also suggests that the country needs to move to a regime
where sewerage charges at least cover O&M expenses.
Centre Seeks Report

Depletion In UP
On
Groundwater
Continuing depletion in groundwater levels in Uttar Pradesh

is assuming alarming proportions with food grain output
likely to suffer in key hubs of Baghpat, Hathras, Jalaun
and Jaunpur areas. Taking note of reports of decline in
groundwater levels in various parts of UP, the union agriculture
ministry has now sought reports from the state government.
There are reports about steep decline in water level in
Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Varanasi, Meerut, Hathras, Mathura,
Saharanpur, Banda, Jaunpur, Jalaun and Hamirpur. This
signals that urgent steps need to be taken against unhindered
exploitation of water resources and drying up of wetlands
and ponds. The centre is waiting for a report from the state
government on the issue, the official added. The situation is
turning worrisome as there is increase in water depletion by
about 20-30% in some areas, adding that in some pockets the
decline is even higher.
Even at the national level, the water situation looks worrisome,
as according to the Central Water Commission as many as 91
major reservoirs nationwide have recorded the lowest in a
decade water levels. Fear of drought or drought-like situations
prevail in many parts of the country including Maharashtra,
Bundelkhand region of UP and MP, parts of Odisha, Karnataka
and AP.
Scientists Warn of Water Crisis in Ghana

Scientists at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
have warned of imminent water shortage in the near future
as a result of changing weather patterns. According to them,
the volume of water across the West Africa sub-region has
dropped by 30%, attributing the challenge to climate change
patterns and human factors such as farming and illegal mining
along river bodies, among others. Dr Joseph Addo Ampofo,
Director of CSIR-Water Research Institute says we are facing
challenges with our water bodies principally because there is
climate change. According to him, Ghana is experiencing
dry periods than before, adding that Ghanas originally 70%
water cover has seen 30% reduction over the last 30 years. He
cautioned that most of the countrys water bodies may dry up in
the coming years.
Dr. Barnabas Amisigo, also with CSIR, called for attitudinal change
so as to safe Ghanas water bodies from drying. He also urged
stakeholders to embark on educational campaigns often to sanitize
people of the dangers of polluting water bodies. Nearly half of
Africans went without enough clean water for home use during the
past year, according to new findings from Afrobarometer.
EPA funds water reuse studies

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has committed
US$ 3.3 million to funding for research into water reuse and
conservation. The funding will go to five research institutions
to research human and ecological health impacts associated with
water reuse and conservation practices.
To help promote sustainable water reuse, this research will
evaluate how reclaimed water applications such as drinking
water reuse, replenishing groundwater, and irrigation can affect
public and ecological health. The money will go to: Water
Environment Research Foundation to identify contaminant
hotspots, assess the impact of those hotspots on human and
ecological health, and quantify the impact of water reuse
and management solutions: University of Illinois to develop
a new framework to understand how adaptive ultra violet and
solar-based disinfection systems reduce the persistence of
viral pathogens in wastewater for sustainable reuse; Utah State
University, to assess the impacts and benefits of stormwater
harvesting using Managed Aquifer Recharge to develop
new water supplies in arid western urban ecosystems. University
of Nevada to quantify microbial risk and compare the
sustainability of indirect and direct potable water reuse systems
in the US; and University of California to measure levels of
contaminants of emerging concern in common vegetables
and other food crops irrigated with treated wastewater, and to
evaluate human dietary exposure.
16
Water Today l May 2016
Scientists Recommend Immediate Plan to

Battle West Coast Ocean Acidification
A new report published revealed that global carbon (CO2)
emissions are triggering permanent and alarming changes to
ocean chemistry along the North American West Coast. As per the
20-member West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science
Panel, action is needed to combat this problem, and a failure to
respond to this fundamental change in seawater chemistry, known
as ocean acidification, will have devastating consequences for the
West Coast in the decades to come.
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions from human
activities are not just responsible for global climate change; these
emissions also are being absorbed by the worlds oceans, Dr.
Alexandria Boehm, co-chair of the Panel and a Professor of Civil
and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, said in a
media release. In fact, ~50% of all human CO2 emissions have
been absorbed by the oceans since the industrial revolution. Due
to the way the Pacific Ocean circulates, the North American West
Coast is exposed to excessive volumes of seawater with elevated
acidity levels. Already, West Coast marine shelled organisms are
having trouble forming their protective outer shells, and the West
Coast shellfish industry is seeing high mortality rates during the
early life stages when shell formation is vital.
Application
Licences
Process
Opens
For
Retail
Companies and individuals who are interested in providing retail

water services to businesses in England under the new competition
regime can now apply for a licence to do so. Retail services cover
activities such as billing, reading water meters and customer
services and advice. At present, businesses based wholly in England
and who use more than five mega litres of water per year which
means a water bill of about 9,000 per annum can choose their
water retailer. However, from April 2017 the market will open to
the remaining estimated 1.2 million businesses, charities and public
sector organisations enabling them to either stay with their
existing supplier, or shop around to find a new one who could
deliver more benefits and a better service. Once open, the new
market will be the largest retail water market in the world, delivering
an estimated 200 million of overall benefits to customers and the
UK economy.
Those interested in providing retail services will need to hold
a Water Supply Licence or a Water and Sewage Supply Licence.
In the new market, it will also be possible for individual eligible
customers, such as large supermarket and hotel chains or hospitals,
to become their own retailer and self-supply with retail services.
This would allow them to supply their own sites and those of
persons associated with them, but would not allow them to become
a retailer for any other sites.
CPC Unveils Genderless AseptiQuik G

Genderless AseptiQuik G Connectors enable quick and easy sterile connections, even in non-sterile
environments. The easy-to-use genderless design simplifies system integration and minimizes the risk of
operator error. The connectors cater to the demands of higher pressure applications including pre-use
or poststerilization filter integrity testing. These newly introduced connectors are rated to 60 psi for 30
days and 75 psi for 48 hours. The connectors robust construction provides enhanced user confidence
and reliable performance without the need for clamps, fixtures or tube welders.
CPC (Colder Products Company)
Ref Code: A282
Zero B Kitchen Mate with Revolutionary ESS Technology

Ion Exchange (India) Limited, Indias largest water management company under its flagship brand
ZERO B introduces Kitchen Mate, a phenomenal breakthrough world over in the RO based home
water purification with ESS (Electrolytic System Sanitizer) technology first of its kind that protect
storage tank water from slime formation 24 x 7. This 7 stage RO water purifier helps to remove heavy
metals, chemical impurities, micro-organisms and other contaminants from the water and gives crystal
clear pure drinking water. Kitchen mate is a perfect choice for designer kitchens as it fits under the sink
thereby saving valuable kitchen space. Zero B Kitchen Mate is safe as voltage cuts off if the current and
voltage increase from the specified limit.
Ion Exchange (India) Limited
Ref Code: A283
W600 Series Controller

Walchems NEW W600 controller has powerful programming that gives you complete control of chemical
metering pumps and valves in a broad range of water treatment applications. The W600 series provides
reliable, flexible and powerful control for your water treatment program. Key Features are: Large touchscreen
display with icon based programming makes setup easy; Universal sensor input provides extraordinary
flexibility; the same controller can be used with almost any type of sensor needed; Optional dual analog (420 mA) input for Fluorometers or nearly any other process value; Multiple language support allows simple
setup no matter where your business takes you; Six control outputs allow the controller to be used in more
applications; Economical wall-mount package for easy installation; On-screen graphing of sensor values
and control output status.
Walchem, Iwaki America Inc.
Ref Code: A284
Bandscreen Monster
JWC introduces the Bandscreen Monster, a member of the Monster Separation System line of high
performance screens. This system offers incredibly high capture rates and is able to remove a wider
variety of solids, particularly small solids and trash, better than traditional screens. It is frequently
specified to protect high-tech MBR so they can run more efficiently and with less maintenance. The
rotating panel are positioned parallel to the flow and as wastewater enters the screen it flows left or
right through the perforated screening panels. Panels available with 5/64, 1/8 or (2, 3 or 6mm)
openings.
JWC Environmental
Ref Code: A285

18
Singapore International Water Week 2016
The Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) is the global platform to share and co-create innovative water solutions. The
biennial event gathers stakeholders from the global water industry to share best practices, showcase the latest technologies and
tap business opportunities. SIWW is part of the strategic programme of the Singapore Government to grow the water industry
and develop water technologies. Held in between the main SIWW editions, the SIWW Spotlight series are exclusive by-invitation
events to continue the dialogue from SIWW and foster ongoing exchanges on pressing challenges faced by the water industry
worldwide. This meeting of minds focuses on critical issues and discussions in greater depth, where the outcomes will shape the
programme and content for SIWW. These events are organised by Singapore International Water Week Pte Ltd, a company set up
by Singapores Ministry of the Environment & Water Resources and PUB, Singapores national water agency.
For more information, log on to http://www.siww.com.sg/
International Congress on Water, Waste and Energy Management
The 3rd International Congress on Water, Waste and Energy Management (EWWM) is organized by academics and researchers
belonging to different scientific areas of the C 3i/Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (Portugal) and the University of Extremadura
(Spain) with the technical support of ScienceKnow Conferences. The event has the objective of creating an international forum
for academics, researchers and scientists from worldwide to discuss worldwide results and proposals regarding to the soundest
issues related Water, Waste and Energy. This event will include the participation of renowned keynote speakers, oral presentations,
posters sessions and technical conferences related to the topics dealt with in the Scientific Program as well as an attractive social
and cultural program.
For more information, log on to http://www.waterwaste.skconferences.com/

20
Indowater 2016
The world of water and wastewater management will converge in Surabaya for the 12th INDOWATER 2016, the biggest Expo
& Forum for the fast growing water and wastewater industry in Indonesia. This show will bring together over 6,000 industry
professionals and experts also over 250 exhibitors from 20+ countries. It is proven platform for industry professionals to get updated
on the latest trends and developments and to build valuable partnerships. It is also where water supply & sewerage companies,
consultants, contractors, industrial wastewater treatment professionals and decision makers look for cost-effective solutions and
technology. INDOWATER 2016 provides the stage for the gathering of top professionals in the water and wastewater industry.
Government officials, regulators, water and sewerage companies, manufacturers, industrial users, consultants and industry experts
make their business plan by attending this important event.
For more information, log on to http://www.indowater.merebo.com/English/english.html
2016 ISA Water/Wastewater and Automatic Controls Symposium
Presented by the ISA Water and Wastewater Industries Division, in collaboration with the Florida AWWA Section, the WEF
Automation and Info Tech Committee, the Florida Water Environment Association, and the Instrumentation Testing Association,
the WWAC Symposium helps professionals in the water and wastewater industries understand how instrumentation, SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition), and automatic control applications are vital to the treatment and distribution of
water; the collection and treatment of wastewater; and the management of stormwater. The symposium also provides an excellent
opportunity to gain valuable technical information, networking, professional development, and continuing education credits
(CEUs and PDHs).
For more information, log on to http://isawwsymposium.com

22
ETS-UV For Drinking Water
FORMULA X Wet Well Mounted Pump Station
ETS has developed a range of drinking water UV systems that

comply with the requirements of the US EPA Design Guidance
Manual and have been independently validated to demonstrate
performance under a variety of operating conditions. The
systems are modeled using CFD and FEA emulation tools, which
are continuously and iteratively improved following bioassay,
routinely undertaken with a variety of surrogate organisms such
as B. Subtilis, T1, and MS2 phage.
The FORMULA X Wet Well Mounted Pump Station

embodies the Smith & Loveless design philosophy of pump
station excellence. The combination of proven Smith &
Loveless Pumps and advanced factory-built station technology
demonstrates why the FORMULA X sets industry standards.
Additionally, the pump stations life-cycle-costs are proven
to be second to none. The moment you slide open the split
station enclosure, the quality is evident in its pumps, controls,
construction and durability. And Smith & Loveless backs up
this new station with the longer, enhanced FORMULA X
Warranty.
Neptune Benson
Smith & Loveless, Inc
Ref. Code: BO 467
Ref. Code: BO 469
Sewage & Sludge Pumps for Waste Water
UV Systems For Corrosive Media
BARRC range of Submersible Sewage and Sludge Pumps are

designed to perform impeccably in the adverse conditions. It
is designed to work phenomenally by giving high hydraulic
efficiency, maximum blockage resistance and free passage
of solids. Every angle has been considered whilst creating
the product range to suit various applications. The cooling
of the motor plays a major role in the performance and long
term operation of the pump. The optimum functionality and
uninterrupted operation of the pump depends on an innovative
Impeller design. Double Channel Impeller or Open Cutter
Impeller or Vortex Impeller, they are designed to perform
effectively without any blockage and thus offering superior
hydraulic efficiency.
Xylem offers long disinfection experience and a broad portfolio of

UV solutions specially for corrosive media like saltwater. Backed
by a huge, global reference base in various applications including
aquaculture, aquariums and thermal springs, and systems with
validated disinfection performance, Xylem is the right partner
for your water treatment needs. The WEDECO BX UV system
made of Duplex stainless steel allows for safe and energy-efficient
disinfection of high flows of saltwater or other corrosive media.
Vishnu Pumps
Ref. Code: BO 468
24
WEDE CO UVa Xylem brand

Ref. Code: BO 470
C-Tech Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage for

a Thermal Power Plant in Nagpur: A Case Study
The article discusess Cyclic Activated Sludge Process for Treatment & Recycle of Sewage
for a Thermal Power Plant. Read on...
By Satya Narayana Y. V. V.
ater is the lifeline of all living beings. All human

settlements on earth are developed near the source
of water. Even though two third of earth is covered
with water, only a small fraction of total water is actually usable
by mankind. As the population and industrialization is increasing,
demand for water is also increasing. This is exerting more stress on
the existing water resources. With changes in climatic conditions,
and steadily declining rainfall in many areas, the problem is
further aggravated. Many major cities in India are under severe
scarcity of water. The stress on water resources results from an
imbalance between the consumption of water and the available
water resources. The time has come to understand the root cause
of the problem and address the impending threat of a water crisis
which jeopardizes the existence of millions of people around the
world. A catastrophic water shortage could prove the biggest
threat to mankind in coming years. If we value our own future on
this planet, we should sit up and take notice of the many ways we
can conserve water and live in a way that does not pose a danger
to the delicate natural climatic processes of the earth.
When we look at the water scenario in India, it has 16% of world
population and only 4% of its fresh water resources. In 1955, per
capita availability of water was 5300 m3/capita/year which came
down to 2200 m3/capita/year in 1996. It is expected that by 2020
India will become water stressed with water availability of 1600
m3/capita/year.
In addition to water supply to domestic consumption, industries
also consume a major portion of water supplies. While industrial
growth is equally important for the development, using of
alternative sources of water, particularly sewage water, leads to
sustainable development of the region. Sewage water is one of
26
the cheapest options available for industries to meet their water

needs. Also, sewage is a perennial source. With the availability of
modern sewage treatment technologies, it is very easy to treat the
sewage to required quality. As many of the industries are located
near cities or towns, reuse of sewage can be explored seriously.
Sewage Treatment & Its Reuse:

Sewage contains more than 99% of water and less than 1%
of unwanted material or pollutants. If we can treat the sewage
effectively to remove these pollutants, we can recover water which
can be reusable in industries. Sewage reuse and recycle is not new.
Many industries are already practicing it all over the world including
India. Case studies such as reuse of sewage by Chennai Petroleum
Corporation Limited, Madras Fertilizers Limited, RCF Mumbai,
etc. are well documented in India. Treatment technologies are
available to treat sewage to any degree of purity. New Water in
Singapore is treating sewage to drinking water standards before
discharging into their water reservoirs. As many technologies are
available for treatment of sewage for reuse, following points need
to be kept in mind while selecting the technology:
Highest organic and suspended solids removal in biological
treatment for economical sizing of tertiary treatment
Nutrient (Nitrogen & Phosphorous) removal to avoid
growth of algae and other aquatic plant growth. This is also
required for minimizing fouling of membrane/ resin based
tertiary treatment plants.
Degree of tertiary treatment if needed to meet the reuse
objective in power plants
Lowest area requirement to fit in minimum area

Lower power consumption
Lower overall operation and maintenance cost
Modular design for easy expansion
Case Study: Treatment Of Sewage By C-Tech

Process For Recycle In Koradi Thermal Power
Station, Nagpur:
implementing sewage recycle plant. Besides performance, C-Tech

consumes less power, occupies less area, requires less manpower
and operates automatically. Sludge digesters are also provided to
generate biogas which can be used to generate power. Gravity
sand filtration is used to filter the treated sewage before pumping
into power plant.
Characteristics of raw sewage as received at the C-Tech process
based sewage treatment & recycle plant are given in Table 1.
Koradi Thermal Power Station, a state owned power generation

company of Maharashtra, has taken initiative to set example for
recycle of treated sewage in power plants.
S.No.
1
Design Flow
One of the power power plants of Mahagenco, Koradi Thermal

Power Station (KTPS), is a coal based power plant with installed
capacity of 1100 MW and is located near Nagpur. When
Mahagenco wanted to expand the power plant capacity by 1980
MW to meet energy needs of the state, they could not find the
water source to meet their needs. Pench dam, which is the main
water source for city of Nagpur, could not provide the required
water to Mahagencos new power plant. The region is already
suffering with frequent draught conditions and could not spare
water from any other conventional source. As a solution to water
problems, Mahagenco has explored the use of sewage generated
from Nagpur city as its alternative source of water to meet its
expansion plans. Accordingly, Mahagenco made an agreement
with Nagpur Municipal Corporation to treat 130 MLD sewage
and use the treated sewage in their power plant. It is one of
the best examples of sustainable water recycle model in India.
Sewage treatment reduced the pollution in the city of Nagpur
and the treated water solved the water problems of Mahagencos
new power plant. Besides, it saved valuable drinking water for
use in the city of Nagpur. Additionally, city of Nagpur is getting
revenue from Mahagenco to the tune of Rs. 15 Cr per year for
providing land and raw sewage.
pH
Modern and proven treatment technology in the form of Cyclic

Activated Sludge (C-Tech) process is used to treat the sewage to
remove all pollutants such as BOD, COD, TSS, Nutrients, etc.
Many C-Tech plants are already in operation in India treating
sewage to high quality treated water with values up to BOD <
5mg/L, TSS < 10 m/L, Ammonia < 1 mg/L & Phosphates < 1
mg/L. This further reinforced the confidence of Mahagenco in
Parameter
UNIT
VALUE
MLD
130
--
6.8 - 7.8
BOD
mg/L
250
COD
mg/L
500
Total Suspended Solids
mg/L
300
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
mg/L
45
Total Phosphorous
mg/L
Table 1: Raw Sewage Characteristics for C-Tech based Sewage

Treatment & Recycle plant
Treatment Scheme:
Based on the raw sewage characteristics and the treated water
quality requirement, a most cost effective treatment scheme is
developed as shown in Figure 1.
As shown in the treatment scheme, the raw sewage is first treated
with screens for removal of floating material like plastic and big
size objects and thereby avoiding choking of pumps and pipe
lines. A grit removal system is provided after screens to remove
heavy silt material such as sand. If not removed, this silt material
may clog pipes, channels and may fill up useful process volume
of biological treatment tanks. Also, heavy grit will cause excessive
wear and tear of equipment and reduce their useful life.
A primary clarifier is provided to remove settle able suspended solids
to reduce organic and suspended solid load on biological process.
The solids separated are sent to anaerobic digester along with excess
biological sludge generated from biological treatment process.
Water Today l May 2016 27
Figure 1: 130 MLD Capacity C-Tech based Sewage Treatment and Recycle plant
Figure 2: Overview of 130 MLD C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Reuse plant
After primary clarifier, sewage flows into biological treatment

process. The success of the whole plant depends on this
process. Treatment is done for the removal of organic matter
which is measured in terms of BOD/COD. Treatment is also
done for removal of nutrients in the form of Nitrogen and
Phosphorous. Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology (C-Tech) is
adopted for this process. A detailed description of the process
is given below.
C-Tech is a Cyclic Activated Sludge process. It provides highest
treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process.
The C-Tech System is operated in a batch reactor mode. This
eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous process. A
batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment
without short-circuiting. The complete process takes place in a
single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take
place sequentially. Eight such tanks are provided to ensure
continuous treatment of sewage.
28
Figure 3: C-Tech cycle
No additional Settling Unit, Secondary Clarifier is required in this

process. The complete biological treatment is divided into Cycles
with each Cycle is of 3 hrs duration, during which all treatment
steps take place. A basic Cycle comprises of the following phases
which take place independently in sequence to constitute a Cycle
and then gets repeated:
Fill / Aeration (F/A)
Settling (S)
Decanting (D)
Fill / Aeration (F/A):

This refers to the process loading time in the cycle. Loading
occurs outside of the designated settle and decant sequences
during which time influent is received into the basin through an
admixture (selector) reactor. Biomass from the main aeration
zone is admixed with influent load in the biological selector
reactor. Complete-mix reaction conditions prevail in the main
reaction zone during this variable volume operational sequence,
being typical of a fed-batch reactor operation. Aeration can be
regulated to maximize co-current nitrification-denitrification
that takes place and to insure the aerobic uptake of phosphorus
previously released during anaerobic operation. Ferric Chloride
is added in the aeration phase to further reduce phosphorous to
Settling (S):
The air is turned off and influent to the reactor basin is stopped.
During the first five minutes of this sequence, the residual mixing
energy within the reaction basin is consumed. At this time gentle
bio-flocculation initially takes place, a solids-liquid interface
forms under partial hindered settling conditions. Rising sludge
does not occur.
Decanting (D):
This sequence is an extension of the settle sequence and is also
totally quiescent whereby a moving weir lowering decanter is used
to take the operating liquid level in the basin to its designated
bottom water level reference position. In this way supernatant
is withdrawn from a subsurface position under laminar flow
conditions. This allows optimum removal over the decant
depth without entrainment of settled solids or floating debris.
Upon completion of the supernatant liquid removal sequence,
the moving weir decanter returns to its rest position located
out of liquid. Completion of the decant sequence terminates
the designated use of the basin as a stratified, interrupted inflow
reactor. Typically, fill sequencing begins while the decanter is
travelling to its upper rest position.
After above treatment, C-Tech is designed to produce treated
sewage quality of BOD < 5 mg/L, TSS < 10 mg/L, Total
Nitrogen < 10 mg/L and Total Phosphorous < 0.5 mg/L.A rapid
gravity sand filter is provided after C-Tech for removal of suspended
solids from 10 mg/L to 5 mg/L. Filtered water is disinfected with
chlorine and pumped to Power plant for various uses.
S.No.
Figure 4: Quick Settling Sludge In C-Tech Plant
required level of less than 0.5 mg/l. The process typically employs
a nominally constant rate of recycle from the main reaction zone
that is pumped to a zone at the inlet end of the admixture reactor.
30
Parameter
UNIT
VALUE
pH
--
7.6
BOD
--
4.2
COD
mg/L
16
TSS
mg/L
2.6
Turbidity
mg/L
1.2
Total Nitrogen as N
mg/L
6.42
Total Phosphorous
mg/L
0.5
Residual Chlorine
mg/L
0.4
Table 2: Treated Sewage Characteristics for C-Tech based

Sewage Treatment & Reuse plant
Anaerobic digester is provided to stabilize sludge from primary

clarifier and generate biogas.
Performance of Plant in Operation:

Biological treatment process is the main treatment process that
is key to the success of the project for Koradi Thermal Power
Plant, Nagpur. The plant is commissioned and generating very
good quality water meeting the requirement of the power plant.
Table 2 shows the actual treated water quality generated from
the C-Tech based Sewage Treatment & Reuse plant. Figure 4
shows the actual photographs of the treated water quality after
Chlorine Contact Tank (and before Sand Filtration) from the
plant. Figure 5 shows the quality of treated water after filtration
in comparison to drinking water supplied by Nagpur Municipal
Corporation.
Additional Benefit of Gas Generation:
Figure 4: Treated water from Chlorine Contact Tank
As shown in the treatment scheme, the plant is designed for

produce biogas from primary and secondary sludge generated
from the C-Tech based Sewage Treatment Plant. Considering
the raw sewage characteristics, it is estimated that around 8,400
m3 of biogas will be generated per day. The methane content
of the biogas is expected to be around 60%. Assuming electrical
efficiency of 40% for the biogas engines, the power generation
potential of the plant with biogas available is around 875 MW.
This is equal to the 75% of the power requirement of STP
without pumping stations.
Benefits of C-Tech Based Sewage Treatment & Recycle

Plant by Koradi Thermal Power Plant in Nagpur:
Benefits To Koradi Thermal Power Plant:
Availability of 130 MLD of treated water for power plant in
draught prone region of Vidarbha
Independent and reliable water supply source for expansion
of power generation plant
Generation of 875 kW of power from biogas
Figure 5: Comparison of treated sewage water

and NMC Drinking Water
32
Potential to generate organic sludge of 21,000 kg/day for use

as manure or fuel with calorific value around 3000 Kcal/kg
when dried to 15% moisture content
Benefits To Nagpur Municipal Corporation

(NMC):
Revenue of Rs. 15 Cr per annum
Relief from burden of setting up and operating 130 MLD
STP which is a cost center to NMC
Availability of 130 MLD of raw water for city supply which
otherwise would have been supplied to Mahagenco.
Benefits To Citizens Of Nagpur City:

Availability of more water for household use
Reduced water pollution as the sewage is not discharged into
river or lake.
Better civic facilities with the additional income generated to
NMC
Koradi Thermal Power Plants C-Tech based Sewage Treatment
& Recycle plant generates benefits to all stake holders. The plant
stands as an example which can be followed by many power plants
to get reliable alternative water source and help nearby cities in
combating problems of water pollution and water scarcity.
Conclusions
It is possible to treat the sewage by C-Tech process to a quality
required for recycle in power plants or in any other industries.
Where ever domestic sewage is available, power plants or other
industries should make efforts to use it as source of water for
their plants. The Koradi Thermal Power Plants model should be
adopted to generate benefits to all stake holders.
About The Author
Pioneer Spirit in Valve Automation

Tel. No.+91 22 2834 9134, 2834 9971/73, 28822 1505
Fax. +91 22 2821 6917/3298.
avcon@avconcontrols.com
Website: www.avconcontrols.com
Creative Concepts
Satya Narayana Y. V. V. is working with SFC

Environmental Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and is
responsible for technology implementation, design &
engineering of wastewater treatment plants with C-Tech. He
has done B. Tech. (Civil Engineering), M. Tech. (Environmental
Engineering), Senior Management Program at IIM Ahmedabad
and Course in Advanced Waste Water Treatment conducted by
Crainfield University, UK. With over 25 years experience, he
started his career with NEERI, Nagpur and later joined Reva
Enviro Systems Pvt. Ltd. where he was responsible for execution
of consultancy and turnkey jobs in the areas of water/ sewage/
wastewater treatment and biogas generation plants. He can be
reached at satya@ctechsbr.com.
Butterfly Valves Ad9/2016
SIBF System: A Proven & Sustainable Wastewater

Treatment & Reuse Method
SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment based on ecological engineering. Here, an ecosystem
is developed for the specific requirement of wastewater treatment. Read on...
By Navin Singh & Rahul Babar
ater is one of the basic necessities of life. Without

water, life cannot sustain on this earth. 97.3 % of the
total water available on this earth is salt water which
is stored in the oceans. Remaining 2.7% is fresh water. Of this,
75% is stored in polar ice and glaciers, @ 23% as groundwater
and @ 2% in the form of soil moisture and atmospheric vapour.
Only 0.3% fresh water (i.e., 127,000 BCM) is stored in the lakes
and rivers. These lakes and rivers along with groundwater are the
main sources of water.
In India, the per capita water availability is decreasing every year
and shall reach water stress condition by 2025. The main reasons
for this are high population growth, industrialisation and rapid
urbanisation. The news about scarcity of water being faced in
different parts of India is now a regular feature in our newspapers.
This is mainly due to mismanagement and over-exploitation of
water. The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources
Development (NCIWRD) had estimated the total withdrawal/
utilization for 2010 for all types of uses. The irrigation sector
accounted for nearly 78% followed by domestic use 6%, industries
5%, power development 3%, and other activities claimed about
8% including evaporation losses, environment and navigational
requirements.
As of now irrigation sector consumes about 80% of the total water
use whichmay reduce to about 70% by 2050 due to competing
demands from other sectors. Domestic water requirement is
estimated to nearly double in the next 40 years (56 BCM in 2010
to 102 BCM in 2050 (MOWR, RD & GR 2000). Though the
industrial water demand (including energy demand) at present
constitutes only about 8% of the total water demand, its share
of water use is rising rapidly and by the year 2050 is expected to
34
increase to about 13% of the total projected water use at that

time. Effective measures have to be taken and legislations need
to be brought out and enforced for treatment of domestic waste
and industrial effluent discharge and its reuse. This will help
in achieving higher water use efficiency in these sectors. The
National Water Policy (2012) has also recommended reuse and
recycle of wastewater to alleviate the problem of water scarcity.
The Challenge
The domestic wastewater generation sources are residential
areas, industries and institutions. Nearly 70% sewage which is
being presently let out untreated into the water bodies needs to
be treated. For municipal sewage, the most commonly adopted
treatment technology in Class I cities is the Activated sludge
process (ASP) covering 59.5% of total installed capacity. The
conventional methods in use based on Activated Sludge Process
such as extended aeration, ASP, SAFF, MBBR, FAB, etc., are
generally energy intensive and require skilled manpower. These
systems have high capital costs and are expensive to operate.
These STPs (especially de-centralised and small capacity ones) are
usually run by unskilled people without any technical back-up.
Thereby, the day-to-day variation in performance is not evaluated
at most of the STPs. This results in poor performance of these
systems leading to their failure. Hence, there is a need to identify
energy efficient wastewater treatment systems which require less
skill and which shall work in Indian conditions.
Presently, in general, the sewage in towns and cities is transported
to one end of the city and then treated. Thus, there is heavy
expenditure incurred for conveyance of sewage involving huge
pipelines and more pumping stations. There is a need to set up
STPs in decentralized manner to reduce the conveyance costs

and also reuse the treated water in the same areas from where
the sewage is collected. All big institutions, housing schemes,
townships and industries need to be convinced the importance
of having a proper sewage treatment plant.
The effluent generated in the industries needs to be treated as
per pollution control board norms. Nowadays industries are
encouraged to achieve zero discharge. Due to the high O&M
costs, high technical skill requirement and fluctuations in daily
wastewater generation, it is difficult for the industries to run the
ETP based on conventional ASP process.
SIBF System:
SIBF system is a natural method of wastewater treatment based
on ecological engineering. The treatment is achieved through the
ecosystem developed for the specific requirement. This system
has many advantages over the conventional treatment systems.
Salient features of the SIBF system:
Eco-friendly treatment system: Eliminates drawbacks of
conventional STP
Landscaping: The total STP looks like a beautiful garden,
thus adds to landscaping.
The Solution
Capital cost: Less than conventional treatment systems
There is a need for proper selection of technologies to tackle

such enormous problem of sewage and industrial effluent
treatment on a national level. There are many technologies
like MBBR, SBR, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
(UASB), rotating biological contactors (RBC). But, considering
the energy crisis, wherever possible, it will be beneficial to
adopt natural treatment systems such as SIBF system, waste
stabilization ponds, decentralized wastewater treatment system
(DEWATS), soil biotechnology (SBT), Phytorid, etc., for
treatment. The Solid Immobilised Bio-Filter (SIBF) system is
however, a proven, effective and natural wastewater treatment
system which can be implemented in a de-centralised way.
Ideally, it would be most appropriate if the wastewater
treatment is done at source itself.
Tax benefit: 100% depreciation benefit

Energy conserving: Saves 80-90% of energy costs over
conventional treatment methods
Easy to operate: Requires very low operating skill
Very low operating cost: Attributed to low energy and low
skill requirement
Provides value addition: Re-usable treated water at very
low operational cost, hence, a practicable approach towards
groundwater recharge by using the treated water for
gardening / irrigation throughout the year
Typical Hydraulic flow diagram for SIBF Systems

Legend: CT Collection tank
DMF / PSF & ACF Pressure filters
BF1 - Biofilter 1
SS Side sump
T - Treated water tank
BF2 - Biofilter 2
P - Pumps
AT Alum tank
Canna plants (flowering plants)
Note: 90% of the total STP / ETP area looks like a beautiful garden due to flowering Canna plants!
The Process:
The wastewater is treated through a three-stage process (refer
typical hydraulic flow diagram).
The system is giving consistent performance since the last 8 years.

Also, about 140 m3/day of treated water is available for gardening
/ irrigation throughout the year. Due to this, vast garden area is
being maintained and also vegetables are grown for their in-house
Primary treatment: Depending on the type of wastewater,

this treatment involves screening, oil / fat removal,
equalization, etc. After this, the wastewater is collected in
the collection tank.
Secondary treatment: From the collection tank, the
wastewater is pumped to biofilter 1. This wastewater is
spread evenly on the entire biofilter area by piping &
distribution network. The wastewater flows vertically
downwards through the ecosystem layer of aerobic bacteria
plants in the biofilter. The impurities in the wastewater are
trapped and stabilized in this layer. The water from biofilter
1 is collected and pumped into biofilter 2 for second stage
biofiltration.
Biofilters at ZPCL, Khopoli
Tertiary treatment: The treated water after biofilter 2 is

given tertiary treatment for polishing. This water is passed
through alum tank followed by pressure sand filter and
activated carbon filter. Finally, the treated water is disinfected
and reused for gardening / toilet flushing / construction, etc.
Case Studies
We have presented below two case studies of SIBF system
installations: one is an ETP for slaughter-house and other is a
STP for an educational institution.
Case Study I - SIBF system at a Slaughter-house

(150,000 litres per day)
The processing plant at Zorabian Chicks Pvt. Ltd., Khopoli
has a capacity of 8000-10,000 birds per day. The wastewater
generated during the processing has high pollution strength
and has to be treated as per the pollution control board norms.
The SIBF system has been installed to treat 150 m3/day of
wastewater in the year 2007. The treatment system requires
very low operation cost and skill. The biofilters look like a
garden and add to the landscaping.The treated water
conforms to the standards set by the pollution control board.
There is about 80% saving in electricity and O&M costs
compared to the conventional system.
36
Raw slaughter-house wastewater
Final treated water from Slaughter-house ETP being reused for gardening
consumption. An extension of the ETP (additional 1,00,000 litres

per day) has been planned.
Case Study II SIBF at an Educational campus,

Pune (50,000 litres per day)
SIBF system has been set up in the year 2015 at Maharshi Karve
Stree Shikshan Samsthas School of Fashion Technology at
Pune. The campus is spread over 14 acres of land and has the
college, administrative and hostel buildings. The total wastewater
generation from the campus is estimated to be 50 m3/day. The
treated water is being used for toilet flushing and gardening. As
about 45,000 litres of treated water is available daily for reuse, the
procurement of water through tankers has reduced. This system
has been set up on an area of 225m2. Only one gardener level
operator is operating the system. The treatment is completed
within one shift. The daily power consumption is 22 units and the
O&M cost is about Rs. 5/- per m3.
SIBF system at School of Fashion Technology, Pune
38
Final Treated water from STP at SOFT, Pune
Conclusion
For waste management, all the major sectors of water use need to
follow the primary rule of three Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Sewage and industrial effluents, if let out untreated into the water
bodies, causes pollution and health hazard for human and animal
life. Also, we lose the chance of reutilization (after treatment) of
this precious resource by such disposal. Hence, if this wastewater
is treated, it serves the dual benefit of pollution abatement as well
as recovery of valuable resource i.e., water. The treated water can
be reused for various non-potable purposes, thereby, saving on
drinking quality water requirements. If we can reuse the treated
water, then the water use efficiency shall also increase in direct
proportion. Therefore, the discharge of effluents and sewage
into water bodies should be discouraged and recycling should be
promoted by the government.
We have seen in the case studies presented above that the
slaughter-house wastewater and domestic sewage are being
treated and reused in their respective premises. Thus, it will be
more economical in setting up decentralized treatment plants so
that the wastewater is treated at source itself, thereby, avoiding the
cost of conveyance. Concerted efforts are required to make such
installations possible at various levels (bungalows, townships,
factories, institutions, villages, etc.). This will have a wider impact
on sustainable development due to:
o pollution control
o prevention of contamination of drinking water sources
o availability of treated water for non-potable reuse, thus

conserving drinking quality water
o maintaining healthy ground water table
o economizing the cost on conveyance of wastewater
SIBF system is a proven and eco-friendly method of wastewater
treatment. The annual O&M cost is very low and also skilled
labour is not a requirement for the operation of the SIBF system.
The system gives consistent quality of treated water for reuse,
which conforms to the pollution control board norms. Thus,
SIBF system can be an effective tool towards achieving sustainable
development and fulfilling our dream of Swachh Bharat. There
has to be a big awareness about water conservation so that our
country does not face water scarcity in future.
About The Authors
Navin Singh, Director - Projects & Planning, Energy

Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Pune, has done Masters in
Environmental Engineering from VJTI, Mumbai
University. Energy Tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. offers consultancy
in the field of pollution control for the past 18 years. The
company has been instrumental in setting up the natural &
sustainable wastewater treatment system - SIBF system. He is
can be reached at nrgtech@gmail.com.
Rahul Babar, Director - Operations, Energy Tech Solutions

Pvt. Ltd., Pune, has done Masters in Environmental
Engineering from VJTI, Mumbai University.
Empower Your Business
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Use of Bacteriophages & Biofilms Based Technologies

for Waste Water Treatment
The article discusses the use of bacteriophages & biofilms based technologies
for Waste Water Treatment. Read on...
By Dr. Zarine P. Bhathena
euse of treated wastewater has been long proposed and

used as a viable option for addressing water shortage.
However, recent outbreaks of waterborne diseases
have raised public concerns regarding the safety of such water
supply, due to the incomplete removal of associated chemical and
microbial contaminants.
The efficacy of conventional wastewater treatment processes
in removing pathogenic microorganisms normally is due to a
combination of treatments. In spite of that, biological treatment
is routinely preferred over other treatment processes like chemical
oxidation; thermal oxidation etc. in any integrated wastewater
treatment plant due to the obvious economic advantage, both in
terms of capital investment and operating costs. But the persistence
of human pathogens in waters has thus led researchers revisit the
uses of aerobic activated sludge process and explore different
approaches for pathogen reduction to meet more stringent
discharge specification put up by various pollution control bodies.
Though, water treatment systems are routinely engineered
based on the amount and type of pollutant within wastewaters;
systems that use biofilms employing the use of bacteria, fungi,
algae, and protozoa to remove organic and inorganic materials
from the surrounding liquid have found prominent advantage.
But the complexity of biofilm activity and behaviour requires
research contributions from disciplines, such as biochemistry,
engineering, mathematics and microbiology to devise methods
under which biofilms can improve their efficiency of reducing
the organic load from their surroundings.
Bacteriophages have been ubiquitously found in aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems and their presence within various sewage
40
samples has led to interest in its use for wider environmental

applications. The potential of phages to control bacterial
infections in cultured fish, in plants and to control cyanobacterial
blooms have been studied. There are reports of a phage enzyme
capable of lysing the biological warfare bacterium, Bacillus
anthracis. Commercial production of a phage to kill E. coli
O157:H7 in manure and to remove pathogens from carcasses
and food preparation areas is already underway.
Bacteriophage-mediated bacterial reduction thus can have
potential to influence treatment performance by controlling
the abundance of key microbiological groups. Bacteriophage
treatments also have the potential to control environmental
wastewater process problems such as: foaming in activated
sludge plants; sludge de-waterability and digestibility; survival
of pathogenic bacteria; and to reduce competition between
nuisance bacteria and functionally important microbial
populations.
Biological Processes
Biological wastewater treatment is mainly carried out by
prokaryotes, though fungi, protozoa, algae and rotifers may also
be represented. The microorganisms remove carbon and nutrient
from sewage by employing various metabolic and respiratory
processes thereby reducing its BOD and COD. In most cases
organic matter is biochemically oxidized by heterotrophic bacteria
under aerobic conditions resulting in production of carbon
dioxide, water, ammonia and new biomass while biological
nitrogen removal is achieved by a combination of nitrification,
and denitrification, through the presence of nitrifying bacteria
like Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus and Nitrospina and Ammonia
oxidizing bacteria (AOB), like Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira and

Nitrosococcus spps. The denitrification process reduces the nitrates
to nitrogen gas, thus removing nitrogen from the water phase.
In this process, members of the genera Pseudomonas,
Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Paracoccus, Methylobacterium, Bacillus and
Hyphomicrobium spps have been found to play an important role
in wastewater treatment plants when culture dependant isolation
methods are used.
Biological phosphorus removal is achieved by intracellular
accumulation of polyphosphates in combination with cell uptake
for growth. The most efficient phosphate removal bacteria are
called polyphosphate accumulating organisms (POAs) in which
accumulated phosphates can reach 10% of their cell dry weight.
Such bacteria with enhanced aerobic phosphorus uptake ability
and indentified through molecular techniques were found to
belong to the genera of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter iwoffi
and Aeromonas hydrophila.
Biofilm In Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment in which biofilm systems are operational
show several advantages like Operational flexibility, low space
requirements, reduced hydraulic retention time, resilience to
changes in the environment, increased biomass residence time,
high active biomass concentration, enhanced ability to degrade
recalcitrant compounds as well as a slower microbial growth rate
resulting in lower sludge production as compared to suspended
growth systems Such systems also permit enhanced control of
reaction rates and population dynamics.
Various reactor configurations like trickling filters, high rate
plastic media filters, rotating biological contactors, fluidized bed
biofilm reactors, airlift reactors, granular filters and membrane
immobilized cell reactors have been used based on the state of
the support material applied within wastewater treatment plant.
Fixed bed systems include all systems where the biofilm is formed
on static media such as rocks, plastic profiles, sponges, granular
carriers or membranes with the liquid flowing through the static
media supplying the microorganisms with nutrients and oxygen.
In contrast, moving bed systems comprise all biofilm processes
with continuously moving media, maintained by high air or water
velocity or mechanical stirring. Such reactors use material with a
large specific surface area as within it, high biological activity can
be maintained using a relatively small reactor volume. Keeping
in mind to take due care in controlling its thickness by applying
shear force, altering the stirring intensity, flow velocity or by

backwashing.
Within such biofilms based reactors, organisms undertake
biological degradation, bio-sorption, bio-accumulation and biomineralisation. Efficient bio-sorption of heavy metals and organic
solvents by biofilm matrix components have been reported.
Reactors using natural microbial flora or specific strains with the
ability to remove specific metabolites like chlorophenols, pyrene
and phenanthrene , n-alkanes , carbon tetrachloride and mixed
effluent from pharmaceutical industry have been described in
literature.
Stephenson and Stephenson used bioaugmentation to improve
treatment by increasing diversity and/or activity through direct
introduction of either selected naturally occurring or genetically
altered microorganisms to the system. To achieve successful
bio-augmentation the survival, activity and retention of the
inoculated microorganisms have to be guaranteed in the new
environment. Thus, biofilm-mediated bio-augmentation which
offers the selected microorganisms protection against toxic
compounds, protozoa grazing and washouts within the sheltered
biofilm matrix, is the technique which can find potential use in
wastewater treatment.
Biofilm Activity
Within such reactors the biofilm activity, or the reaction rate, is
directly affected by substrate transport limitations. Transport of
substrate into biofilms is normally the result of diffusion into
the denser aggregates and potentially convective transport within
pores and water channels. In many biofilm systems, diffusion has
been shown to dominate mass transport. If the biofilm is under
diffusion control, the reaction rate is additionally dependent on
the specific diffusion constant (m2 s-1) and the bulk substrate
concentration (kgS m-3). In such diffusion controlled biofilms,
substrate and metabolite gradients normally arise within the film
such that cells in the interior of the biofilm may not be able to
contribute to the biochemical substrate conversion.
The diffusion constant is specific for each substrate, depending on
size, hydrophobicity and electrical charges, but it also dependant
on biofilm properties such as density, porosity, cell surface charges
and hydrophobicity of the matrix components. A higher reaction
rate is usually obtained in thin but dense biofilms due to high
amounts of active cells in relation to EPS.
The complex web of interactions within biofilm consortia is the

key to understand biological community structure, composition
and function. Inter- and intra species interactions influence
all the aspects of biofilms; the formation, structure, EPS and
polysaccharide production and composition as well as the biofilm
activity. Biofilms are heterogeneous systems hosting different
microenvironments with bacterial cells immobilised in relatively
fixed positions. In such an environment microbial interactions are
unavoidable. Compared to suspended systems where the behaviour
of planktonic bacteria in mixed cultures often can be predicted
based on the performance of each respective single strain, biofilm
systems are much more complex. Studies have shown that two
strains can coexist in biofilms even though one strain consistently
out-competed the other in planktonic culture due to production of
inhibiting compounds or superior growth rate.
Interactions which are beneficial to a population like reciprocal
protection from environmental stress, enhanced degradation of
organic compounds or increased biofilm formation are routinely
observed within biofilms matrix. Other mechanisms known
to offer increased protection in biofilms due to interactions
are horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and
enzyme complementation.
Enhanced degradation of organic compounds is often the result
of cooperative metabolism or by the establishment of oxygen
gradients allowing both anaerobic and aerobic species to coexist.
Increased biofilm formation can be the result of enhanced
coaggregation.
A phenomenon which cannot be overlooked when discussing
interactions in biofilms is cell-cell signalling. The signals often
referred to as autoinducers allow organisms to behave in a coordinated manner including regulation of biofilm formation,
development and bacteriocin production. Interspecies signalling
is mediated by the same molecules as in intraspecies signalling.
Moreover some strains which do not synthesise autoinducer
molecules themselves can respond to foreign molecules and
adapt their behaviour accordingly. Thus the knowledge of mixed
species biofilms and their interactions and the underlying diverse
mechanisms needs to be understood.
introduction of an original and eco friendly approach to tackle

the problems such as foaming in activated sludge plants, sludge
de-waterability and digestibility, reduction of pathogenic bacteria,
and reduction in competition between nuisance bacteria and
functionally important microbial populations. Bacteriophagemediated bacterial reduction has the potential to influence
treatment performance by controlling the abundance of key
microbiological groups.
A large number of phages have been isolated from water and
wastewater and their properties studied. Bacteriophages due to
their specificity, may control only one specific target pathogen.
This means that bacteriophage treatments target a specific host
and would not inactivate normal biota. Alternatively they may
be polyvalent bacteriophages with broad host ranges. That is,
either E. coli or Salmonella or multiple serovars would be targeted
by few bacteriophages in the cocktail as opposed to a cocktail
with a single bacteriophage for each pathogenic variant. Such
bacteriophages have found application in controlling pathogens
in food and water. Detrimental effects of phages have also
been observed. Barr et al reported deterioration of treatment
plants where an unexpected decline in the phosphorus removal
performance of a granular laboratory-scale wastewater treatment
reactor was observed.
Though there have been reports on the potential for using
bacteriophage to reduce pathogen contamination of waters and
numerous review articles have been published highlighting the
benefits and disadvantages of applying bacteriophages in health,
food and agricultural industries limitations of obtaining effective
bacteriophage mixtures that will prevent the selection of resistant
bacteria yet retain a species-wide host range has limited this
technology
Use of Bacteriophages In Treatment Plants
An additional use of bacteriophage treatment within activated

sludge plants is reduction of foaming caused by the excessive
growth of unwanted mycolic acid containing filamentous bacteria,
due to development of bacteria of the order Corynebacteriales,
commonly termed as mycolata. This leads to environmental,
operational and health related issues. A number of potential
phages active against various mycolata have been isolated and
characterized against Nocardia, Gordonia, Skermania among others
In addition to biofilms based biological treatments method

used in wastewater, use of phages if explored may result in the
Although there are still many problems to address, research has

shown potential that naturally occurring bacteriophages can be
42
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isolated from the environment and applied to water/partiallytreated sewage to effectively reduce pathogenic organisms.
Successful application of bacteriophage therapy to wastewater
treatment does though require a fuller understanding of
wastewater microbial community dynamics and interactions.
Strategies to counter host specificity and host cell resistance must
also be developed, as should safety considerations regarding
pathogen emergence through transduction.
The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of Ms.
Sanjana Kuruwa in compilation of this article.
Selected References:
Choi J, Kotay SM, Goel R. 2011. Bacteriophage-based
biocontrol of biological sludge bulking in wastewater. Bioeng
Bugs.2(4):214-7.
Jassim SA, Limoges RG, El-Cheikh H. 2016. Bacteriophage
biocontrol in wastewater treatment. World J Microbiol
Biotechnol.;32(4):70.
Motlagh AM, Bhattacharjee AS, Goel R.2016.Biofilm
on
th
11
ti
di
WATER TODAYS
WATER EXPO 2017
2 2 ebruary 2017
Chennai Trade Center
Nandambakkam Chennai
44
control with natural and genetically-modified phages. World

J Microbiol Biotechnol.32(4):67.
Withey S, Cartmell E, Avery LM, Stephenson T. 2005.
Bacteriophages--potential for application in wastewater
treatment processes. Sci Total Environ. 339(1-3):1-18.
About The Author
Dr Zarine P. Bhathena is Associate Professor of

Microbiology in the Department of Microbiology,
at the University of Mumbai, India, and one of the
Principal Investigator and Scientist of Bhavans Research Center,
Mumbai. A graduated in Microbiology, She gained a doctorate
in Microbial Physiology on Vibrio paraheamolyticus isolated
from shrimps caught off the coast of Mumbai. After a short
postdoctoral period with Himalaya Drugs, she joined as an the
academic staff at Bhavans college where she has remained to
the current time; teaching undergraduate and post graduate
students. She has guided 10 students for their M.Sc and Ph.D
research dissertations besides 3 JRF scholars. She has published
extensively in the field of natural colorant and in the areas of
Microbial Levan, FOS, Biosurfactants, Biofilms, Myxobacterial
metabolites and Anti quorum sensing molecules of microbial
origin. She can be reached at zpbhathena@brcmicrobiology.in.
Measuring Organic Compounds in Wastewater

Which Method Should I Choose? A Case Study from a
European Sustainable Sugar Manufacturer
This article compares three techniques which measure the organic content in wastewater (BOD, COD & TOC),
and which is the most suitable analysis depending on the processing needs. Optimizing the method can lead
to quick ROI in many instances. Read on...
By Alyson Lanciki & Peter Gulden
uiker Unie is a company headquartered in the Netherlands

which produces sugar, syrups, and other products
originating from sugar beets. It is the European market
leader with its sustainable beet cultivation and processing
methods, having won numerous awards. During each campaign
of approximately 130 days, Suiker Unie processes on 2 sites in
total six million tons of sugar beets, creating one million tons of
sugar, and cleans 5,000,000 m3 of water before releasing it back
into the environment. In 2009, a biogas installation was added to
the Dinteloord site to recover organic compounds in wastewater,
convert them into methane, and return the upgraded biogas to
the Dutch energy grid. Sugar production regulations will be lifted
in 2017 and plans are to increase output by about 10%.
Introduction
Sugar is an important foodstuff, consumed by everyone on the
planet. According to Peter Gulden, the Production Leader at
Suiker Unie for Biomass Fermentation, the average Dutch citizen
consumes around 40 kg of sugar per year, and this number is
even higher in other countries. The production of sugar and other
agricultural products requires extremely large volumes of water.
From farming and irrigation practices to washing the resulting
produce, extracting compounds, evaporating and distilling, and
even using the heat and energy from steam as utility, water is
ubiquitous in all processes. The water needed in the sugar factory
is mainly extracted from the beet during evaporation, and it is
condensed and reused for washing.
Producing sugar from beets requires thorough washing of
the vegetable slices, where a percentage of sugar is lost to the
46
rinse water. Suiker Unie Dinteloord prepares 27,000 tons of

beets each day, equaling 40 tons of sugar lost in the rinse water.
Before the water can be discharged to the environment, it must
be analyzed and efficiently treated. Suiker Unie processes and
cleans almost 2,500,000 m3 of water at the Dinteloord site each
year, and utilizes an effluent treatment program combining
both aerobic and anaerobic water treatment processes,
releasing less than 3% of the total organic load upstream
in the process. While aerobic treatments (holding ponds)
are reserved for less contaminated water from their steam
circuit, the biomass digester (Figure 1) and methane reactors
reactors (anaerobic, Figure 2) are fed with influent containing
a higher load of sugars. These reactors generate significant
revenue for the company as the gas is cleaned and sold back
to the power grid.
An overload of organic matter in the digester causes significant
problems and downtime: bacterial death from pH changes,
reactor shutdown, cleanup, and recommissioning procedures,
which can be extremely costly. Until 2015, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) analysis was performed daily on site by the
laboratory at Suiker Unie in order to measure the organic load
of the influent and control the flowrate to the reactors. This
measurement was based on 24 hour composite samplingsmall
amounts of influent collected every 15 minutes over the period
of a day, combined in a 10 L tank for COD analysis. The company
is allowed by law to discharge up to 125 mg/L COD back into
the environment, therefore it is imperative that the wastewater
treatment procedures are working efficiently. The maximum
degradation which can occur (per reactor) is calculated around
peak organic loads, or requires multiple analyzers at increased

cost. The measurement of TOC occurs in minutes, giving
improved time resolution for dynamic processes and does not
involve the use of toxic chemicals as with COD analyses. TOC
measurements can be used for real-time control in a process and
also to continuously monitor effluent discharge to adhere to
environmental regulations.
Figure 1. The biomass digester installed in 2009 by Suiker Unie
Dinteloord to create biogas from their wastewater.
30 tons of COD per day, or 1400 kg per hour, equating to 3800

mg/L COD at high flowrates (800 m3/hour). During peak organic
loads, the enriched influent can be diluted with less polluted
water from the holding ponds to overcome overloading
the methane reactors. However, the time-consuming COD
measurement taken at such a low frequency does not ensure a
constant organic load to the reactors. Peak loads are averaged
in the daily COD results if they occur hours after the previous
measurement was taken.
Other methods are available to measure the organic content
in water, among them is Total Organic Carbon (TOC) a continuous,
online, sum-parameter analysis. In late 2014 a Metrohm Process
Analytics 7010 TOC Analyzer was installed at the Suiker Unie
Dinteloord site at the inlet to the methane reactors to provide
quick feedback about the stream (Figure 3). Over a three month
testing period, a correlation factor was calculated and confirmed
between the COD and TOC measurements. Suiker Unie now uses
the 7010 TOC Analyzer to protect their investment: monitoring
the organic concentration in their wastewater continuously in
real-time (Figure 4).
Methods for Wastewater Monitoring

Wastewater originating from sugar production is especially
problematic as it is filled with soluble, nutritional organic material
which can lead to a severe depletion of dissolved oxygen levels
due to microbial metabolism. In order to protect aquatic life, the
organic content must be measured and treatments performed on
very polluted effluents before this water can be reintroduced to
the environment. There are many ways to measure the organic
load, and therefore oxygen demand, in wastewater: Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The duration of both BOD
and COD analyses is quite long, which leads to missed/averaged
Issues with Organics in Biogas (Green Gas)

Production
Other than being a major sugar producer, Suiker Unie is
the biggest green gas producer in the Netherlands. In 2015,
22,000,000 m3 green gas was created between their two main
production sites and sold back to the Dutch power grid. During
a campaign, Suiker Unie can generate 1.5 million euros worth of
gas, thus it is very lucrative and in the best interest to keep the
reactors running at maximum efficiency. Over the first six years of
service for their biogas reactors, the organic content of the wash
effluent was monitored by COD analysis in the laboratory. This
analysis took place once every 24 hours from a 10 L composite
sample (created by aliquots taken from the effluent stream every
15 minutes) to ensure the proper level of nutrients reached the
bacteria. However this measurement frequency missed some
significant overloading periods, which lowered the pH of the
reactor, killing the activated sludge. A shutdown of the reactors
and remediation procedures followed, costing more than
200,000.00 after which Peter Gulden, Biomass Fermentation
Production Leader, began looking for other methods to better
control this process.
Quantifying Organic Content: BOD, COD, and TOC

Measuring the organic levels in wastewater has different
implications for each industry, depending on the reasons for
performing the analysis. The three main analyses used are BOD,
COD, and TOC and they vary widely, which can be confusing
when determining which method is best for your process.
BOD: The BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen
consumed by microorganisms in 1 L of water within five
days (BOD5) in order to reduce the organic load. This
measurement is performed within a closed system to ensure
no external influences will affect the oxygen concentrations
inside of the bottle. If calculating the Ultimate BOD, this
measurement can take longer than five days. This analysis has
titrant ferrous(II) ammonium sulfate is added, and the Cr6+ in

solution from the K2Cr2O7 is reduced to Cr3+, oxidizing Fe2+
to Fe3+ the endpoint noted potentiometrically.
Figure 2. Methane reactors on site at the Dinteloord Suiker Unie facility.
very specific pH, nutrient, and chemical requirements, and is

completely unsuitable for process control. Results are based
on the activity of microorganisms and can be biased if there
are any toxic substances also present in the wastewater.
COD: The COD is a measurement of the oxygen required
to oxidize all the organic matter present in a sample. This is
performed titrimetrically such as in the norms DIN 38409,
EPA 410.1, and ISO 60660. It differs from BOD in that it is
much faster (between two and four hours per analysis) and
requires a strong oxidizing agent for the task, rather than
microbial processes.

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used to fully oxidize all

organic matter under extremely acidic conditions to create
CO2, the final product. An excess of the dichromate must
be present in the sample, and after the oxidation process
is complete, this excess reagent needs to be quantified via
titration. After adding the oxidizing reaction solution and
silver sulfate (Ag2SO4) catalyst, the mixture is heated for at
least 2 hours before cooling and beginning the titration. The
In this method, especially toxic reagents are used. In samples

which contain large amounts of chloride, complexing
with mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) is recommended in order
to avoid interferences from the additional oxidation of Cland formation of Cl2 gas. The handling and disposal of the
reagents is important and highly regulated, since they are
extremely poisonous. In more and more countries, the use
of mercury is forbidden.
Although some industries still use COD as a measure of the

organic content of their process waters, many are moving
away to monitor and control their water treatment processes
with online TOC process analyzers.
TOC: The measurement of TOC has entered the market as a
faster and alternative method compared to BOD and COD.
TOC is a quick online method which oxidizes the entire
organic content of the sample, measured as a sum-parameter
(as CO2), meaning it gives no specific information about the
individual organic compounds. A liquid sample is taken and
the inorganic carbon is removed by acidification and purging
of the sample. The organic carbon components are oxidized
to CO2 which is then directed to a non-dispersive infrared
detector (NDIR), where the CO2 is detected at a specific
wavelength.
TOC Methods
Digestion of the organic components can be done in various
ways. One method is the catalyst-assisted high temperature
digestion, which burns all organic material in the sample between
650C and 1200C. Determinations are carried out batch-wise
since the combustion tube in the furnace has to be refilled with an
injection needle with each analysis. However, power consumption
Method Suitability
For BOD and COD analyses, the oxygen content needed to stabilize organic matter is the foundation of the
measurement. However, the reported values may differ based on the oxidation states of compounds within the
sample, whereas the carbon concentration (measured by TOC) remains constant. Therefore, it is clear that TOC is
the most suitable method to determine organic content, as the result is independent of different oxidation states in
the sample. The TOC value provides a quick, easy, and accurate way of assessing the amount of organic substances
in a sample stream without the need for toxic chemicals, unlike COD analysis.
48
Figure 3. The Metrohm Process Analytics online 7010 TOC Analyzer in a protective shelter analyzing the influent to the biomass
digester at Suiker Unie Dinteloord. This analyzer has replaced the old method of COD measurement at the facility and helps control
the amount of organics fed to the bacteria inside of the digester.
to keep the furnace running for constant TOC analysis may be

quite costly.
An effective and economical oxidation method is the wetchemical digestion with UV light using a strong oxidizing agent,
usually persulfate (S2O82-). The analysis takes place continuously,
and offers both high sensitivity and low maintenance for the
user. The UV-persulfate digestion is the basis for the Metrohm
Process Analytics online 7010 TOC Analyzer, and with no need
for external air utility, consumables cost less than 600.00 per
year. The system with its simple device configuration and low
maintenance requirements has been developed based on years of
experience with TOC analyzers for online operation.
the oxidation state of the compounds in relation to the amount

of carbon present. This ratio may differ for the same process
stream if different sampling locations are used, as well as for a
large variability in the organic species present.
Suiker Unies two methane reactors can treat up to 60 tons of
sugar daily to create approximately 22,000 m3 of green gas,
Determining the Correlation Factor

Correlating the results between COD and TOC can be performed
with long-term sampling and statistical analysis using the results
from both techniques, although this ratio must be established at
each sampling location. The COD-TOC correlation is based on
50
Figure 4. TOC vs. Biogas generation over the course of 24 hour period.
Pink: TOC concentration
Red: Biogas generation
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Figure 5. A 3-month correlation study between the COD results and equivalent TOC measurements at Suiker Unie Dinteloord.
and any downtime can have significant consequences not only

for the gas production, but also for the wastewater, which must
contain less than 125 mg/L COD before it can be returned to
the environment. For the correlation study, the 24 hour COD
measurement was compared to a composite 24 hour TOC
measurement (averaged value from multiple measurements on
samples taken every 15 minutes, exactly how the daily COD
sample is created) each day over a period of three months (Figure
5). A factor of 2.67 was determined between the COD and TOC
measurements, meaning that Suiker Unie can still calibrate with
the same standard sugar solution as before. Now they have no
need for toxic chemicals containing mercury and silver, and have
complete, real-time control over the organic load influent to the
methane reactors.
Conclusion
It is nearly impossible to identify and quantify the myriad
organic compounds present in wastewaters, which makes
the sum-parameter measurement of Total Organic Carbon
more than simply a shortcut to determining the total amount
of organic substances in a sample. TOC measurement is not
only convenient, but the only way of arriving at a conclusion
about organic contamination and carbon content in such
52
samples. There are no toxic chemicals nor issues with

different oxidizable species in the sample, making TOC a
straightforward measurement. Monitoring and controlling dynamic
processes is made easier with this fast, online measurement.
By spending around 25,000.00 for a continuous online
Metrohm Process Analytics 7010 TOC Analyzer and an
analyzer shelter, and 200.00 on operational costs over a
130-day campaign, Suiker Unie has protected its significant
investment in sustainability, saving 100,000.00 per reactor
on activated sludge plus the millions of euros generated by
selling green gas back to the Dutch power grid. For more
information, please visit www.metrohm.com.
Other Applications of Continuous Online TOC:

Effluent Consent Monitoring and Control
Monitoring Breakthrough in Boiler Water
Monitoring Surface Water Discharges
Monitoring and Control of Coagulation
Monitoring and Control of Recycled Water
Organic Contamination/Build Up in Processes
QUOTES (Peter Gulden):

Preliminary testing of the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:
The guys in the control room saw this [TOC] figure the whole
campaign, but I wanted to see if it was good enough to use it
because if its broken down every 2 weeks, theres a moment
where they dont look at it.
After testing the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:
Its a simple system, nothing can happen.
The calibration was only with a sugar solution.
After full integration of the 7010 TOC Process Analyzer:
For me it was very satisfying. One time we saw there was a
problem in the factory, there was 200 tons of sugar put in the
water circuit and immediately it came to the methane reactors,
and we saw that immediately, [with an] alarm
About The Authors
Alyson Lanciki has a Ph.D. in Analytical/Environmental

Chemistry from South Dakota State University, and
a B.S. in Environmental Chemistry from the State
University of New York College of Environmental Science
and Forestry. She has worked at Metrohm Applikon B.V. since
2013 as an Applications Specialist and is currently the Technical
Writer for Process Analytics.
Peter Gulden, Production Leader at Suiker Unie for

Biomass Fermentation. Peter graduated from higher
laboratory education and began working at the Suiker
Unie research laboratory in 1982. In 2008, Peter became head
of the production laboratory in Dinteloord, the Netherlands
and was also responsible for the water treatment and methane
reactors. Since February 2015, Peter is now the Production
Leader of the biomass digester and methane reactors.
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Sustainability of Water Resources:

Role of Natural & Ecological Engineering in Climate
Regulation, Water Demand & Purification
The article discusses the role of natural & ecological engineering in climate regulation, water demand &
purification. Read on...
By Dr. J.S. Pandey
ater resources are becoming a very serious threshold

for further development in many countries
(Pandey et al., 2013). With water use exceeding the
sustainable yield of aquifers, over-pumping is now commonplace
all over the world. Underground Water tables are now falling in
the southwestern USA, the US Great Plains, several states in
India, in much of northern China, across northern Africa, in
Southern Europe, and throughout the Middle East. Therefore,
there is a global realization now that sustainable river basin
management, which deals not only with technical, but also
ecological and socio-economic aspects, should be accorded the
highest priority, as it calls for a multi-disciplinary and integrated
approach (Pandey et al., 2006).
in the hydrological balance), but it also does phyto-remediation

by way of decontaminating the environment from the pollutants
present in air, water and soil (Pandey et al., 1997, 1998, 2002,
2004a,b).
The causes of and the solutions for water pollution are not to
be found by confining only to the aquatic ecosystems. The entire
drainage or catchment basin must be considered as the management
unit. Thus the ecosystem unit for practical management must then
include for every square meter or acre of water at least twenty
times an area of terrestrial watershed. This ratio of water surface
to watershed area may vary as it depends on rainfall, geological
structure of underlying rocks and topography etc.
Land-use management and rehabilitation strategies have a

significant impact on catchment water balance, water yield and
groundwater recharge. The key parameters regulating evapotranspiration are rainfall interception, net radiation, advection,
turbulent transport, leaf area and plant-available-water-capacity.
The relative importance of these factors depends on climate, soil,
and vegetation conditions. Results show that for a given forest
cover, there is a good relationship between long-term average
evapo-transpiration and rainfall. The impacts of vegetation on
water resources, environmental sustainability and economic
viability depend immensely on the spatial distribution of the
plants. The research on the hydrological role of vegetation has
already extended over several decades (Pandey et al., 2006).
Eco-hydrology
Eco-hydrology refers to that branch of science which studies
various hydrologic mechanisms underlying ecological patterns
and processes. Plant biodiversity has got a very major role to play
as it is not only an important regulator of the climate (Pandey et
al., 2007, 2010) around us (through its significant role in evapotranspiration, which is the largest component after precipitation
54
The linkage between soil, vegetation and atmosphere regulates

the climate. And, this linkage is substantially different from one
region to the other as it is highly influenced by the physiological
characteristics of vegetation, meteorology, air pollutants and
the pedology of the soil. Thus these spatio-temporal linkages
between the hydrologic and ecologic dynamics need to be studied
through appropriate ecological models.
Water Resources and Land-Use Management
Fresh water is consumed in different ways. For example, in Asia

and Africa during the 1980s, over 85% of fresh water was utilized
for agricultural purposes. At the same time, in Europe only 30% of

fresh water is used in agriculture, and its major part (55%) is spent
for industrial needs. About one-third (1000 km3) of global fresh
water consumption is by four countries : China, India, Pakistan and
Japan, which spend it mostly for agricultural needs as 74% of the
total irrigated land in Asia is situated within these four countries).
(https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=9706920765).
Climate and Evapo-transpiration

Catchment evapo-transpiration is a complex process that
is affected by rainfall interception, net radiation, advection,
turbulent transport, canopy resistance, leaf area and plantavailable-water. Under dry conditions the principal controls
on evapo-transpiration are plant-available water and canopy
resistance. Under wet conditions the dominant controls are
advection, net radiation, leaf area and turbulent transport. Under
intermediate conditions the relative importance of these factors
varies depending on climate, soil, and vegetation.
Rooting depth determines the soil volume from which plants are
able to draw water, and together with soil hydraulic properties,
it defines the plant-available water capacity. Trees generally have
much larger water capacity than herbaceous plants. During wet
seasons, plants extract most water from shallow layers where the
root density is the highest. As the soil progressively dries, more
water is extracted from deeper layers to keep stomata open. As
a result trees are able to maintain a relatively constant evapotranspiration rate over time, even when soil-moisture in the upper
part of the soil is limited. Under such conditions, shallow-rooted
plants tend to close their stomata and have a reduced evapotranspiration rate. In regions with dry climates, plant-available
water capacity is expected to be a main reason for differences
in annual evapo-transpiration between trees and shallow-rooted
plants. The depth and distribution of plant roots is affected by
a number of factors such as physical barriers, chemical barriers,
and nutrient distribution (Pandey et al., 2006).
In general, temperature and moisture are so closely interlinked
that they are usually conceded to be the most important
parameters representing climate. Their interaction, as in the case
of interaction of most of the factors, depends on the relative
as well as the absolute values of each factor. In fact, there are
two basic types of climate: (1) the continental climates are
characterized by extremes of temperature and moisture, and (2)
the marine climates ((Pandey et al., 1998) are characterized by less

extreme fluctuations because of the moderating effect of large
bodies of water.
Main Objectives and Methodology

The main objective is to investigate the synergies between
environmental pollution and climate change due to human and
natural perturbations over Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and
Himalayan regions and the impacts due to these synergies on
ecosystem and human health (Pandey et al., 2005). The IndoGangetic Plains (IGP) is the main bread-basket of the country
and provides various eco-system services to the country and,
thus, holds immense societal and economic importance.
The work started with region-specific data collection for interlinking biodiversity with phyto-remediation and eco-hydrological
balance. Subsequently, by way of developing and applying
appropriate models (Pandey et al., 2006), the region-specific
environmental water demand (EWD) for maintaining the climate
were determined. These results (Figure 1) were analyzed for their
role in Jammu and Kashmir region and in the entire Indo-Gangetic
plain. The models are undergoing suitable fine-tuning so as to
make them amenable for studying the synergies between climate
change and environmental pollution. In short, the methodology
involves the following steps:
Literature Review
Selection of appropriate ecosystems for detailed analysis and
data collection
Identification of important issues and problems of the
region
Identification of Sensitive Hot Spots for deeper analysis
Selection, Development, Calibration and Application of
Models
Development and application of appropriate functionalities
for region-specific and site specific issues
Impact on ecosystems and human health due to climate
change and pollution synergy
Quantification of process-inter-linkages
Conclusion
Since the resources like land and water are finite, they must be
utilized and managed judiciously. In the recent past the water
resources have got unduly stressed globally. One must restore
the degraded lands, cultivable wastelands and long fallows. This
is a very urgent problem warranting a dynamic land use policy to
ensure minimum and inescapable diversion of agricultural and
forest land to other uses, so as to ensure a healthy water balance.
This programme will, inter alia, lead to understanding of causes,
magnitudes and impacts of changing environment over IGP and
Himalayan regions which have great importance for the country
as the IGP is the main bread-basket of the country and Himalayan
region provides invaluable ecosystem services to the country.
56
Proper understanding will help in mitigation of adverse impacts

of changing environment (air, water, soil) in the region thus, inter
alia, ensuring food security and sustainable development.
Acknowledgement
The author is grateful to all those sources of information including
discussions, discourses, workshops and conferences, which have
helped in shaping this article by way of a systematic data analysis
and appropriate synthesis and conversion of the information into
useful models. The author calls it ADAM (Accretion of Data
and Modulation) and EVE (Environmentally Viable Engineering
Estimates) Approach. Moreover, the views expressed are those
of the authors mainly and his Institution may or may not share
the same views.
References
Pandey, J.S., Deb, S.C. and Khanna, P. 1997. Issues Related to
Greenhouse Effect, Productivity Modelling and Nutrient Cycling
: A Case Study of Indian Wetlands. Environmental Management
21(2) : 219-224.
Pandey, J.S. and Khanna, P. 1998. Sensitivity Analysis of a
Mangrove Ecosystem Model. Journal of Environmental Systems
26(1) : 57-72.
Pandey, J.S., Khan, S., Joseph, V. and Kumar, R. 2002. Aerosol
Scavenging : Model Application and Sensitivity Analysis in the
Indian Context. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 74
: 105-116.
Pandey, J.S., Joseph, V. , Shanker, R. and Singh, R.N. 2004a.
Modeling the Role of Phytoremediation in Mitigating
Groundwater Contamination in India. Journal of Environmental
Systems 30 (3) : 177-189.
Pandey, J.S., Joseph, V. and Kaul, S.N. 2004b. A Zonewise Ecological-Economic Analysis of Indian Wetlands.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 98 : 261-273.
Pandey, J.S., Kumar, R. and Devotta, S. 2005. Health Risks of
NO2, SPM and SO2 in Delhi (India). Atmospheric Environment
39 : 6868-6874.
Pandey Jai S. and Devotta, S. 2006. Assessment of Environmental
Water Demands (EWD) of Forests for Two Distinct Indian
Ecosystems. Environmental Management 37 (1) : 141-152.
Pandey, J.S., Wate, S.R. and Devotta, S. 2007. Development of
Emission Factors for GHGs and Associated Uncertainties.
PROCEEDINGS : 2nd International Workshop on Uncertainty
in Greenhouse Gas Inventories. International Institute for
Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria, 27-28

September, 2007.
Pandey, J.S. 2010. Development of Ecosystem-specific Direct
Emission Factors (DEF) for Estimating Carbon and Ecological
Footprints (CF&EF). In Climate Change, Global Warming and
NE India : Regional Perspectives (Eds. : Borthakur, S.K., Sharma,
R.K., Sharma, G.K. and Barbhuiya, A.H.), ERD Foundation,
Guwahati, pp. 59-65.
Pandey, J.S. 2013. Synergistic Impacts of Climate Change
and Environmental Pollution : Studies Required for Impact
Minimization and Environmental Management. Climate
Change Impacts on Water Resource Systems (Ed. Shete, D.T.),
Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, India, pp. 112-118.
About The Author
Dr. J.S. Pandey is presently working as Chief

Scientist and Professor, AcSIR. He is heading the
Climate Change Programme at CSIR-NEERI.
After completing his graduation, post graduation and Ph.D.
from IIT Kharagpur, he joined National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India as
Scientist in 1987. At NEERI, he has worked on ever new
and innovative concepts like Temporal Risk Gradients
(TRG), Environmental Water Demand (EWD),
Ecosystem Health Exposure Risk Assessment (HER) etc.
He has been the recipient of the prestigious NEERIs Best
Scientist Award (known an NEERI Foundation Day Award)
for two consecutive year and presently working on some
emerging areas like Ecological and Carbon Footprints. He
has published about 100 papers in International/National
Journals, Conferences and Seminars and has written about
seven chapters for National and International Books. He can
be reached at js_pandey@neeri.res.in.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Sewage Treatment

Facilities in NCR & Introduction of an Innovative Low
Cost Sewage Technology for Rural & Urban Areas
The article discusses the importance of a pollution free environment with a special focus on existing situation
& Issues related with non treatment of waste water and sewage water in NCR.
By Aniruddh Gupta
pollution free environment is very important for

human life sustainability but due to lack of information
about the precautions and activities to take care of our
environment, we are spoiling our surrounding environment and
the life is becoming difficult day by day.
A lot of initiatives have been taken by the Modi government in
India to make our country clean and sustainable but till we all will
not become part of this movement, our dreams of pollution free
environment shall not be fulfilled.
There are many loopholes in the system as well; those needs to
be corrected and willingness for the cleaner environment in the
mind of every citizen of country should be developed. Here we
will discuss some technical and environmental aspects about one
Sewage Treatment Plant installed in a newly developed society in
Greater Faridabad. This will help us to understand the importance
of technicality and functioning of a sewage treatment plant.
Sewerage is the core element of physical infrastructure that
determines the environmental status of any settlement and as
such requires minute planning, development and management.
Development of appropriate sewage carriage system with
efficient treatment is the key element, which acts as a prerequisite
for facilitating balanced and harmonized development.
As per the government rules, sewage should be treated before it is
discharged into the water courses or on land or used for irrigation.
The villages and towns where it is not possible to provide a proper
treatment system due to topography and lack of resources, low
cost sanitation measures may be adopted which can be replaced
58
by regular sewage system subsequently. Sewage should be treated

to bring the pollution level to permissible limits as stipulated
by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Pollution Control
Boards irrespective of the type of disposal of the sewage.
As far as possible, areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 75 cm,
separate systems for sewage and storm water are recommended.
Rural areas, where piped water supply system exists, should be
provided with sewerage system with treatment facilities. Low cost
sanitation measures such as sanitary latrines with septic tanks
and soak pit should be provided in the villages with hand-pumps
based water supply.
A review of Regional Plan-2001 was done in the year 1999, in which
it was observed that only 20% towns of NCR were covered with
partial sewerage system, while the rural areas did not have any access
to such facilities. Since the last decade, no major progress has been
made with regard to sewage treatment plants. The rivers (mainly
Yamuna) and various seasonal streams had been converted into
Nallahs, which carry untreated sullage polluting downstream areas.
Some newly developed urban areas namely Faridabad, Gurgaon
(in Haryana) and NOIDA (in U.P.) have installed sewage treatment
plants provided by development authorities but reportedly not fully
functional due to a variety of reasons.
As per the information available in Status Report of Sewage
Treatment Plants in Ganga Basin by Central Pollution control Board
(CPCP), The total wastewater generation from 222 towns in Ganga
basin is 8250 MLD, out of which 2538 MLD is directly discharged
into the Ganga River, 4491 MLD disposed into tributaries of river
Ganga and 1220 MLD is disposed on land or low lying areas.
Existing Situation and Issues

As per the recent studies reveal that at present barring Delhi,
where 80% population is covered under sewerage and 1,500 mld
of waste water is being treated, the sewerage cover ranges from
30 to 70% in U.P. and 60% to 80% in Haryana in the DMA (now
NCR) towns only. Among the NCR towns, treatment facilities are
available in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA.
No sewerage treatment facility is available in any of the priority
towns of U.P. Sub-region or Rajasthan Sub-region. Coverage of
sewerage system in various priority towns ranges from 40.0%
to 70.0% in Haryana, 3.0% to 5.0 % in Rajasthan and 0.0% to
30% in Uttar Pradesh. Not enough databases are available to
determine the position of sanitation in rural areas. However,
the overall picture is dismal. High incidence of water borne
diseases in NCR is indicative of the poor state of sanitation in
the region.
Also a report was published in Hindustan Times dated 18th July
2014 and as per the report, The comptroller auditor general
(CAG) of India has pointed out various irregularities and flawed
functioning of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Haryana.
The CAG report which was tabled in state assembly recently
pointed out that 70 of 154 towns of Haryana had partial
sewerage facilities, while remaining 84 had none. Stating that
only 598 million litres per day (MLD) (50 %) of 1188 MLD
sewage generated in the state was being treated, the CAG report
said that there was an expenditure of Rs. 323.96 crore on 158
incomplete urban sewerage schemes as of March 2013. Out of
these, 41 schemes were awaiting completion for the last three
to eight years.
Identification of Main Reasons

Lack of Operation & Maintenance & Management Effort
Poor maintenance of the sewerage system by the local bodies
and development authorities (in their respective areas of
maintenance) has resulted in blocking and overflowing of sewers,
open manholes and back-flows.
The inadvertent act of throwing street sweepings and garbage
by street sweepers into manholes/open drains results in blocking
of sewers and creates cess pools resulting in environmental
degradation, foul smell and disease. Re-densification of
population in the existing townships and lack of proportionate

improvement in sewerage systems have resulted in overflowing
of sewers and manholes due to insufficient carrying capacity of
sewers, thus, resulting in environmental degradation of the towns.
Age old system of cleaning of sewers is still followed instead of
use of modern machines like jetting cum suction machines, which
are quick and do not damage the skin of the sewers, which is one
of the main causes of subsidence of sewers.
Lack of Waste Minimization and Recycling/Reuse

The emphasis should be on waste minimization, which will help
in improving the environment as a whole. Recycled waste water
should be promoted for non-drinking purposes. Hotels, industrial
units and large installations should be asked to recycle their waste
water. Fiscal measures such as quantum based taxation for waste
water should be taken up which will not only reduce the cost
of treatment for the municipalities but will ultimately help in
improving the overall environment of the cities
Other Areas Lacking Adequate Focus

Besides, other aspects/areas, which need attention include:
Population living in marginal settlements and slum areas lack
coverage.
Small and medium towns and large villages, having population
above 5,000 persons, should be provided with the requisite
sewerage/sanitation facilities.
Phased augmentation/replacement of sewers in congested
areas of the cities.
Suitable legislation/amendments to check mixing of
industrial waste with domestic sewage and disposal of
untreated sewage into open drains.
Rural settlements need special focus where presently no
sanitation exists.
Improvement Road Map

In order to improve the overall situation in the National Capital
Region for the harmonized and balanced development, following
policies and strategies are proposed:
Preparation of Master Plan for Sewerage System and its
Treatment
Master/Development Plans of the towns and cities should

incorporate land allocations at appropriate locations for following
components of the sewerage schemes:
Adequate space for underground laying of sewers along
roads as per standard cross sections.
Depending upon quantity of sewage to be pumped, land
area for sewage pumping stations needs to be allocated. On
an average, area of 0.25 hectare should be reserved for each
pumping station.
0.2-1.0 hectare/mld land area should be reserved for sewage
treatment plant as per the technology adopted, keeping in
view the size of the town/area.
Norms and standards provided in the CPHEEO Manual for
sewerage and its treatment should be followed.
Each participating State with the help of the specialized agencies,
experts and NGOs should take up the preparation of detailed
Master Plans for laying/augmenting sewerage system and its
treatment for all the towns. The Master Plans should also have
a provision for recycling the treated effluent for irrigation,
gardening and cooling in industries/hotels. Common effluent
treatment plants in planned industrial estates should compulsorily
be set up.
or is not up to the desired level, augmentation schemes, should

be taken up.
Since treatment facilities in most of the townships are
insignificant, emphasis should also be given to provide the
same, as per the requirement.
Operation & Maintenance
The lack of proper maintenance of the sewerage system results
in blockage and overflowing of sewers, opens manholes and back
-flows. Throwing street sweepings and garbage into manholes/
open drains results in blocking of sewers and creates cess pools
resulting in environmental degradation and diseases.
The operation and maintenance of STPs has been neglected.
Often sewage is bypassed from STPs. At many places the
condition of mechanical and electrical equipment is poor and
pumps are old which consume more power. Renewals are not
done timely. Preventive maintenance is generally not done.
Rehabilitation/Augmentation of Sewerage System and

Treatment Facilities
Poor condition of existing sewerage system in townships/cities
should be rehabilitated and wherever, this facility is not available
Cost Recovery & Collection System

Cost recovery and collection efficiencies are poor. Revenue

generation through recovery of resources i.e. recycled water,
manure and waste to energy plans; should be added for
recovery of the expenditure in operation & maintenance.
Proper and adequate maintenance is not possible in case of
less cost recovery.
Modern Technology/Equipments
60
Operation and maintenance should be given priority by

the local bodies using modern and innovative technology/
FlowZeal Controls
(NSIC Appraised ISO 9001:2008 certied company)
Buttery Valve - Handle / Worn Gear Operated
Wafer Type Buttery Valve With CF8 Disc
2way Ball Valve
ISD Solenoid Valve
3 Piece Design Metal Seated Ball Valve
Polypropylene Body Theree Piece Design Ball Valve
No:169, 2nd Main Road, Burma colony, Perungudi, Chennai - 600 096. Phone: 044-2496 0928
Mobile: 9840503070, 9500009534, Email: owzeal@gmail.com, sales@owzeal.in, Web: www.owzeal.in.
equipments. We shall also discuss here with a new innovative

Low Cost Sewage Technology (NRM=LCSTT) for rural and
urban areas at last.
Policy of Dual Agencies

The policy of having dual agencies for the construction

and operation & maintenance of these facilities in some
of the constituent states should be discouraged. In order
to have better environmental management and to avoid
over-loading/under-loading of the system and for focused
accountability, overall management of sewerage system and
surface drains with its effluent treatment facilities should be
with single agency in a given town.
Recycling of Waste Water for Non Drinking Water Use
All new development areas should have two distribution

lines, one for drinking water and other for non-drinking
water/recycled treated waste water for reuse. All the waste
requirements for non-drinking purpose in big hotels
industrial units, central air-conditioning of large buildings/
institutions, large installations, irrigation of parks/green
areas and other non-potable demands should be met through
treated recycled waste water.
Creation of Mass Awareness
Implementation
Technologies:
of
New
&
Innovative
There are various types of innovative technologies for treatment

of Sewage water. Now days, most popular and cost effective
technology are:
Low Cost Sewage Treatment technology for Rural Areas
(NRM-LCSTR)
Low Cost Sewage Treatment technology for Urban Areas
(NRM-LCSTU)
Low Cost Sewage Treatment Technology for

Rural Areas (NRM-LCSTR):
NRM-LCSTR a new innovative technology which requires less
capital investment, less power requirement, low maintenance,
less manpower requirement, low operating cost compared to
conventional technology and most important is very good outlet
quality of treated sewage.
NRM-LCSTR Process is combination of pretreatment,
biologically enhanced primary treatment and Biological Treatment
(UASB) followed by degassing mechanism. This process is highly
suitable for low strength wastewater especially domestic sewage.
It is imperative to create mass awareness among public

through mass media with regard to saving of water, waste
minimization and utilization of treated waste water for nondrinking purposes.
Commercial Approach for Tariff
With the increased requirement of improved quality of

life, Government alone does not have financial capacity
to continue with the subsidies for improving the sewerage
system and treatment facilities in the times to come.
Commercial approach should be adopted by the local bodies
for revenue generation.
Institutional Capacity Building
62
Institutional capacity building measures for management of

sewerage system and sewage treatment plants in the towns
should be done for efficient operation and maintenance of
the system. Simultaneously, it should contribute towards
improvement in the self sustainability of the system.
Treatment Process Chart for NRM-LCSTR for Rural Areas
1) Pretreatment.
Screening: Removal of floatables like clothes pieces, plastic
bags, pouches etc using manual or mechanically raked screens.
Grit, Oil & Grease Removal: Removal of grit, sand, debris,
fat, oil & grease using density differences of materials. FOG
removed by skimmers & grit collected at bottom.
Equalization: Equalizes sewage flow as well as Physicochemical & biological parameters like pH, BOD & COD.
Low Cost Sewage Treatment Technology for

Urban Areas (NRM-LCSTU)
2) Biologically Enhanced Primary Treatment.
1) Pretreatment.
Primary Tube Settling Tank: Removal of BOD, COD & TSS

capable of removing 75 to 80% organic matter (BOD, TSS & COD)
Screening: Removal of floatables like clothes pieces, plastic

bags, pouches etc using manual or mechanically raked screens.
Grit, Oil & Grease Removal: Removal of grit, sand, debris,
fat, oil & grease using density differences of materials. FOG
removed by skimmers & grit collected at bottom.
Equalization: Equalizes sewage flow as well as Physicochemical & biological parameters like pH, BOD & COD.
2) Biologically Enhanced Primary Treatment.

Primary Tube Settling Tank: Removal of BOD, COD &
TSS capable of removing 75 to 80% organic matter (BOD, TSS
& COD)
3) Secondary (Biological) Treatment

Root Zone Technology: Root Zone Treatment System
are planted filter-beds consisting of sand/gravel/soil. It uses a
natural way to effectively treat sewage. It removes 20 - 25% of
organic load (BOD & COD).
4) Sludge Treatment.
3) Secondary (Biological) Treatment
Sludge Holding Tank, Sludge Dewatering Systems, Sludge Drying

Beds Raw & Treated Sewage Quality with NRM-LCSTR:
Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) with polishing

pond: UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket
of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows
upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the
anaerobic microorganism. It reduces organic load by 20 - 25%.
S.No.
Parameter
Unit
Raw
After PST
& UASB
After
Tertiary
pH
--
6.5 - 8.5
6.9 - 7.2
6.9 - 7.2
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
mg/l
250
30
20
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
mg/l
400
50
30
Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
mg/l
200
25
10
Oil & Grease
mg/l
15
Raw & Treated Sewage Water Quality

64
Degassing Mechanism is removes dissolved gases present in

the UASB outlet. It also increases dissolved oxygen in the UASB
treated water.
4) Sludge Treatment.
Sludge Holding Tank, Sludge Dewatering Systems, Sludge Drying
Beds (for Urban) or Centrifuge (for Municipal).
After
PST &
UASB
After
Tertiary
PCB
Norms
6.9 - 7.2 6.9 - 7.2
6.5 - 9
3. Minimum maintenance.
S.No.
Parameter
Unit
Raw
pH
--
6.5 - 8.5
Biochemical
Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
mg/l
250
Chemical
Oxygen Demand
(COD)
mg/l
400
75
30
100
Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
mg/l
200
30
10
100
Conclusion:
Oil & Grease
mg/l
15
10
With the help of innovative low cost sewage /effluent treatment

technologies offered by Natural Resource Managers, effective
government systems and mass public awareness, we can realise
our dreams of pollution free environment.
4.
Minimum operation cost (less manpower, Chemical,
Lubrication cost).
5. Very good outlet quality.
25
20
30
Raw & Treated Sewage Water Quality

Plant Capacity
Area Required for

the Plant m2
Total Working
Electrical Load (kWh)
1 MLD
217
177
5 MLD
850
720
10 MLD
1700
1800
Area and Power Requirement
Merits of NRM-LCSTT Process (Rural, Urban

and Municipal)
1. Minimum installation cost & time.
2. Minimum electrical power requirement (only two pumps
required).
6. Almost zero noise.

7. Removal of nitrogen & phosphorus poor (20 - 30%) in cold
climate & better (50 60%) in tropics.
About The Author
Aniruddh Gupta, Director Natural Resource Managers

Faridabad, has over 17 years experience in Power &
Water sector. He has worked for the reputed water
treatment companies in India like Nuchem Weir, Fontus Water,
Doosan Babcock, Lahmeyer International. He also possesses
international exposure of working in countries like Germany,
South Korea, China and UK. The authors core expertise is in
design engineering, technical due diligence and project execution.
He can be reached at info@naturalresourcemanager.com.
Lime Storage Silos Disasters Waiting to Happen?
Material in and around a Pressure Relief Valve on the top of a silo is a tell-tale sign that theres something
wrong and a catastrophic blow-out is waiting to happen. The latest silo protection technology provides much
more than a safety system to prevent over-filling and over-pressurisation.
By Maurice Mahoney
any lime storage silos at water treatment plants are

disasters waiting to happen, putting lives at risk and
posing serious threats to the environment. Water
companies are already under pressure to minimise the impact of
treatment works on the local environment, especially in terms
of odour and pollution. The potential for dust pollution from
storage silos with ill-equipped protection systems adds another
dimension to this. However this threat is totally avoidable.
Powdered lime is used during the treatment of waste water to
reduce odour in raw, primary sludge, as a cost-effective alternative
to using digesters. It is also used in other water treatment processes
to help balance pH levels, and as part of composting processes
for sludge removed from the bottom of primary tanks after it
has been de-watered and compressed. The lime andremaining
water in the sludge together creates a heated chemical reaction,
accelerating the process.
Level measurement specialists Hycontrol have been designing
specialist silo protection systems for over 20 years and have
extensive experience of the potential problems that exist on sites,
especially in the waste water industry sector. Our findings are
worrying to say the least and the photos taken by our installation
engineers speak for themselves, says Hycontrols MD Nigel Allen.
Companies just dont seem to understand the consequences of
poorly maintained protection systems. Its quite frightening that
operators accept pressure blow outs via the pressure relief valve
(PRV), erroneously citing that Its OK - the PRV is doing its
job. This couldnt be further from the truth - PRVs are there as
a last resort. If the silo protection system is working correctly
and is fitted with an automatic shut-off feature to prevent overfilling, the PRV should never be used. If a PRV blows then theres
66
an inherent problem with the system or the filling protocol and

corrective action must be taken.
Material in and around a PRV is a tell-tale sign that theres
something wrong and a catastrophic blow-out is waiting to
happen, continues Allen. The material blown out from the silos
will almost certainlysolidify over time and this will,at best,prevent
the PRV from working correctly and, at worst, completely clog it
up. Unfortunately many maintenance engineersjust dont realise
the potential dangers that lurk beneath. They often think that
simply cleaning off the material on and around the PRV is good
enough. They dont realise that if the PRV doesnt lift next time
aneventoccurs, the over-pressure could easily rupturethe silo
or eject the filter housing from the top. On an ATEX rated silo
the over-pressure couldbe sufficient to simulate an explosion
and open the protective blast panels, resulting in costly loss of
product and silo contents being left open to the elements. With
regard to filter housings, Hycontrol engineers have witnessed
another worrying practice at a number of sites where companies
fit chains to prevent the housing being blown off the top of the
silo, almost acceptingthe inevitable is going to happen.
What Causes Over-Pressurisation Problems?

Silo protection systems are designed to prevent the damaging
and potentially dangerous consequences of silo over-filling or
over-pressurisation when powdered material is being transferred
pneumatically from road tankers to silos. Unfortunately, perched
out on the top of silos, such protection systems are all too often
out of sight - out of mind - that is, until a major problem occurs.
Problems during the filling process usually arise through an
inherent problem with the silo protection system or with the
air filtration system on top of the silo. Problems can also occur
through tanker driver/operator error. Delivery tankers are
pressure-tested vessels typically capable of withstanding up to 2
bar (29 psi) pressure. Storage silos are designed to withstand the
weight of material stored in them and can rupture at pressures as
low as 1-2 psi above atmospheric pressure. The consequences of
over-filling or over-pressurisation include:
serious or fatal injury to workers and the public.
catastrophic silo damage
loss of material and production
harmful environmental pollution
damage to company reputation
A key issue with many silo protection systems is that without
adequate ground level testing capabilities, operators dont know
if they will work when needed. Working at height restrictions
limit silo top inspections and maintenance, especially in adverse
weather conditions. However the main problem is: what can
engineers actually do when they are at the top of the silo? And
furthermore, how do you physically test a relief valve or pressure
transmitter unless you remove them?
Even if the protection system does do its intended job and prevents
a major incident, companies rarely investigate the root cause of the
problem so that remedial work can be carried out to prevent the
situation re-occurring. Important near miss events such as PRV
lifts, high level events and high pressure events are routinely not
recorded and often conveniently dismissed. Hycontrol have clear
evidence that in practice there are more near misses than realised
and that the situation is a ticking time bomb.
Filter housings at the top of the silos are designed to vent the silo
during filling, whilst preventing dust escaping into the atmosphere.
Normally these are fitted with some form of self-cleaning system to
keep filters clear. These are typically mechanical shakers or reverse
jet systems. Although filter manufacturers give recommended
check routines and filter replacement schedules, in practice it would
appear these guidelines are regularly ignored. Faulty operation can
be caused by a range of issues, including blockages and the fitting
of unsuitable or wrongly-sized filters. Most powders form hard
compounds when mixed with water from the atmosphere, further
exacerbating the problems at the top of the silo.
Effective Silo Protection

The MPA (Mineral Products Association) publishes
comprehensive guidelines for silo protection systems in quarries
and cement works, but there are little or no such recommendations

for powder silos used in a broader range of industries including
waste water treatment,food and beverage, chemical, and plastics.
However the primary principles are the same for protecting any
pneumatically filled silos.
Even with guidelines in place, the bench mark for the effectiveness
of any silo safety protection system can only relate to the last time
all the components were fully tested.
Optimum Solution
The only effective solution is to take an integrated approach to
silo protection design whereby the PRV, pressure sensor and high
level alarmcan be tested at ground level, prior to each fill. Only
when all these safety devices have passed the checks should the
safety interlock allow the silo inlet valve to open and the delivery
to commence.The use of a ground-level test (GLT) system, as
utilised in Hycontrols Silo Protection System, will also eliminate
the risks of working at height.
Recording of the number of events on incidents of overpressure (time /date stamp)
As an added benefit, an effective protection system can serve as

a powerful predictive maintenance diagnostic tool by recording
critical near-miss events that occur during the filling process. This
information allows managers to carry out effective predictive
maintenance by means of a logical step-by-step root cause analysis
(RCA) process to understand why the problems are arising. For
example, high pressure and PRV lift events may be due to filter
problems, prompting questions such as.
Filter ON / OFF output option to check filter status
Are the filters the correct size?

Is the filter cleaning regime fully operational?
Have the filter bags/cartridges been changed as per
manufacturers recommendations?
In parallel the logs will also indicate if the tanker drivers are
routinely over pressurising during the fill process. In summary,
the optimised silo protection system should incorporate:
Pressure sensor, hi-alarm level sensor and PRV testing
(essential)
Simple 1 button press to test all components
Silo filling auto shut-off control
Pneumatic cleaning of pressure sensor
68
Recording of the number of events of PRV lift and opening

(time /date stamp)
Recording of the number of events of high level probe
activation (time /date stamp)
Filter air supply monitoring alarm option
Conclusion
There is strong empirical evidence that many silos are disasters
waiting to happen. The practical reality is that powder storage
silos can split or rupture at pressures as low as 1 or 2 psi above
atmospheric pressure. Malfunctioning filter housings can be
ejected at similar pressures.
Cursory visual inspections of silo protection equipment are
woefully inadequate. Therefore it is imperative that any installed
safety system must be capable of providing reliable protection
that can be easily verified by testing critical components before
each and every delivery without having to climb to the top of
the silo. This approach will provide total silo safety; protecting
the surrounding environment, assets and, most importantly, site
personnel and the public.
About The Author
Maurice Mahoney has been Export Sales Manager at

Hycontrol Ltd in the UK for 20 years, working with a
network of distributors to provide level measurement
solutions worldwide. He can be reached at sales@hycontrol.com.
Sustainable Treatment & Reuse of Wastewater
The goal of ecological engineering is to attain High environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good
By S. M. Kumar
ater is one of the worlds most valuable resources, yet

it is under constant threat due to climate change and
resulting drought, explosive population growth, and
waste. One of the most promising efforts to stem the global water
crisis is industrial and municipal water reclamation and reuse. The
Water Reuse Association defines reused, recycled, or reclaimed
water as water that is used more than one time before it passes
back into the natural water cycle. Thus, water recycling is the reuse
of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural,
irrigation, industrial processes or replenishing a groundwater
basin (referred to as groundwater recharge). Water reuse allows
communities to become less dependent on groundwater and
surface water sources and can decrease the diversion of water
from sensitive ecosystems. Water reuse may reduce the nutrient
loads from wastewater discharges into waterways, thereby
reducing and preventing pollution. This new water source may
also be used to replenish overdrawn water sources and rejuvenate
or reestablish those previously destroyed. In order to determine
the appropriate treatment system, the developer must consider
the areas climate, topography, and socioeconomic factors.
Water scarcity and water pollution are crucial issues in todays
world. One of the ways to reduce the impact of water scarcity
and pollution is to expand water. The increasing scarcity of
water in the world along with rapid population increase in urban
areas gives rise to concern about appropriate water management
practices. In the context of trends in urban development,
wastewater treatment deserves greater emphasis. Currently, there
is a growing awareness of the impact of sewage contamination
on rivers and lakes. Accordingly, wastewater treatment is now
receiving greater attention from the World Bank and government
regulatory bodies. Urban wastewater treatment has received less
attention compared to water supply & treatment.
70
Water scarcity coupled with the bursting seams of our cities and
towns have taken a toll on our health and environment. The
sewage contamination of our lakes, rivers, and domestic water
bodies has reached dangerous levels and is being recognized by
leading organizations like the World Bank. The current urban
wastewater management system is a linear treatment system
that is based on disposal. The traditional system needs to be
transformed into a sustainable, closed-loop urban wastewater
management system that is based on the conservation of water
and nutrient resources. A wastewater management team is well
equipped to create a wastewater management strategy that will
result in the reduction of pathogens in surface and groundwater
to improve public health. In a developing urban society, the
wastewater generation usually averages 30-70 cubic meters per
person per year.
In a city of one million people, the wastewater generated would be
sufficient to irrigate approximately 1500-3500 hectare. This urban
epidemic needs to be tackled ecologically because of so many
pressing issues that are afflicting our waste management process:
New immigrants to cities have low incomes and cannot afford
municipal amenities like waste disposal and sanitary functions; In
developing countries, approximately 300 million urban residents
have no access to sanitation; approximately two-thirds of the
population in the developing world has no hygienic means of
disposing excreta and an even greater number lack adequate
means of disposing of total waste water; It is often an acceptable
practice to discharge untreated sewage directly into the bodies
of water. According to the World Bank, The greatest challenge
in the water and sanitation sector over the next two decades will
be the implementation of low cost sewage treatment that will
at the same time permit selective reuse of treated effluents for
agricultural and industrial purposes.It is crucial that sanitation
systems have high levels of hygienic standards to prevent the

spread of disease. Other treatment goals include: The recovery of
nutrient and water resources for reuse in agricultural production;
Reducing the overall user-demand for water resources.
Wastewater Treatment in order to achieve ecological wastewater
treatment, a closed-loop treatment system is recommended.
Many present day systems use a disposal-based linear system.
The traditional linear treatment systems must be transformed
into the cyclical treatment to promote the conservation of
water and nutrient resources. Using organic waste nutrient
cycles, from point-of-generation to point-of production,
closes the resource loop and provides a better approach for the
management of valuable wastewater resources. Failing to recover
organic wastewater from urban areas means a huge loss of lifesupporting resources that, instead of being used in agriculture for
food production, fill rivers with polluted water.
The development of ecological wastewater management
strategies will contribute to the reduction of pathogens in
surface and groundwater to improve public health. The goal
of ecological engineering, in this particular context, is to attain:
High environmental quality, High yields in food and fiber, Good
The uncontrolled disposal to the environment of municipal,
industrial and agricultural liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes
constitutes one of the most serious threats to the sustainability
of human civilization by contaminating the water, land, and air
and by contributing to global warming.
With increasing population and economic growth, treatment and
safe disposal of wastewater is essential to preserve public health
and reduce intolerable levels of environmental degradation. In
addition, adequate wastewater management is also required
for preventing contamination of water bodies for the purpose
of preserving the sources of clean water. Effective wastewater
management is well established in developed countries but
is still limited in developing countries. In most developing
countries, many people lack access to water and sanitation
services. Collection and conveyance of wastewater out of urban
neighborhoods is not yet a service provided to all the population,
and adequate treatment is provided only to a small portion of the
collected wastewater.
In slums and peri-urban areas throughout the world, it is

common to see raw wastewater flowing in the streets. A key
component in any strategy aimed at increasing the coverage of
wastewater treatment should be the application of appropriate
wastewater treatment technologies that are effective, simple to
operate, and low cost. Appropriate technology processes are also
more environment-friendly since they consume less energy and
thereby have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate the effects
of climate change. Appropriate technology unit processes include
the following:
Preliminary Treatment by Rotating Micro Screens;
Vortex Grit Chambers;
Lagoons Treatment (Anaerobic, Facultative and Polishing),
including recent developments in improving lagoons
performance;
Anaerobic Treatment processes of various types, mainly,
Anaerobic Lagoons, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) Reactors, Anaerobic Filters and Anerobic Piston
Reactor (PAR);
Physicochemical processes of various types such as
Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT);
Constructed Wetlands;
Stabilization Reservoirs for wastewater reuse and other
purposes;
Overland Flow;
Infiltration-Percolation;
Septic Tanks; and
Submarine and Large Rivers Outfalls.
Biofilms
Sustainable treatment
Out of these processes, various combinations can be set up.

Combinations can also include some other simple processes such
as Sand Filtration and Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF), which
are not considered appropriate processes per se but are in fact
appropriate processes. One interesting combined process is the
generation of effluents suited for reuse in irrigation based on
pretreatment by one of the mentioned unit processes followed by
a stabilization reservoir. Developers should base the selection of
technology upon specific site conditions and financial resources
of individual communities.
in developing countries offers a comparative advantage over

conventional, mechanized treatment systems because the level
of self-sufficiency, ecological balance, and economic viability
is greater. Lagoon systems may be considered a low-cost
technology if sufficient, non-arable land is available. Some
mechanical problems may include clogging with sprinkler and
drip irrigation systems, particularly with oxidation pond effluent.
Biological growth (slime) in the sprinkler head, emitter orifice, or
supply line causes plugging, as do heavy concentrations of algae
and suspended solids.
One approach to sustainability is through decentralization of the

wastewater management system. This system consists of several
smaller units serving individual houses, clusters of houses, or
small communities. Non-centralized systems are more flexible
and can adapt easily to the local conditions of the urban area
as well as grow with the community as its population increases.
This approach leads to treatment and reuse of water, nutrients,
and byproducts of the technology in the direct location of the
settlement. Wastewater Treatment Communities must take great
care when reusing wastewater, since both chemical substances and
biological pathogens threaten public health as well as accumulate
in the food chain when used to irrigate crops or in aquaculture.
Anaerobic Digestion: Another treatment option available, if

there is little access to land, is anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic
bacteria degrade organic materials in the absence of oxygen and
produce methane and carbon dioxide. The methane can be reused
as an alternative energy source (biogas). Other benefits include a
reduction of total bio-solids volume of up to 50-80 percent, and
a final waste sludge that is biologically stable can serve as rich
humus for agriculture.
In most cases, industrial pollution poses a greater risk to public

health than pathogenic organisms. Therefore, more emphasis is
being placed on the need to separate domestic and industrial waste
and to treat them individually to make recovery and reuse more
sustainable. The system must be able to isolate industrial toxins,
pathogens, carbon, and nutrients. Wetland treatment technology
72
Soil Aquifer Treatment: is a geopurification system where

partially treated sewage effluent artificially recharges the aquifers
and is then withdrawn for future use. By recharging through
unsaturated soil layers, the effluent achieves additional purification
before it is mixed with the natural groundwater.
In water scarce areas, treated effluent becomes a considerable
resource for improved groundwater sources. With nitrogen
reduction in the wastewater treatment plants, the recharged
effluent has a potential to reduce the concentration of nitrates
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Waste water treatment
in the aquifer. This system is inexpensive, efficient for pathogen

removal, and is not highly technical to operate.
Most of the cost associated is for pumping the water from the
recovery wells, which is usually $20-50 USD per m3. It removes
all BOD, TSS, and pathogenic organisms from the waste and
tends to treat wastewater to a standard that would generally allow
unrestricted irrigation. The biggest advantage is that it breaks the
pipe-to pipe connection of directly reusing treated wastewater
from a treatment plant. The pretreatment requirements vary
depending on the purpose of groundwater recharge, sources
of reclaimed water, recharge methods, and location. Algae can
severely clog the soil of the infiltration basin.
Many countries have the problem of a severe water imbalance.
This imbalance in water demand versus supply is due mainly to the
relatively uneven distribution of precipitation, high temperatures,
increased demands for irrigation, and the impacts of tourism. To
alleviate water shortages, serious consideration must be given to
wastewater reclamation and reuse. Reclaimed wastewater can be
used for a number of options including agricultural irrigation.
A wastewater treatment developer must perform an appropriate
risk assessment before implementing the reuse of wastewater.
Proper consideration of the health risks and quality restrictions
74
must be a part of the assessment. Source point measures rather

than end of pipe solutions are essential. For the implementation
and promotion of new technology, strategies must include local
participation as well as municipal action. Local participation is
a positive and important growing trend in government projects.
The participation must fit with the local population to meet
particular local needs.
About The Author
S.M. Kumar, Director of Vishnu Pumps, Coimbatore,

is the Sole Proprietor. He provides complete solutions
for industrial motors and related components. He is the
manufacturer, trader and supplier of high quality range of products
which comprises of Electric Motor, Pumping Equipment,
Agricultural Equipment, Fuel Pump Set, Power Generator, Bakery
Equipment, Chain Saw Machine and many more. He has worked
on a project at Chennai related to waste water treatment. He can
be reached at kumar26101976@gmail.com.
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Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment

and Reuse Methods
The article discusses sustainable developments in wastewater treatment and reuse methods.
By Daniel L. Theobald
his is another in a series of educational articles on water/wastewater! This

document is intended to discuss Sustainable Developments in Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse Methods. This generic presentation utilizes my extended
number of years of experience working with Sustainable Developments in Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse Methods:
Presentation Details:
Overview
Uses and Applications
Conclusion
Overview
In this series of Back

to Fundamentals
on water and
wastewater, the
article discusses
Sustainable
Developments
in Wastewater
Treatment
and Reuse Methods.
76
Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Methods are necessary

because population growth coupled with a rising global standard of living, a combination
that has resulted in resource consumption (including water use) that exceeds the current
resources on the planet.
There are water stresses in that water is inherently renewable. Mother Nature has been
recycling water since the origin of life on the planet. When the rate of net abstraction and
use of water prior to its being returned to the environment exceeds the natural rate of
recycling, water stress develops.
Water management practices can add to water stress by reducing the amount of water
available, for example by returning water to the environment in a polluted state or by
altering land configurations in ways that adversely affect natural water restoration processes,
such as those provided by wetlands.
Water stress is expected to affect 45 percent of the population by 2025.
Water sustainability is imperative which can involve new approaches to urban water and
resource management defined as:
1) access to clean water for everyone and appropriate sanitation;

2) greater use of local water resources;
3) energy neutrality;
4) more responsible nutrient management; and
5) financially stable utilities.
Realistic water sustainability goals can be established and met by
evolving from the current linear approach to water and resource
management to closed-loop systems, with a combination of
decentralized and centralized elements, for recycling both water
and waste material.
Uses and Applications

Sustainable Developments in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Methods are available for:
1) more efficient capture and local use of storm water to help
conserve local water resources;
2) improved water conservation for reducing water consumption
without compromising standards of living;
3) the reclamation and reuse of wastewater;
4) the management and extraction of energy from the
wastewater stream;
5) the recovery of nutrients; and
6) the separation of specific wastewater sources. Many
technologies are available to facilitate the implementation of
systems.
The goal is to conserve local water resources for meeting a variety
of local needs.
Technologies are available for managing storm water, which
can be captured and either used directly or treated by natural
means and infiltrated into the groundwater for subsequent use.
These technologies include permeable pavements, green roofs,
and rain gardens. As the characterization and understanding of
these systems has improves, storm water capture and treatment
becomes much more reliable and predictable.
Water and wastewater treatment technologies are crucial
components of urban water systems. Membrane technologies
for removing particulate matter (micro- and ultra-filtration) and

dissolved substances (nano-filtration and RO) are increasingly
being used. When particle removal membranes are coupled with
biological systems, they can create membrane bioreactor (MBR)
processes, which are an essential water reclamation process.
Advanced oxidation processes include combinations of ozone,
ultraviolet (UV) light, and hydrogen peroxide to create the highly
reactive hydroxyl radical (OH).
In addition, activated carbon is available for water reclamation.
The remaining tools in the technology tool box do not necessarily
reduce the overall abstraction of water but do contribute
significantly to meeting environmental goals, such as energy
neutrality and reduced nutrient dispersion.
An example is laundry and bath water (typically referred to as gray
water), which contain very few pollutants, constitute the largest
component of urban wastewater.
Because of its low-pollutant content, gray water requires only
a modest degree of treatment to become reusable non-potable
water. Thus recycling this large volume of wastewater requires
less energy, and thus consumes fewer resources, than recycling
combined potable and non-potable wastewater.
In addition, heat can be transferred to or from the treated gray
water stream using specially designed heat exchangers and heat
pumps, which represents a significant source of energy. Organic
matter in the several components of the wastewater stream
represents a principal source of energy, in addition to the heat
value of the water itself.
Most of the organic matter (quantified as the five-day biochemical
oxygen demand, or BOD5) is contained in toilet and kitchen
waste (typically referred to as black water). The wastewater
flow associated with these components is quite small, suggesting
that the blackwater fraction can be used efficiently for energy
production.
Energy producing technologies for organic matter in black
water include thermal combustion and anaerobic treatment for
producing biogas, which can be used in combined heat and
power systems. The microbial fuel cell is an energy production
technology.
The majority of nutrients are found in the urine stream (typically

referred to as yellow water).
When energy management and nutrient recovery are combined
with source separation, energy can be efficiently produced
and extracted from the wastewater stream, along with nutrient
recovery.
A variety of technologies are available for nutrient recovery.
For example, bio-solids containing nitrogen and phosphorus,
produced from treatment and nutrient-recovery processes, can
be applied directly to agricultural lands as fertilizer. A second
approach is to apply phosphate fertilizers, containing either
struvite (MgNH4PO4) or calcium phosphate, produced from the
chemical precipitation of phosphorus.
Other Technologies include Membrane Filtration Systems,
Nanotechnology, Microbial Fuel Cells, Natural Treatment
Systems and Monitoring and Control Systems.
Membrane Filtration Systems:

The development of membrane filtration systems has led to the
development of both advanced water treatment technology and
MBRs, which is becoming the workhorse of the water reclamation
industry.
With MBRs, biological solids residence times (SRTs) are
increased, making possible more complete biological treatment
and the retention of pathogens (including viruses); treatment with
MBR produces a highly clarified effluent that can be more easily
disinfected. Thus treatment with MBR is ideal for producing nonpotable water. For the reclamation of potable water, MBR must
be followed by RO and UV treatment.
Nanotechnology:
Further dramatic improvements are feasible in the near future.
Nanotechnology concepts are being investigated for higher
performing membranes with fewer fouling characteristics,
improved hydraulic conductivity, and more selective rejection/
transport characteristics.
Advances in RO technology include improved membranes and
configurations, more efficient pumping and energy recovery
systems, and the development of process technology, such as
membrane distillation.
78
Microbial Fuel Cells:

With microbial fuel cells electrical energy can be extracted directly
from organic matter present in the waste stream byusing electron
transfer to capture the energy produced by microorganisms for
metabolic processes.
First, microorganisms are grown as a biofilm on an electrode;
the electron donor is separated from the electron acceptor by
a proton exchange membrane, which establishes an electrical
current. Electrical energy is then generated through the oxidation
of organic matter (BOD5).
Although this breakthrough technology is in developing phase
and significant advances in process efficiency and economics
will be necessary, it has the potential to produce electrical energy
directly from organic matter in the waste stream.
Natural Treatment Systems:

Our fundamental understanding and characterization of
processes in natural treatment systems (NTSs) is also improving,
enabling us to take advantage of natural processes to improve
water quality. In NTSs, a variety of physical, chemical, and
biological processes function simultaneously to remove a broad
range of contaminants. For example, NTSs are increasingly being
used to capture, retain, and treat storm water, thereby converting
this nuisance into a valuable source of water.
These natural systems have the advantage of being able to remove
a wide variety of contaminants, including nutrients, pathogens,
and micro-constituents (e.g., pharmaceuticals and endocrinedisrupting chemicals). Long proven effective for treatment
of potable water, NTSs are increasingly being used for water
reclamation.
Urine-Separating Toilets:
The development of urine separating toilets and technologies
for treating urine to produce hygienic fertilizer products is a key
to managing nutrients with minimal requirements for outside
resources, such as additional energy.
Urine-separating toilets have already been developed and continue
to be refined, and research on using them for waste management
is ongoing.
Struvite precipitation and other processes are already available

for producing usable fertilizer products from separated urine, and
efforts are ongoing to improve the established approaches.
Monitoring and Control Systems:

Complex systems will require sophisticated monitoring and
control systems.
The production and consumption of reclaimed water must be
balanced so as not to exceed available storage capacity and to
take into account variations in supply from rainwater. Water
production must also be managed to maintain the integrity of the
overall system and, particularly, the efficiency and effectiveness of
the barriers that protect public health, such as the separation of
potable and non-potable water.
In addition, because energy requirements vary daily and seasonally,
energy consumption also requires active management.
Research on a new generation of sensor and system control
technologies is ongoing
to water and sanitation systems are urgently needed. Thus we are

faced with many new, interesting, and important challenges.
Fortunately many technologies to meet these challenges already
exist, and work is being done on refining them and integrating
them into higher performing, more sustainable systems. These
are all areas in which engineers excel!
The companion challenge will be choosing among available
options and developing institutional arrangements for
implementing them in the most effective ways. This is where
we will need help from other professions. There are some
explanations of Sustainable Developments in Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse Methods.
So hopefully you are ready to Begin now to Advance the use of
Methods. However; beforehand or in the process, feel free to
reach out to me with your Treatment Chemicals use or any other
Wastewater questions.
About The Author
Conclusion
Methods are needed recognizing modern water supply and
sanitation is the most significant contribution to public health
in the past many years, and modern water supply and sanitation
systems as one of the greatest engineering achievements of the
past century, circumstances have changed, and new approaches
Daniel L. Theobald is Wastewater Dan, proprietor of

Environmental Services. He is a professional wastewater
and safety consultant/trainer with more than 24 years
of hands-on industry experience operating many variants of
wastewater treatment processing units and is eager to share with
others his knowledge about water conservation. Wastewater Dan
can be reached at TheWastewaterWiz01@gmail.com or www.
Conserve-On-Water.com
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CIDCO Facilitates Design of New Stormwater Systems

With CivilStorm
By Aidan Mercer
Figure 1: Dronagiri stormwater model shown in CivilStorm. The dynamic profile from Pond 1 to Pond 2 is displayed at Hour 11:30.
ell-planned tidal-water drainage system protects

archipelago from flooding during monsoon season.
Drainage System Proposed

City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) of
Maharashtra, India, is a planning authority for the Navi Mumbai
area. It is responsible for the Dronagiri project, one of 14
new nodal townships in the previously undeveloped Dronagiri
archipelago. The region typically experiences heavy rainfall from
August through November that floods the area completely.
To prevent this flooding from occurring once the area is fully
developed, CIDCO deployed Bentleys CivilStorm stormwater
modeling and analysis software.
CIDCO used CivilStorm to plan a drainage system of
interconnected channels that would discharge the runoff from
high-intensity storms into holding ponds. These ponds would
80
be equipped with flap gates and outlet structures that would

enable them to hold the runoff under the worst tidal conditions.
With CivilStorm, CIDCO was able to evaluate the Dronagiri
archipelago for overland flows in different regions, examine the
channels and holding ponds, simulate water levels in each holding
pond under different storm and tidal conditions, and check the
adequacy of outlet pipes from the holding ponds.
Topographic Challenges
Dronagiri is located near Jawaharlal Nehru Port, one of Indias
largest and most modern seaports. It spans residential and
industrial zones as well as a warehousing zone. The 2,700-hectare
township borders the Arabian Sea on the north, the Dronagiri
Hills on the west, and Karanja Creek on the south.
Topographic data revealed that 99% of the area proposed for
development was below RL 3.00 meters and the high tide level
Figure 2: Holding ponds hydraulic grade
was 3.25 meters. The ridge lines of Dronagiri Hills indicated that
the catchment would drain storm runoff into planned residential
areas and a market that would be below high tide. CIDCO
adopted the Dutch Method of reclamation, which consists of
holding ponds and retention ponds, to provide a stormwater
disposal system and avoid flooding. It found this approach to be
the most cost-effective.
into the sea at low tide. Moreover, CIDCO had to consider road
levels and surrounding terrain that were directly related to the
holding ponds.
Technical Challenges
Holding Ponds Solution Using CivilStorm
CIDCO authorities determined that the high tide in this region

occurred at RL (reduced levels) 3.25 meters and low tide at -0.75
meters. The water in the holding ponds would be discharged
into the sea at low tide. But CIDCO needed a way to create the
computations to predict the water levels in different holding
ponds at different times for any given tide level as the rainfall
progressed for each revision of the land use plan.
Approximations of water levels using manual calculations or

Excel spreadsheets were required, but getting the results, which
were often inaccurate, was time consuming.
In addition, the holding ponds had to allow water to accumulate

during high tides and heavy precipitation, and to allow flow back
Engineers also needed to know the land use development plans to

determine how much runoff would enter the ponds and calculate
their capacity (the runoff will vary depending on land use).
Using CivilStorm software for stormwater conveyance dynamic

modeling, CIDCOs engineers were able to calculate thousands of
iterations in a few seconds and build a stormwater network model
of Dronagiri from the catchment to the tidal outfalls. Because the
modelers were able to test various scenarios for the modifications
of the drainage systems to find out if they were adequate, the
Fast Facts
Holding ponds need to accumulate water during high
tides and heavy precipitation, and allow flow back into the
sea at low tide
CIDCO authorities determined that the high tide in this
region occurred at RL 3.25 meters and low tide at -0.75
meters
The 2,700-hectare township borders the Arabian Sea on
the north, the Dronagiri Hills on the west, and Karanja
Creek on the south
CivilStorm software served as an accurate decision
support tool for designing the stormwater system
Project Summary
model simulated the effects of various changes in the planned
drainage system. The softwares dynamic calculations also served
as an accurate support tool for crucial decisions regarding the
road levels and land development in Dronagiri.
The CivilStorm model helped a lot during the planning stage
of the project to update the alignment and capacity of various
channels and holding ponds according to the changes in land
use development plans, said P.R. Natesh, executive engineer,
CIDCO. The same work would have consumed heavy manpower
and time, and getting the results in the desired formats would
have been hard to achieve.
Environmental and Community Impact

The CivilStorm software helped CIDCO design and analyze the
stormwater infrastructure to protect the Dronagiri archipelago
during monsoon season once it is inhabited. Since the start of
the project, CIDCO has developed basic infrastructure in the
zone, and around 350 hectares (20 percent of the land) have been
sold. In addition, around 90 hectares are currently being used for
commercial purposes.
Thanks to the efficient and timely use of CivilStorm, which
ensured accurate dynamic calculations, CIDCO was able to
handle complex hydraulic problems, ensuring Dronagiri would be
flood free to the best of its capacity.
82
Project: Analyzing complex stormwater systems with holding

ponds below high tide levels in an archipelago of Navi Mumbai
Project Location: Dronagiri, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Organization: City and Industrial Development Corporation
(CIDCO) Ltd.
Be Inspired Awards Category: Innovation in Water, Wastewater,
and Stormwater Networks
Project Objective: Ensuring proper drainage of the Dronagiri
area by building a stormwater network model of Dronagiri from
the catchment to the tidal outfalls and calculating the roads level
and land development related to the project
Software Used: CivilStorm
About The Author
Aidan Mercer is a senior industry marketer with

Bentley Systems responsible for industry marketing
functions for government and water and wastewater.
He has held various roles in geospatial and utilities marketing
with Bentley prior to focusing on the government and water
and wastewater sector. Mercer holds a masters degree in
marketing from the University of Gloucestershire and various
CIM chartered marketing qualifications. For more details
contact Neeraj.Chhabria@bentley.com.
Flow Measurement Solutions in Sewer Networks

and Waste Water Channels
By Ram Warriar
Figure 1: Three-Stage SBT
low Measurements in sewer systems must be suitable

for specific flow hydraulics and geometric boundary
conditions. Channels are often dimensioned to convey
off high water volumes at heavy rainfall, while the water volume
by night or in dry weather periods may be extremely low compare
to the designed flow capacity.
Measurement devices for such applications must yield usable
measurement values under conditions of high water volumes,
backwater, low water levels and low flow velocities. Complex
channel profiles, stream turbulences caused by feed openings,
manholes and arcades must be taken into account. This task is
highly demanding for the used measurement technique.
The Background
The water and waste management practices of the olden times
required great skills of the engineers for its performances. The
old Romans had already built such plants and recognized that: The
Flow Q cannot be measured by only measuring the fluid height.
The simplest measurement method for investigating flow
consists of measuring the fluid height in a channel with defined
geometry.Flow Q is a function of Q/h, the slope J and the
roughness coefficient k. The roughness coefficient is determined
experimentally and is dependent on the material types and the
age of the material. For example, a concrete channel will have
84
a different roughness from the original due to coating of the

channel by grease and lime etc. This will cause a smoother surface
and thus a different measurement value.
Robert Manning (18161897) was born in Normandy, but he
lived in Ireland. He wrote many papers on hydraulics. During
living period, Manning devoted considerable effort to the
development of a simple, dimensionally homogeneous formula
for open-channel flow. His paper On the Flow of Water in Open
Channels and Pipes (1891) became the primary reference for his
work and the source of Mannings monomial equation
Present Scenario
Area Velocity Method: The open channel discharge
measurement is carried out using area velocity method.The cross
section in case of Sewers or waste water channels are well defined,
however the cross section is physically measured, and a water
level sensor collects the real time data of changes in water level.
The challenge, however, is to arrive at the average water velocity
value accurately.Various methods using Acoustic Signal or radar
Signal have been developed to achieve the best performances in
this measurement.
Average Flow Velocity: The velocity in flowing water isnt
evenly distributed. Therefore the average flow velocity cant be
measured directly.
Provided, that a relation can be established between the measured

and the mean velocity in the cross-section, discharge can be
computed. It will be necessary to establish a relation between this
measurement and the mean velocity in the cross-section. If this
relation is stable, calculation can be straightforward, with flow
derived as:

angle and a known frequency. A part of the ultrasound energy

is reflected by the solids or gas bubbles contained in the liquid.
Caused by the particles movement a frequency diversion occurs.
This diversion is direct proportional to the particle velocity
Q = Vmeasured * k * A
Where:

Q
is the discharge rate in m/s
is a velocity factor, derived empirically or by

modelling, varying with the depth
vmeasured is the measured velocity in m/s, perpendicular

to the area

A

is the cross-sectional area in m, which is a

function of the water depth
For cross-sectional area, one must know the exact geometrical

data of the channel. For partially-full channels, the level must be
determined in addition. If there are going to be deposits or silting
in the channel, then this must be taken into account, too.
Flow Profiles: Sufficiently low flow velocities give rise to

laminar flow. This is represented as stratified flow in a physical
condition. The single water layers glide over each other without
any mixing. By means of the frictional strength (roughness of the
walls, viscosity of the medium etc.), the flow velocity at the walls
is 0. For full-filed pipes, for example, the maximum flow velocity
is in the middle of the pipe.
Figure 2
In continuous wave doppler measurement, signals are received

from all scatterers within the entire ultrasonic beam. They have
no range discrimination. The returned signals must be evaluated
with the help of analytical methods to determine the characteristic
velocity within the measurement distance.
In pulse wave Doppler measurement, both, the range and velocity
are determined and the signals are received from a limited sample
volume which is controlled by the transmitter. Pulse wave Doppler
measures velocity in a defined cell (window) and reflections
from particles in other areas do not have any influence on the
Transition flows are intermixing of the laminar and turbulent

flows. These forms of hydraulic flows are unstable and swinging.
It cannot develop a defined, stable flow profile. The flow profiles
cannot be assessed. Hence to arrive at average velocity one need
actual measurement of velocity samples from various points with
the wetted area of cross section and it needs to be backed by
awell-established mathematical model implemented into the flow
meter electronics.
Ultrasonic Doppler Method Uses Advanced

Evaluation Technique
The measurement principle is based on the fact that a bundled
ultrasonic beam is continuously beamed into a liquid in a defined
Figure 3
velocity measurement. This makes it possible to assign defined

measurement windows for velocity measurements and obtain a
velocity spectrum that provides accurate measurement of the
entire velocity profile.PW velocity measurement is more accurate
than the CW velocity measurement. Also, CW Dopplerdoesnt
give you an accurate average velocity, while measuring the entire
velocity profile, PW Doppler are much closer to the average
velocity of the entire cross section.
The Q-Eye PSC MT type of area velocity flow meter uses
permanently mounted mouse type Pulse wave Doppler velocity
sensor with a built in submerged ultrasonic water level sensor.
This instrument is designed for application in full or partially full
pipes of 100 to 2000 mm pipe diameter or open channel with
depths of 400 to 2000 mm, It uses advanced Doppler profiling
technology to directly measure the velocity profiles making
it the best choice for sites with non uniform ,rapidly changing
, back watered , near zero, negative or reverse flow conditions
This eliminates the need for on site calibration thereby reducing
the cost of installation significantly. Combined with an integral
upward looking ultrasonic or secondary external hydrostatic
level sensor for determining the water level,the meter is using a
numerical model for average velocity in the entire cross section
and the continuity equation to calculate the flow. A variant design
Q Eye MIII offers similar features in a portable version with data
logging and telemetry additions.
software to ensure accuracy and repeatability.The IP65 compact

flow computer has a local alpha numeric display and a 4 button
keyboard.All configuration data and the measured data and the
calculated data are stored in a 16GB MicroSD card.It controls
the measurement calculates the flow rate and provides freely
programmable current out puts,status alarm frequency output
and totalizer readings.The configuration of such unit can be done
at site using any Android device,however protected by certain
level of password.
Data Transmission
Automatic data transmission via GPRS communication is an
option for stationary as well as mobile version.The logged data
can be sent to any host computer (FTP-Server) or to HydroVision
s web based HydroCenter at a user selectable frequency.
Alternatively, WLAN and Ethernet communication is available.
A suitable insertion sensors of the same technology is to be used
when the measurement is done in a pipe in which liquid is flowing
full bore flow some time and partially flowing at other times
Easy to mount sensors -all sensors can be attached to a mounting
plate, spring and sissor rings to install them in few minutes inside
the sewer pipe reducing the time in the manhole. The sensor is
first attached to a carrier and can slide into any of the compatible
mounting system.this maintains a height suitable for measuring
flow rates and velocities at very low water level .to install the
sensors in rectangular, semicircular, trapezoidal or earthen
channels it is recommended to use mounting plates sutable
to the location This instrument is an ideal tool for

permanent flow monitoring studies and surveys of
Waste water collection systems (Infiltration studies,Hydraulic
Model calibration,event notification,lomg term trend analysis
etc)
Combined Sewer systems (Characterise combined sewer
overflow impacts)
Waste water treatment facilities ( influent measurement,real
time process control,effluent measurement)
Figure 4
The flow meter electronics Q-Eye PSC MT is a major improvement

in open channel flow measureent over its preavious versions.
This flow computer incorporates all the required algorithms and
86
Irrigation Channels (Supply measurement)

Inductrial flow (Flow measurement,process optimisation)
Storm water run off monitoring
Flow Measurement Using Dopper Radar Type

Non Contact Sensor
An alternative technique has been devised to measure the
discharge in open channel and selected sewers using area velocity
method.Q-Eye RadarMT- which is a non-contact open channel
flow meter.It consists of a pulse wave Radar Based velocity sensor
and an ultrasonic or radar based water level sensor. The Radar
velocity sensor It uses the frequency shift of the backscattered
(Bragg) microwave signal of 24 GHz , from the roughness or
ripples on the surface of flowing water.The sensor has to be
mounted on cross over / bridge, over a an open channel or on a
suitable clamping arrangement inside manhole if a sewer flow has
to be measured.The sensor is mounted at a defined inclination
facing the upstream or downstream of the flow direction.Though
the Radar sensors picks up the velocity sample from the surface
of the flowing water, at a certain known location from the bank
preferably at the centre of the stream if the approach conditions
are not conducive , the flow computer uses a finite Differential
Algorithm developed by HydroVision GmbH, that yields to an
accurate determination of average velocity from the measurement
of surface velocity at a known point of the flow surface.The
system is designed for a continuous operation and suitable for
measurement of flows not only in waste water channels, sewers
and irrigation channels, but also on Rivers and large channels.
Figure 6
that the instalation error or any unwanted repositioning of the

sensor are detected and can be corrected hence eleminating the
measurement error . The system can be used with an optional
surcharge depth sensor, so the system can measure when the flow
condition changes from open channel condition to surcharge
conditions like in sewers.
The flowmeter Q-Eye Radar MT offers all the feature explained

above for the ultrasonic doppler system. Certain version of
radar Velocity sensor uses a built in Inclination Sensorso
The maximum permissible instalation height of such radar

sensors are about 30 meter from the water surface, whereas the
minimum distance could be 0.5 M or 0.2 meter for various version
of sensors. These sensors are capable of measuring the surface
velocity as low as 0.05 m/s .the water level sensor is seprately
installed and can be an ultrasonic type or a radar type based on
the site condition.
Figure 5
Figure 7
A non contact vradar type velocity sensor offers distict advantage

to the user for example
Accurate flow measurement
Easy installation
To measure flow in Open channels of water , waste water of

any geometrical shape
To conduct flow measurement study using portable devices
for closed pipe and open channel
Integrated inclination sensor
And, other than flow measurement the technology has been

successfully applied to measure Sediment concentration and
particle size in flowing water or reservoirs To run the sewer
system efficiently, to manage the storm water situation effectively,
and to operate the sewage treatment plants with best possible
efficiency, a monitorand control of waste water discharge is
necessary around the clock, and acoustic technology comes with
a definite answer to many of such measurement challenges.
Optional surcharge water level sensor
Reference
The installation and operation man power need not to be in

touch with waste water or sewer water
Sewer Flow Monitoring
No need to stop the flow for installation or maintenance

Bi Directipnal flow measuremebt
No need of periodic cleaning of the sensor as in case of
submurged sensors
Conclusion
The acoustic principle has become a growth driver for
flow meters. More and more users have already begun to
appreciate the advantages of contact free measurements. With
a comprehensive range of products and solutions we can
determine flow in various applications. Accuracy and reliability
are given top priority.
a) Vladimir Patrevi, Ph.D. Civ.Eng, Faculty of Geotechnical

Engineering Varadin, University of Zagreb
b)Kristijan Boda, B.Sc. Civ.Eng., Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek
c) Jrgen Skripalle, Ph.D. Civ.Eng., Hydro Vision GmbH,
Kaufbeuren, Germany.
The application of acoustic technology includes

To measure flow in pressurised pipe regardless the approach
flow conditions and piping orientation
Measurement of flow in partially filled pipes and sewers
88
About The Author
Ram Warriar, GM - India region , Hydrovision GmbH,

is an Instrumentation professional and can be reached
at ram.warriar@hydrovision.de, info@hydrovision.de.
City of Auburn, Alabama, Converts WWTP from Chlorine

Gas to Flexible & Modern UV Disinfection System
By Wayne Lem
Installed TrojanUVSignaTM at H.C. Morgan WPCF
he City of Auburn is a thriving community of

approximately 60,000 residents. It is a college town and is
the home of Auburn University, which has an enrollment
of just over 25,000. Auburn is located between Montgomery, AL
and Atlanta, GA. Auburn has been marked in recent years by
rapid growth.
Auburn sits near the divide between the Chattahoochee and

Tallapoosa River watersheds. The City has two treatment facilities
the Northside Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF) which
has a permitted capacity of 2 MGD (315 m3/h) and the H.C.
Morgan WPCF which has a permitted capacity of 11.25 MGD
(1,772 m3/h). The Plants were originally constructed in 1985.
In April 2008, the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Alabama Department of Environmental
Management (ADEM) finalized a Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL) for the Saughatchee Creek Watershed, where effluent
from the Northside WPCF discharges to. The TMDL established a
Total Phosphorus (TP) waste load allocation of 0.25 mg/l for the
Northside WPCF - requiring a 90% reduction in TP for the facility.
Subsequently, the City hired CH2M Hill to evaluate options for
compliance with the TMDL. The following two options were
considered:
1. Upgrading the Northside WPCF to be able to meet the TP
discharge requirements, and
90
2. Ceasing discharge at the Northside WPCF, utilizing a recently

constructed transfer sewer system to pump everything to the
H.C. Morgan WPCF and upgrading the H.C. Morgan WPCF
to handle the additional flow.
After extensive analysis, option (2) was selected. The H.C.
Morgan WPCF is an activated sludge/ extended aeration plant,
utilizing both mechanical and biological treatment. It treats the
majority of the sanitary wastewater for the City, and discharges to
Parkerson Mill Creek.
Auburn, AL Treatment Plant

As part of the H.C. Morgan WPCF plant upgrade in 2012, the
City decided to convert from chemical (chlorine) disinfection to
environmentally-friendly disinfection with Ultraviolet Light (UV).
This conversion not only enables the City to benefit from UVs
safety and environmental advantages but also from the long term
savings in operation and maintenance costs. The City had been
disinfecting with gaseous chlorine and dechlorinating with sulfur
dioxide.
With their consultant, CH2M Hill, the City evaluated UV
disinfection manufacturers and products; the TrojanUVSigna
was selected by the H.C. Morgan Water Pollution Control Facility
for its benefits, including:
Suitability for seasonal operation
Lowest number of UV lamps required and ease of operation

and maintenance
Low total installed capital cost and long-term operating cost
System design features and Trojans overall experience and
support
Benefits of LPHO Lamps

Low power consumption (1/3 the energy usage of MP
lamps)
Long lamp life (>15,000 hours)
Low carbon footprint and environmental impact
Simple retrofit installation into the existing chlorine contact

chamber
Simplicity of operation and maintenance
The TrojanUVSigna installation in Auburn was brought on-line
in October 2012, just in time for college football season and the
resulting populations swell to the City. The system was designed
with two 22 lamp banks (expandable to 29) to treat a peak
capacity of 34.20 MGD. The TrojanUVSigna incorporates the
latest innovative features including: the TrojanUV Solo Lamp
technology, advanced control capabilities, ActiClean automatic
sleeve cleaning, and an Automatic Raising Mechanism which
has simplified maintenance and operation for plant operators.
Since start-up, the system at Auburn has consistently performed
under the regulated disinfection limit (see Figure 1) and the site
has enjoyed minimal maintenance during the first few years of
operation.
When converting from chlorine to UV, existing chlorine contact
tanks are often used for a retrofit. This is the approach Auburn
took; not only does it reduce construction costs, it also enables
the surplus areas within old chlorine contact tanks to be used for
water storage, bypass, and other purposes.
The TrojanUVSigna system is specifically designed for large-scale
wastewater disinfection applications, makes conversion to UV
disinfection easier, reduces total cost of ownership compared
to chemical disinfection and simplifies maintenance for the
wastewater treatment plant operations staff.
The TrojanUV Solo Lamp Technology combines the best features
of both medium and low-pressure lamp technology.
Benefits of MP Lamps
Low lamp count and small footprint
Dimmable from 100 to 30% power
Figure 1.The disinfection performance of the TrojanUVSigna has consistently been below the regulatory limit for the plant.
System Design Parameters

Peak Design Flow: 34.2 MGD (129,460 m3/d)
UV Transmittance: > 65%
Disinfection Limit: 126 E.coli/100mL (30 day average)
Number Of UV Units: Two channels, two banks of 22
lamps (expandable to 29) in each channel Average Solids
Concentration: 30 mg/L TSS
Upstream Treatment: Biologically Treated Secondary
Effluent, Unfiltered
About The Author
Wayne Lem P. Eng. has a background in Chemical

Engineering and he is a licensed professional
engineer in the Province of Ontario, Canada. He
has over 20 years of experience in the water industry, with indepth involvement in technologies used in several treatment
applications, including municipal wastewater, water reuse,
drinking water and trace contaminant removal. Wayne has
been with Trojan Technologies since 2003. Prior roles included
Senior Process Engineer as well as Manager of Validation and
Research. He is currently Municipal Market Manager and leads
various global market strategies, new product developments
and reactor validations. His role also encompasses educating
engineers, regulators and operators about the science behind
UV technology and various other water treatment processes.
He can be reached at wlem@trojantechnologies.com
Effective Waste Water Management to achieve New

MoEF Norms for Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants
By Dhanesh Sharma
aste water management can be helpful in lowering

fresh water consumption of power plants. As per
latest MoEF notification for thermal power plants, all
new plants (installed after 1st Jan, 2017), requires to meet specific
water consumption upto 2.5 m3/MWh and achieve zero waste
discharge. The effectively designed Wastewater Management, can
achieve this limit of specific water consumption and will be able
to lower fresh water consumption for thermal power plants. This
waste water management has been represented in present paper
for typical 2x660 mw coal fired power plant with fresh water as
river based.
Introduction
The Waste water generated in Power Plant from various processes
(viz., cooling system, DM plant, CPU regeneration, filters
backwash, PT plant, etc.) is generally taken to central monitoring
basin for neutralization and further use as makeup required for
Ash Handling system, Horticulture& CHP dust suppression.
Latest MoEF notification (dated 07 Dec 2015), for new plants
installed from1st Jan 2017, requires SO2 reduction in Flue gas
92
emission to 100 mg/Nm3 from earlier 200 mg/Nm3(for units

above 500MW capacity), which needs Flue Gas Desulphurization
process (FGD). Wet scrubber based FGD itself requires makeup
(clarified) water for lime slurry preparation. This increases fresh
water consumption of plants. On other hand, same MoEF
notification requires specific water consumption to be achieved
upto 2.5m3/MWh. This article discusses about recent trends in
waste water balance for power plants to meet above challenges,
reducing the specific water consumption and its help in achieving
effective waste water recycling.
Current Waste Water Management in Power Plants

The waste water generated from power plant consists of:
Cooling Tower(CT) blowdown(TDS 3000 ppm)
Side stream filters (SSF) waste (TSS > 100 ppm)
DM Plant (UF-RO-MB) (TDS 3000 ppm)
CPU regeneration (TDS 200 ppm)
Typical 2x660MW - Water & Waste Water Management

157114
Condenser
2307
Evap. +
Drift
6497
ACW
(3).
3359
3939
Raw Water
Makeup
Raw Water
Reservior
(Strorage - 7 Days)
Cooling
Tower
COC 5
2972
580
Ash. MU*
Evap.
Loss
SSF
83
Backwash
49
Filtration +
DM Plant
79
331
583
163029 Blowdown
54
Cycle MU
N Pit
To CHP
Dust Supprs.
Central
Monitoring Basin
(CMB)
Two
Compartments
76
To
Gardening
To
291
Ash Sump
32
(3). 291
25
3310
Aerator +
Clarifier
63
3303
240
7
CPU
Service
Water
22
Oil Water
Seperator
Waste:
- CHP
- AHP sealing
- HVAC
(AW + CT MU)
- SW
Sludge
Thicknr
28
* Power
Com mon
Oily
* Transfor. Water
Pit
Area
House
Centriguge/F
ilter press
11
6
Solid Cakes
From
CMB
Potable
Water
Plant + Colony
* Fuel Oil
Area
AHP Sealing
291
(3).
25
Ash
Regen
70
Notes:
291
120
Ash Water sump
846
Ash Handling
Plant
966
270
Ash Slurry
Sump
** 150
Conditioning
**
580
(1)ThisWaterBalanceispreparedfortypical
2x660MWCoalFiredPlant
(2)DesignCOCisconsideredasFive(5).
(3)0%WaterRecoveryduringFirst
YearofPlantoperationofPlant,duringthis
periodmakeupforAHPshallbefromRawWater
Reservior.RecoveryfromAshPondisconsidered
To Ash Pond
278
as70%ofTotalSlurryDisposalfromSecondYear
ofOperation.
(3)
Raw Water
Reservior
966
580
270
**100%FlyAshdisposal/utilisationshallbe
progressivelyachievedinDryFormfromFourth
YearoperationofPlantasperMoEFnotification
dt.3.11.2009
(4)TurbineCycleMakeupisconsideredas1%
ofBMCR.DMplantconsistofUFROMBunits.
Ash Pond
Ash Pond Recovery
** 162
To Evap.
386
loss
386
**
(5)*IndicatesIntermittentFlowandsameisnot
consideredhereforWaterBalance
Figure 1
Oily water from Power house, transformer area and fuel oil
handling area (Oil & Grease >30 ppm)
Coal handling plant waste water (TSS >1500ppm)
Service water & Potable waste water (TSS 50ppm)
From the above, CT blowdown, SSF, CPU regen. & DM plant are
the major waste water generation systems.
The figure 1 shows the Water & Waste water balance diagram of
typical conventional 2 x 660MW coal fired power plant.
Effluents generated from these processes accounts for 698 m3/
hr.; breakup of same is as below:
CT blowdown - 583 m3/hr (COC-5 of cooling water circuit)
SSF 83 m3/hr and
DM plant N pit 32 m3/hr
These effluents are collected and neutralized in central monitoring
basin (CMB) for use in further processes (having acceptable
waste water qualities) like ash handling plant makeup, CHP dust
suppression and horticulture etc.
a) Ash handling plant requires 966 m3/hr of makeup water for
conveying of Dry & Bottom ash in wet slurry (lean) form
and 25 m3/hr for ash conditioning. This consumption is met
from:
AHP sealing water (120m3/hr)
CMB (291 m3/hr)
Raw water reservoir (580m3/hr), during first year of plant
operation. From second year onwards, this makeup ismet
from recovered water from Ash pond(2)reducing the Raw
water requirement. Nearly 60-70% recovery (580 m3/hr) is
practically achievable from Ash pond after installing clarifier.
From Fourth year of operation, after complete utilization
of fly ash in dry mode is achieved, makeup water for Ash
handling system is reduced to 175 m3/hr and additional
water from CMB is recirculated to Ash pond.

94
Recently some plants have MoEF clearances with fly ash

collection in HCSD (high concentrated slurry) mode
(instead of above lean slurry mode), having makeup water
requirement reduced by approx. 15% to 495 m3/hr from 580

m3/hr (from first year operation onwards). However, Fly ash
collection in lean slurry mode is discussed here.
b) CHP dust suppression is nearly 331 m3/hr depending on
Coal stock yard (storage) area, conveyor length (intermittent)
and transfer towers (intermittent) up to coal bunker. This is
met from CMB.
c) Horticulture requirement is ~76 m3/hr.
Considering different processes makeup water like CW, DM,
Service water & Potable water (refer figure 1), total plant makeup
water requirement is 3359 m3/hr & 3939 m3/hr (during first year
of operation) for 2x660MW Coal Fired Plant. Specific water
consumption for plant will be 2.984 m3/MWh (considering
temporary makeup water requirement during first year of
operation) and 2.54 m3/MWh subsequently.
Challenge
To
Achieve
Specific
Water
Consumption As Per Latest MoEF Notification:
With Latest MoEF notification, for all operating plants, SO2
reduction is required to be reduced to 100 mg/Nm3 from earlier
200 mg/Nm3 in Flue gas emission. This can be achieved with
installation of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) process. Wet
scrubber based FGD requires makeup water for lime slurry
preparation in the range of 150-178 m3/hr for 2 x 660MW
plant and with water quality TDS< 50-500 ppm & chloride
<50 ppm. This increases fresh water consumption of plant to
3537m3/hr (i.e. specific water consumption to 2.68 m3/MWh)
(Refer figure 2). However on the other hand, in same MoEF
notification it is mentioned that specific water consumption
to be achieved upto 2.5m3/MWh for all new plants installed
after 2017.
Proposed Waste Water Management To Reduce

Water Consumption For New Plants
In the proposed waste water management (figure 3), other than
698m3/hr (from CT blowdown, SSF backwash and DM N-pit),
additional waste water generated will be collected in central
monitoring basin (CMB) from:
Potable waste water through STP recovery (2m3/hr)
Total waste water collected in CMB will be 700 m3/hr.

157114
Condenser
2307
Evap. +
Drift
6497
ACW
(3).
3537
4117
Raw Water
Makeup
Raw Water
Reservior
(Strorage - 7 Days)
Cooling
Tower
COC 5
2972
580
Ash. MU*
Evap.
Loss
SSF
83
Backwash
49
Filtration +
DM Plant
79
331
583
163029 Blowdown
54
Cycle MU
N Pit
To CHP
Dust Supprs.
Central
Monitoring Basin
(CMB)
Two
Compartments
76
To
Gardening
To
291
Ash Sump
32
(3). 291
25
3488
Aerator +
Clarifier
63
3481
240
7
CPU
Regen
Service
Water
70
22
Oil Water
Seperator
Waste:
- CHP
- AHP sealing
- HVAC
(AW + CT MU)
- SW
Sludge
Thicknr
28
* Power
Com mon
Oily
* Transfor. Water
Pit
Area
House
Centriguge/F
ilter press
11
6
178
Solid Cakes
Potable
Water
Plant + Colony
* Fuel Oil
Area
FGD
From
CMB
AHP Sealing
291
(3).
25
Ash
Notes:
291
120
Ash Water sump
846
Ash Handling
Plant
966
270
Ash Slurry
Sump
** 150
Conditioning
**
580
To Ash Pond
278
ofOperation.
(3)
Raw Water
Reservior
966
580
270
dt.3.11.2009
Ash Pond
Ash Pond Recovery
** 162
To Evap.
386
loss
386
**
Figure 2
(3).
3123
3859
Raw Water
Makeup
2307
Evap. +
Drift
6497
ACW
Cooling
Tower
COC 5
2972
583
To CHP 199
Dust Supprs.
Blowdown
163029
736
Raw Water
Ash. MU*
Reservior
(Strorage 7Days)
Evap.
Loss
157114
Condenser
From
ETP
169 RO
83
SSF Backwash
49
54
Cycle MU
Filtration +
DM Plant
79
20
Central
Monitoring Basin
(CMB)
Two Compartments
To
Gardening
481
N Pit
32
25
3074
3135
Aerator +
Clarifier
240
7
CPU
Regen
Service
Water
66
61
2
*
STP
Recov.
240
Sludge
Thicknr
22
Oil Water
Seperator
Waste:
- CHP
- AHP sealing
- HVAC
(AW + CT MU)
- SW Distribution
27
Centriguge/F
ilter press
11
5
Com mon
Oily
Water
* Transfor.
Pit
Area
* Power
House
Potable
Water
Plant+Colony
481
169
Solid Cakes
347
CW makeup
178
* Fuel Oil
Area
STP
Clarifier+F
iltration+
ETP RO
FGD
2
CMB
Consumed
To Ash
Water Sump
Waste
Coal Pile*
166 Run Off

From
ETP RO
AHP Sealing
135
Coal Settling
Pond
120
For
Ash
25
Conditioning
Ash Water sump
**
736
846
** 150
Ash Handling
Plant
966
**
Ash Slurry
Sump
270
165
To Ash Pond
(3) .
From Raw Water

Reservior
966
Ash Pond Recovery
734
270
Ash Pond
** 205
232
**
230
To Evap.
loss
Figure 3
96
135
132
Clear water
for CHP Dust
Suppression
Notes:
ofOperation.
dt.3.11.2009
This collected waste water from CMB will be neutralized &utilized

effectively to reduce plant make up water requirement further
(after FGD water requirement) in following ways:
Reduction in CHP dust suppression
By installing Coal settling pond, considering 50% run off
coefficient, 132m3/hr waste water can be recovered for dust
suppression of coal stock yard. CMB make up water requirement
for coal dust suppression can be reduced to 199 m3/hr from 331
m3/hr.
ETP RO
CMB waste water can be recovered in clear water (TDS <300
ppm, upto 70%) by installing ETP RO with clarifier and DMF on
upstream. Nearly 347m3/hr clear water can be achieved through
ETP RO and can be used as makeup to CW system(169 m3/hr)&
FGD system (178m3/hr).
The reject (135 m3/hr) from ETP RO can be used as makeup to
Ash handling system.
By adopting the above methodology of Waste water management,
plant raw water makeup can be reduced to 3123 m3/hr from 3537
m3/hr.
Conclusion
The proposed waste water management presented in this paper is
effective in meeting latest MoEF notification and FGD make up
water requirement. The same can be used to reduce specific water
consumption from 2.68 m3/MWh to 2.36 m3/MWh for typical
river water based 2x660MW Coal Fired Power Plant.
References
1. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF),
Notification dated 7th December 2015
2. Report on Minimization of water requirement in coal based
thermal power stations, CEA, January 2012
Acknowledgements
1. Sh. S Ravishankar, Head Engineering, Adani Infra (I) Ltd
2. Sh. Prasada Reddy, HOD mechanical, Adani Infra (I) Ltd
About The Author
Dhanesh Sharma, Associate Manager, Adani Infra (I)

Ltd. has over 9 years experience in Design & Detailed
Engineering of Complete Water systems from Intake
to Effluent treatment & reuse for Utility Thermal power plants.
He can be reached at Dhanesh.Sharma@adani.com.
th
11
on
iti
Ed
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ater quality crisis is one of the most challenges issue facing across the
global today. Continuing population growth and urbanisation, rapid
industralisation, and expanding and intensifying food production are
all putting pressure on water resources and increasing the unregulated or illegal
discharge of contaminated water within and beyond national borders. This presents
a global threat to human health and wellbeing, with both immediate and long term
consequences for efforts to reduce poverty whilst sustaining the integrity of some of
our most productive ecosystems.
Editors Note
There are many causes driving this crisis, but it is clear that freshwater and coastal
ecosystems across the globe, upon which humanity has depended for millennia, are
increasingly threatened. It is equally clear that future demands for water cannot be
met unless wastewater management is revolutionized.
The global population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Major growth
will take place in developing countries, particularly in urban areas that already have
inadequate wastewater infrastructure. The financial, environmental and social costs
are projected to increase dramatically unless wastewater management receives
urgent attention.
Currently, most of the wastewater infrastructure in many of the fastest growing cities
is lacking. It is outdated, not designed to meet local conditions, poorly maintained
and entirely unable to keep pace with rising urban populations. Experiences have
shown that appropriate investments done in the right manner can provide the required
returns. However, it will require not only investments, but careful and comprehensive
integrated water and wastewater planning and management at national and
municipal levels. This must transcend the entire water supply and disposal chain
involving ecosystem management (including coastal waters), agricultural efficiency
and production and treatment of wastewater and a stronger focus on urban planning.
The articles in this issue discuss on adopting a strategic approach to wastewater
treatment, optimizing the reuse of wastewater, the role of improved monitoring
of wastewater and identification of wastewater and its vital role in sustainable
development and reuse methods.
Happy Reading!
Naina Shah
Editor

WATMAN Magazine May 2016

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