Algebra Probs

MATH1151
Mathematics for Actuarial Studies

and Finance 1A
ALGEBRA PROBLEMS
Semester 1 2016
Copyright 2016 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW
Contents
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syllabus and lecture timetable
Problem schedule . . . . . . . .
Test schedule . . . . . . . . . .
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. v
. v
. vii
. vii
1 INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS
1.1 Vector quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Vector quantities and Rn . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Rn and analytic geometry . . . . . . . .
1.4 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Vectors, Matrices/Arrays and MATLAB
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Problems for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

2.1 Introduction to linear equations . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Systems of linear equations and matrix notation
2.3 Elementary row operations . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Solving systems of equations . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Deducing solubility from row-echelon form . . . .
2.6 Solving Ax = b for indeterminate b . . . . . . .
2.7 General properties of the solution of Ax = b . .
2.8 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Matrix reduction and MATLAB . . . . . . . . .
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11
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11
11
Problems for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 MATRICES
3.1 Matrix arithmetic and algebra . . . . . . .
3.2 The transpose of a matrix . . . . . . . . .
3.3 The inverse of a matrix . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Some applications of matrix multiplication
3.6 Matrices and MATLAB . . . . . . . . . .
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23
23
23
23
23
23
23

iii
4 VECTOR GEOMETRY
4.1 Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 The dot product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Applications: orthogonality and projection . .
4.4 The cross product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 Scalar triple product and volume . . . . . . .
4.6 Planes in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Projections and least squares approximations
4.8 Vector Geometry and MATLAB . . . . . . .
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33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33

5 INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY AND
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Some preliminary set theory . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Discrete random variables . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Continuous random variables . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 The Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Sums and means of random variables . . . . . .
5.8 Approximations to the Binomial Distribution .
5.9 Probability and MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . .
STATISTICS
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43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43

ANSWERS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
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59
59
64
69
73
76
ALGEBRA SYLLABUS AND LECTURE TIMETABLE

The algebra course for MATH1151 is based on the MATH1151 Algebra Notes, which are essential
reading and must be brought to all algebra tutorials. There is very little overlap between this
syllabus and the algebra specified in the NSW HSC curriculum. The computer package Matlab
will be used in the MATH1151 algebra course. An approximate lecture timetable is given below.
The lecturer will try to keep to this timetable, but variations might be unavoidable, especially due
to public holidays.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Vectors
Lectures 14
Vector quantities. Rules for addition and scalar multiplication of geometric vectors.
Brief mention of matrices for Matlab applications. Addition of vectors and multiplication by scalars.
(Section 1.1)
Vector quantities and Rn . (Section 1.2)
Analytic geometry and other applications. (Section 1.3)
Points, line segments and lines. Displacements. Lines in R2 , R3 , and Rn . (Section 1.4)
Parametric vector equations for planes in Rn . The linear equation form of a plane. (Section 1.5)
Chapter 2. Linear Equations and Matrices

Lectures 58
Introduction to systems of linear equations. Solution of 2 2 and 2 3 systems and geometrical
interpretations. (Section 2.1)
Matrix notation. (Section 2.2)
Elementary row operations, elementary matrices. (Section 2.3)
Solving systems of equations via Gaussian elimination.(Section 2.4)
Deducing solubility from row-echelon form. (Section 2.5)
Solving systems with indeterminate right hand side. (Section 2.6)
General properties of solutions to Ax = b. (Section 2.7)
Applications in Actuarial Studies, Finance and Commerce. (Section 2.8)
Chapter 3. Matrices
Lectures 911
Operations on matrices. (Section 3.1)
Transposes. (Section 3.2)
Inverses. (Section 3.3)
Determinants. (Section 3.4)
Applications of matrix multiplication. (Section 3.5)
Chapter 4. Vector Geometry

Lectures 1215
Length, distance between points. (Section 4.1)
Angles and dot product in R2 , R3 , Rn . (Section 4.2)
Orthogonality and orthonormal basis, projection of one vector on another. Relationship between
coordinates of a vector and projections of the vector on orthonormal basis vectors. (Section 4.3)
The cross product: definition and arithemetic properties, geometric interpretation of cross product
as perpendicular vector and area (Section 4.4)
Scalar triple products, determinants and volumes (Sections 4.5)
Equations of planes in R3 : the parametric vector form, linear equation (Cartesian) form and pointnormal form of equations, the geometric interpretations of the forms and conversions from one form
to another. (Section 4.6)
Projections and least-squares approximations (Section 4.7)
Chapter 5. Probability
Lectures 1624
Introduction to probability and statistics. (Section 5.1)
Preliminary set theory. (Section 5.2)
Axiomatic probability, sample spaces, conditional probability, Bayes rule, independent events. (Section 5.3)
Discrete random variables (uniform, binomial, Poisson, geometric). Mean and variance of a discrete
random variable. (Section 5.4)
Continuous random variables (uniform, negative exponential). Cumulative distribution functions.
Mean and variance of a continuous random variable. (Section 5.5)
The normal distibution. The standard normal distribution. Evaluating normal probability integrals. Conversion from general normal distributions to standard normal distributions. Applications
of the normal distribution. Estimation of probabilities. (Section 5.6)
The sampling distribution for the mean and the central limit theorem. Sums of random variables.
(Section 5.7)
Approximations to the binomial distribution by the normal distribution and by the Poisson distribution. (Section 5.8)
ALGEBRA PROBLEM SETS
The Algebra problems are located at the end of each chapter of the Algebra Notes booklet. They
are also available from the course module on the UNSW Moodle server. Some of the problems are
very easy, some are less easy but still routine and some are quite hard. To help you decide which
problems to try first, each problem is marked with an [R] or an [H]. The problems marked [R] form
a basic set of problems which you should try first. Problems marked [H] are harder and can be left
until you have done the problems marked [R]. You do need to make an attempt at the [H] problems
because problems of this type will occur on tests and in the exam. If you have difficulty with the
[H] problems, ask for help in your tutorial.
The problems marked [X] are intended for students in MATH1141 they relate to topics which
are only covered in MATH1141 and are included only for interest. There are a number of questions
marked [M], indicating that Matlab is required in the solution of the problem.
PROBLEM SCHEDULE
The main purpose of tutorials is to give you an opportunity to get help with problems which you
have found difficult and with parts of the lectures or the Algebra Notes which you dont understand.
In order to get real benefit from tutorials, it is essential that you try to do relevant problems before
the tutorial, so that you can find out the areas where you need help. The following table is a
guide as to the problems which you should try to do before each tutorial. Tutors may need to vary
a little from this suggested problem schedule.
For tutorial
in week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Try to do up to
chapter
problem
No tutorial, but start learning
how to use Matlab and Maple TA
1
30
1
50
2
20
2
45
3
30(Test 1)
3
55
4
26
4
43
5
22
5
45
5
55 (Test 2)
5
78
CLASS TESTS AND EXAMS

Questions for the class tests in MATH1151 will be similar to the questions marked [R] and [H] in
the problem sets. Since each class test is only twenty or twenty-five minutes in length only shorter
straight forward tests of theory and practice will be set. As a guide, see the recent past class test
papers (at the end of the Algebra notes).
The following table shows the week in which each test will be held and the topics covered.
Test
1
Week
6
12
Topics
chapter
1
2
2
3
4
5
covered
sections
All
2.1 to 2.7
2.8
All
All
5.1 to 5.4
Examination questions are, by their nature, different from short test questions. They may test
a greater depth of understanding. The questions will be longer, and sections of the course not
covered in the class tests will be examined. As a guide, see the recent past exam papers in the
separate past exam papers booklet.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS
1.1
Vector quantities
1.2
Vector quantities and Rn
1.3
Rn and analytic geometry
1.4
Lines
1.5
Planes
1.6
Vectors, Matrices/Arrays and MATLAB
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1
Problems for Chapter 1

Problems 1.1
1. [R] Given that ABC, DEF, and OGH are equally spaced parallel lines, as are ADO, BEG
and CF H. P is the mid point of AD.
A
P
If OH = h and OA = a, express the following in terms of a and h.
a) OC,
b) HA,
c) GC,
d) OP ,
e) GP .
2. [R] Simplify

a) AB OB + OA,
b) AB CB + 3DA + 3CD.
3. [R] Express each of the following in terms of a and b.

a) 3(2a + b) 2(5a b),
b) 2(p a + q b) + 3(r a s b) where p, q, r, s R.
4. [R] Let ABC be a triangle with OA = a, OB = b, OC = c where O is the origin.

a) If M is the midpoint of the line segment AB and P is the midpoint of the line segment
CB express the vectors OM and OP in terms of a, b, and c.
b) Show that M P is parallel to AC and has half its length.

5. [H] Given a convex quadrilateral ABCD, prove, using vectors, that the quadrilateral formed
by joining the midpoints of AB, BC, CD, and DA is a parallelogram.
2
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS
6. [R] Use geometric vectors to solve the following problems. In each case, draw a careful picture
and then use trigonometry to find the answer. If your picture is accurate, you may wish
to use a ruler and protractor to confirm your result.
a) An ant crawls 10 cm due east in a straight line and then crawls 5 cm northeast in a
straight line. What is the ants final displacement from its starting point?
b) An ant is standing at the western edge of a moving walkway which is moving at 12
cm per sec in the direction due South. The ant starts to walk at 5 cm/sec across the
walkway in the direction perpendicular to its edge. If the walkway is 40 cm wide, find
the displacement of the ant from its starting point just as it steps off the walkway.
c) An observer on a wharf sees a yacht sailing at 15 km per hour southeast. A sailor on
the yacht is watching a container ship and sees it sailing at 25 km per hour due north.
What is the velocity of the container ship as seen by the observer on the wharf?
d) A rower is rowing across a river. His rowing speed is 2 km per hour and there is a
current flowing in the river at 1 km per hour. Find the direction that the rower must
row to go directly across the river. If the river is 300 metres wide, how long will it
take him to cross the river?
e) There are three ropes attached to a block of wood and a man is pulling on each rope.
The first man is pulling with a force of 200 newtons due north, the second is pulling
with a force of 250 newtons due east, and the third is pulling with a force of 150
newtons southwest. What is the net force on the block?
7. [H] Town B is 18 km N 18 W from Town A. Town C is 25 km N 36 E from B. Town D is 20
km S 72 E from C. Town F is 15 km S 25 W from D. What are the distance and bearing
of Town F from Town A?
8. [H] Let O, A, B, C be points in a plane. Suppose that X is the midpoint of BC, Y is the
point on AC with AY : Y C = 3 : 1, and Z is the point on AB with AZ : ZB = 3 : 1. Let
OA = a, OB = b, and OC = c.

a) Write down the vectors OX, OY and OZ in terms of a, b, c.
b) Let T be the point on AX with AT : T X = 6 : 1. Write OT in terms of a, b, c.

c) Show that T lies on both CZ and Y B.
Problems 1.2
9. [R] Find u + 2v 3w (if possible) given that

2
1
1
a) u =
,v=
,w=
;
3
2
1

2
7
0
b) u = 3 , v =
6 , w = 0 ;
3
1
2
3

2
1
1
1
2
1
c) u =
1 , v = 1 , w = 3 ;
1
0
2

1
10
0
d) u =
3 ,v=
2 ,w=
;
0
5
3
e) u = 2i + 3j 2k, v = i 2j + k, w = i + j k.
10. [R] A car travels 3km due North then 5km Northeast. Use coordinate vectors to find the
distance and direction from the starting point.
11. [R] Solve Problems 6(a) and (b) using coordinate vectors.
a1
a2
12. [R] Suppose that v = b1 and w = b2 are vectors in R3 ; and are real numbers.
c1
c2
Prove the scalar distributive law ( + )v = v + v and the vector distributive law
(v + w) = v + w.
13. [H] Prove the associative law of vector addition in Rn . (Proposition ?? on page ??).
14. [H] Prove Proposition ?? on page ??.
Problems 1.3

2
1
15. [R] Let v =
and w =
. Draw coordinate axes and mark in the points whose
3
1
coordinate vectors are v, v, w, v + w, 2v and v w.
16. [R] Given the following points A, B, C and D, are the vectors AB and CD parallel?
a) A = (1, 2, 3), B = (2, 3, 4), C = (3, 4, 7), D = (4, 6, 9);
b) A = (3, 2, 5), B = (5, 3, 6), C = (2, 3, 7), D = (0, 2, 4);
c) A = (12, 4, 6), B = (2, 6, 4), C = (5, 2, 9), D = (0, 3, 4).
Do any of these sets of 4 points form a parallelogram?
17. [R] Prove that A(1, 2, 1), B(4, 7, 8), C(6, 4, 12) and D(3, 1, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Draw and label the parallelogram.
18. [R] Show that the points A(1, 2, 3), B(3, 8, 1), C(7, 20, 3) are collinear.
19. [R] Show that the points A(1, 2, 1), B(4, 6, 3), C(1, 2, 1) are not collinear.
4
20. [R] Show that the points A, B, C in R3 with coordinate vectors

1
a = 0 ,
3

0
b = 1
4
and
6
c = 5
2
are collinear.
21. [H] If A(1, 3, 4), B(4, 6, 3), C(1, 2, 1) and D are the vertices of a parallelogram, find all the
possible coordinates for the point D.
22. [H] Consider three non-collinear points D, E, F in R3 with coordinate vectors d, e and f .
There are exactly 3 points in R3 which, taken one at a time with D, E and F, form a
parallelogram. Calculate vector expressions for the three points.
23. [R] Let A = (2, 3, 1) and B = (4, 5, 7). Find the midpoint of A and B. Find the point Q
on the line through A and B such that B lies between A and Q and BQ is three times as
long as AB.
24. [R] The coordinate vectors, relative to the origin O, of the points A and B are respectively a
and b. State, in terms of a and b, the position vector of the point T which lies on AB
and is such that AT = 2T B.

25. [R] List the standard basis vectors for R5 .
26. [R] For each of the following vectors, find its length and find a vector of length one (unit
vectors) parallel to it.
,
4
a=
2

2
1
b=
0 ,
3
4
0
c=
1 .
2
0
27. [R] Find the distances between each of the following pairs of points with coordinate vectors:

2
3
5
1
6
8
0 6

c)
b) 1 , 7 ;
a) 4 , 1 ;
1 , 1 .
7
1
0
2
3
4

7
6
4
28. [R] A triangle has vertices A, B and C which have coordinate vectors 1 , 4 and 2
8
7
6
respectively. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle and deduce that the triangle is
right-angled.
5
3
29. [H] Construct
a cube in R with thelength of each edge 1. Show that 4the face diagonal has
length 2 and the long diagonal
3. Try to generalise this idea to R and show that there
are now diagonals of length 2, 3 and 2. How many vertices does a 4-cube have?
30. [H] Find 10 vectors in R10 , each pair of which is 5 2 apart. Can you now find an 11th such
vector?
Problems 1.4
31. [R] Find the coordinate vector for the displacement vector AB and parametric vector forms
for the lines through the points A and B with coordinates
a) A (1, 2), B (2, 7);
c) A (1, 2, 1), B (7, 2, 3);
b) A (1, 2, 1), B (1, 1, 5);

d) A (1, 2, 1, 3), B (1, 3, 1, 1).
4
1
32. [R] Does the point (3, 5, 7) lie on the line x =

3 + 2 ?
1
6
33. [R] Find parametric vector forms for the following lines in R2 :
a) y = 3x + 4;
b) 3x + 2y = 6;
c) y = 7x;
d) y = 4;
e) x = 2.
In each case indicate the direction of the line and a point through which the line passes.
34. [R] Find a parametric vector form and a Cartesian form for each of the following lines
a) through the points (4, 1, 3) and (2, 2, 3);
4
b) through (1, 2, 3) parallel to the vector 5 ;
6
c) through (1, 1, 1) parallel to the line joining the points (2, 2, 1) and (7, 1, 3);
d) through (1, 0, 0) parallel to the line joining the points (3, 2, 1) and (3, 5, 2).
35. [R] Let A, B, P be points in R3 with position vectors
7
a = 2 ,
3
1
b = 5
0
Let Q be the point on AB such that AQ =
1
and p = 1 .
2
2
AB.
3
a) Find q, the position vector of Q.

b) Find the parametric vector equation of the line that passes through P and Q.
6
36. [R] Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.

2
4
a) The lines y = 3x 4 and x =
+
are parallel.
1
12

3
6
b) The lines x =
+
and 2x + 3y = 8 are parallel.
1
4
4
10
z+3
x + 10
=y7=
are parallel.
c) The lines x = 1 + 2 and
5
4
2
8
3
10
d) The line x = 2 + 0 and the line
7
4
are parallel.
z+3
x + 10
=
5
2
and y = 5
37. [H] Suppose A and B are points with coordinate vectors a and b, respectively. Write down a
parametric vector form for
a) the line segment AB.
b) the ray from B through A.
c) all points P which lie on the line through A and B such that A is between P and B.
d) all points Q which lie on the line through A and B and are closer to B than A.
38. [H] Give a geometric interpretation of the following sets. In each set, R.

3
1
a) S = x : x = 3 + 1 for 0 6 6 1 .
7
6
2
1
+ 9 for 1 6 6 5 .
b) S = x : x =
4
3
0
7
6
0
6
4
2
8
7
.
+
(1
)
for
0
6
6
1
c) S = x : x =
3
2
5
1
5
4
1
3
4
0
d) S = x : x =
+
.
for
>
0
1
6
2
5
7
3
6
e) S = x : x = 1 + 2 for || > 2 .
4
7
Problems 1.5
39. [R] Find a parametric vector form for the planes passing through the points
a) (0, 0, 0), (3, 1, 2), (1, 4, 6);
b) (1, 4, 2), (2, 6, 4), (1, 10, 3).
40. [R] For each of the following sets of vectors, decide if the set is a line or a plane, give a point on
the line or plane, and give vectors parallel to the line or plane, i.e., geometrically describe
the sets.
1
2
a) S = x : x = 1 2 + 2 3 for 1 , 2 R .
3
4
3
2
4
1
1
2
b) S = x : x = + 1
+ 2
for 1 , 2 R .
2
3
6
4
2
4

9
3
2 6

c) span
1 , 3 .
2
6

8
4
1
d) S = x : x = 2 + y for y span
1 , 2 .
4
2
3
41. [R] Find parametric vector forms for the planes

1
2
a) through the point (1, 2, 3) parallel to 1 and 2 ;
3
3
b) through the points (3, 1, 4), (1, 2, 4), (6, 7, 2);
c) through the points (2, 4, 1, 6), (3, 2, 6, 1), (1, 4, 0, 0);

x1
d) 4x1 3x2 + 6x3 = 12, where x = x2 R3 ;

x3

x1
e) 5x2 6x3 = 5, where x = x2 R3 ;

x3
8
4
3
0
1
f) through the point (1, 2, 3, 4) parallel to the lines x =

2 + 4 and
4
5
x1 5
x2 + 6
x3 2
x4 + 1
=
=
=
.
7
2
3
5
42. [R] Find parametric vector forms to describe the following planes in R3 .
b) 3x1 x2 + 4x3 = 12.
d) x3 = 2.
a) x1 + x2 + x3 = 0.
c) x2 + 6x3 = 1.

2
43. [H] Show that the line x = t 1
3
a) lies on the plane 4x 5y z = 0, and
44. [H]
45. [H]
b) is parallel to the plane 3x 3y z = 2.
2+t
a) Find the intersection of the line x = 3 t and the plane 2x + 3y + z = 16.
4t
1
2
b) Find the intersection of the line x = 2 + 3 and the plane 9x+4y z = 0.
3
4
1
3
2
a) Write the plane x = 2 + 4 + 0 in Cartesian form.
0
3
6

2
1
6
b) Write the plane x = 1 + 6 + 1 in Cartesian form.
0
6
4
46. [H] Consider the line
x3
y+2
=
= z 1 and the plane 2x + y + 3z = 23 in R3 .
2
3
a) Find a parametric vector form for the line.

b) Hence find where the line meets the plane.
47. [H] Let be the line
x6
y4
z1
=
=
in R3 .
5
2
2
a) Express the line in parametric vector form.

b) Find the coordinates of the point where meets the plane 2x + y z = 1.
48. [H] The following sets of points represent simple geometric figures in a plane. 1 and 2 are
real numbers. For each problem draw a sketch in the (1 , 2 ) plane and a second sketch
in R2 , R3 or R4 (!!) as appropriate. For each problem identify the geometric shape.
9
10
a) S
b) S
c) S
d) S
e) S

0
1
2
= x:x=
+ 1
+ 2
1
2
3

2
1
0
+ 2
+ 1
= x:x=
3
2
1
2
4
= x : x = 1
1 + 2 2
2
3
2
4
= x : x = 1 1 + 2 2
2
3
2
4
+ 2 2
= x : x = 1
2
3
2
1

for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1 .
for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1 .
for 0 6 1 6 6, 0 6 2 6 8 .
for 0 6 1 6 6, 0 6 2 6 1 .
for 0 6 1 6 6, 0 6 1 6 2 .
49. [H] Write down the sets of points corresponding to the following:
a) A parallelogram with the three vertices A(1, 3, 4, 2), B(2, 1, 0, 5) and C(4, 0, 6, 8).
Hint: Look at Question 48 a), and assume B and C are adjacent to A.
b) The triangle with the three vertices given in part a) of this question.
Hint: Look at Question 48 b).
c) All three parallelograms which have the three vertices given in part a).
50. [H] Given two planes in Rn , n > 3:
x = a + s 1 u1 + s 2 u2
and x = b + t1 v1 + t2 v2 ,
for s1 , s2 , t1 , t2 R. These two planes are said to be parallel if span(u1 , u2 ) = span(v1 , v2 ).

Consider the pair of planes in R4 with equations
x = s 1 e1 + s 2 e2
and x = e4 + t1 e2 + t2 e3
for s1 , s2 , t1 , t2 R, where {e1 , e2 , e2 , e4 } is the standard basis of R4 .

Show that these form a pair of skew planes; that is, they are non-parallel and nonintersecting.
10
Chapter 2
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND

MATRICES
2.1
Introduction to linear equations
2.2
Systems of linear equations and matrix notation
2.3
Elementary row operations
2.4
Solving systems of equations
2.5
Deducing solubility from row-echelon form
2.6
Solving Ax = b for indeterminate b
2.7
General properties of the solution of Ax = b
2.8
Applications
2.9
Matrix reduction and MATLAB
11
12

Problems 2.1
1. [R] Find the solution set of each of the following linear equation.
a) 2x1 5 = 0 as an equation of one variable, then as an equation in two variables, and
then three variables.
b) x1 + 2x2 = 4 as an equation of two variables, then three variables.
c) 2x1 3x2 + x3 = 2 as an equation of three variables.
2. [R] Determine algebraically whether the following systems of equations have a unique solution,
no solution, or an infinite number of solutions. Draw graphs to illustrate your answers.
a)
3x1 + 2x2 = 6
9x1 + 6x2 = 36
c)
x1 5x2 = 5
6x1 30x2 = 30
b)
3x1 + 2x2 = 6
9x1 + 4x2 = 36
3. [H] Find conditions on the coefficients a11 , a12 , a21 , a22 , b1 , b2 so that the system of equations
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2
has a) a unique solution, b) no solution, and c) an infinite number of solutions.
For simplicity, assume a11 6= 0.
4. [H] Repeat the previous question with no simplifying assumptions. That is, find general
conditions which apply for all possible values of the coefficients.
5. [R] Find and geometrically describe the solutions for the following systems of linear equations.
a)
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 5
2x1 + 5x2 + 8x3 = 12
c)
4x1 + 5x2 2x3 = 16

8x1 + 10x2 4x3 = 32
b)
4x1 + 5x2 2x3 = 16

8x1 + 10x2 4x3 = 20
6. [H] Prove algebraically that two distinct planes in R3 either intersect in a line or are parallel
with no points in common. Use a linear equation in three unknowns to represent a plane
in R3 .
7. [R] Show that x1 = 2 2, x2 = , x3 = 3 + 2, where is any real number, satisfy the
system of equations
x1 + 4x2 x3 = 1
2x1 + 4x2
= 4
6x2 3x3 = 9
12
CHAPTER 2. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES
13
Problems 2.2
8. [R] Write each of the following systems of equations in vector form, as a matrix equation
Ax = b, and in the augmented matrix (A|b) form.
a)
b)
3x1 3x2 + 4x3 = 6

5x1 + 2x2 3x3 = 7
x1 x2 + 6x3 = 8
x1 + 3x2 + 7x3 + 8x4 = 2

3x1 + 2x2 5x3 x4 =
7
3x2 + 6x3 6x4 =
5
9. [R] Write the system of equations, the matrix equation and the augmented matrix form corresponding to the vector equation
1
3
0
10
0
+ x2 6 + x3 6 = 2 .
x1
6
1
4 0
7
9
11
5
Problems 2.3
10. [R] For each of the following matrices, find the appropriate elementary row operations to
describe the transformation from one matrix to the next. Also continue the row reduction
until the matrix is in row echelon form.
3
1
4
2
1
4 2 3
6 3 0 0 2 1 6 ,
a) 2
4 2 4 4
0 18 4 8
3 4 1 3
1 4 1 1
4 0 1 .
b) 2 8 0 2 1
0 8 3 0
0
8 3 0
Problems 2.4
11. [R] For each of the following augmented matrices do the following. Determine whether the
matrix is in row-echelon form as defined in Section ??. If the matrix is in row-echelon form,
identify the leading elements, leading rows, leading columns, and non-leading columns.
3 2
1 10
3 2
1 10

b)
3 2 1 10 ,
c) 4 0
a) 0 4
2 8 ,
2 8 ,
0 0 7 14
0 0 7 14
3 2
1 10

0 4
3 2 1 10
2 8
0 3 1 6
,
d)
,
e)
,
f)
0 4 2 8
0 0 1 5
0 0 7 14
0 0
0 0
13
14
3
0
g)
0
0
2
1 10
4
2 8
,
0 7 14
0
0 6
3
0
h)
0
0
1 10
2 8
.
0 0
0 6
2
4
0
0
12. [R] Find the solutions to the following systems of equations. If possible give a geometric
interpretation of the solution.
a)
b)
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 10
4x2 + 2x3 = 8
7x3 = 14
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 +
x4 = 10
4x2 + 2x3 4x4 = 8
7x3 + 14x4 = 14
13. [R] For each of the following systems of equations, do the following:
i) Write down the corresponding augmented matrix.
ii) Use Gaussian elimination to transform the augmented matrix into row-echelon form.
iii) Solve each system of equations writing your answer in vector form.
a)
x1 2x2 = 5
3x1 + x2 = 8
b)
x1 2x2 3x3 = 3
2x1 + 4x2 + 10x3 = 14
c)
x1 2x2 + 3x3 = 11
2x1 x2 + 3x3 = 10
4x1 + x2 x3 = 4
d)
2x1 2x2 + 4x3 = 3

3x1 3x2 + 6x3 = 4
5x2 + 2x3 =
9
e)
x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = 10
3x1 + 3x2 + 15x3 = 15
2x1 x2 +
x3 = 5
f)
x1 4x2 5x3 = 6
2x1 x2
x3 =
2
3x1 + 9x2 + 12x3 = 30
g)
x1 + 2x2 x3
x2 x3
3x1 + 2x2
5x1 + 3x2
h)
x1 + 2x2 x3 + x4 = 4
x2 x3 + x4 = 1
3x1 + 2x2
2x4 = 3
+ x4
+ x4
2x4
x4
=
=
=
=
4
1
3
9
14. [R] For each of the following augmented matrices, find a reduced row-echelon form. Then write
down all solutions of the corresponding system of equations and try to give a geometric
interpretation of the solutions.
4
1
2 3 4 1
2 4
1
2 2 ,
b) 0 1 5 6 2 .
a) 0 1
0 0 1
0
0 1 7 3
2
14
15
Problems 2.5
15. [R] For each of the following augmented matrices, without solving, decide whether or not the
corresponding system of linear equations has a unique solution, no solution or infinitely
many solutions.
3 2
1 10
3 2
1 10
0 4

2 8
c)
3 2 1 10 ,
a) 0 4
2 8 ,
b)
0 0 7 14 ,
0 0 7 14
0 0
0 6
10
3
2
1

0 4
3 2 1 10
2 8
.
d)
,
e)
0 4 2 8
0 0 7 0
0 0
0 0
16. [H] Determine which values of k, if any, will give a) a unique solution
c) infinitely many solutions to the system of equations
b) no solution
x + y + kz = 2
3x + 4y + 2z = k
2x + 3y z = 1.
17. [H] For which values of do the equations
x + 2y + z =
1
x + y z =
0
x 4y + z = 1
have
a) no solutions,
b) infinitely many solutions,
c) a unique solution?
18. [H] Consider the equation
1
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
0
x1
5

2 1
x2 = 0 .
3
1 x3 a
0
a
x4
a + 2b
For what values of a and b does the equation have

a) a unique solution,
c) infinitely many solutions?
b) no solution,
d) In the case of (c), determine all solutions.
19. [H] You are an auditor for a company whose four executives make regular business trips on
four routes and you suspect that at least one of the executives has been overstating her
expenses. You dont know how much it costs to travel each route, but you know that it is
the same for all the executives. You know the number of trips each executive made on each
route in a certain period and you know the total expenses claimed by each executive for
this period. If the numbers of trips are as shown in the table below, do you have sufficient
information to be sure that someone is cheating? State your reasoning clearly.
15
16
Executive
Executive
Executive
Executive
Route
2 3
1 1
2 0
4 0
1 3
1
0
1
3
2
A
B
C
D
4
2
1
1
3
20. [H] P, Q, R and S are four cities connected by highways which are labelled as shown in the
diagram.
R
a
b
e
P
c
S
d
Q
A hire car operator in P makes a note of the number of kilometres travelled by five
customers who made trips starting and ending at P . He knows that the routes travelled
by the five customers were as follows:
abdc abdea cddc cdbec aedbec
Can he determine the length of each of the five highways? State your reasoning clearly.
Problems 2.6
21. [R] For each of the following systems of linear equations, find x1 , x2 and x3 in terms of b1 , b2
and b3 .
a)
x1 2x2 + 3x3 = b1
x2 3x3 = b2
2x1 + 3x2 2x3 = b3
b)
2x1
4x3 = b1
3x1 + x2 2x3 = b2
2x1 x2 x3 = b3
22. [R] Show that the system of equations x + y + 2z = a, x + z = b and 2x + y + 3z = c are

consistent if and only if c = a + b.
23. [R] For the following systems, find conditions on the right-hand-side vector b which ensure
that the system has a solution.
a)
2x1
4x3 = b1
3x1 + x2 2x3 = b2
2x1 x2
= b3
b)
16
x1 + x2 + 3x3
2x1 x2
x1 2x2 3x3
3x2 + 6x3
x4
+ 2x4
+ 3x4
4x4
=
=
=
=
b1
b2
b3
b4
17
Problems 2.7

2
7
24. [R] Show that x = 2 + 0 , R are the solutions of
1
0
x1 2x2 + 2x3 =
3
2x1 6x2 + 4x3 =
2
2x1 + 4x2 4x3 = 6
2
and that x = 0 , R are the solutions of the corresponding homogeneous system
1
x1 2x2 + 2x3 = 0
2x1 6x2 + 4x3 = 0
2x1 + 4x2 4x3 = 0
Problems 2.8
25. [R] Does the point (3, 3, 6) lie on the plane

2
1
3
x=
1 + 1
2 + 2 2 ?
1
4
1

1
1
2
26. [R] Is the vector 3 in span 3 , 1 ?
2
4
3
1
3
4
1
1 2
27. [R] Is the vector

4 in span 4 , 4 ?
12
6
3
3
1
2
1
0
1
28. [R] Can

2 be expressed as a linear combination of 3 and 5 ?
4
6
7

2
1
12
3
29. [R] Do the lines x = 1 + 1 3 and x = 15 + 2 1 intersect?
3
2
7
2
17
18

3
1
5
2
7 parallel to the plane x = 1 + 1 2 + 2 5 for 1 , 2 R?

30. [R] Is the vector
1
1
3
1
31. [H] Show that the line
x1
y
z+1
= =
is parallel to the plane
2
3
1

0
1
x = 1 1 + 2 1 , 1 , 2 R.
0
1
0
2
32. [H] Find the intersection (if any) of the line x = 18 + 3 for R and the plane
1
1

1
1
3
x = 0 + 1 4 + 2 1 for 1 , 2 R.
4
1
2
33. [R] Find the intersection (if any) of the planes 8x1 + 8x2 + x3 = 35 and
6
2
1
x = 2 + 1 1 + 2 1 for 1 , 2 R.
3
3
1
34. [H] Are the planes
1
2
3
4
+ 1 1 + 2 1 for 1 , 2 R
x=
2
2
5
3
7
2
and
2
3
1
+ 1 1 + 2 4 for 1 , 2 R
x=
1
2
2
6
3
4
parallel?
35. [R] Show that the 3 planes with Cartesian equations

x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x +
y z= 2
7x + 11y + 4z = 13
do not intersect at one point.
18
19
36. [H] Consider the following system of equations

x+ y z =1
2x 4y + 2z = 2
3x 3y + z = 3
a) Use Gaussian elimination and backsubstitution to find the solution(s), if any, of the
above equations.
b) Use your result in part a) to decide whether the three planes represented by the
equations are parallel, intersecting in a straight line, intersecting at a point or have
some other configuration.
37. [R] Find a polynomial p(x) of degree 2 satisfying p(1) = 5, p(2) = 7, p(3) = 13.
38. [R] The total of the ages of my brother, my sister and myself is 140 years. I am seven times
the difference between their ages (my sister is older than my brother) and in seven years
I will be half their combined ages now. How old are we?
39. [R] In a trip to Asia a traveller spent $90 a day for hotels in Bangkok, $60 a day in Singapore
and $60 a day in Kuala Lumpur. For food the traveller spent $60 a day in Bangkok, $90
a day in Singapore, and $60 a day in Kuala Lumpur. In addition the traveller spent $30
a day in other expenses in each city. The travellers diary shows that the total hotel bill
was $1020, total food bill was $960, and total other expenses were $420. Find the number
of days the traveller spent in each city, or show that the diary must be wrong.
40. [R] A dietician is planning a meal consisting of three foods. A serving of the first food contains
5 units of protein, 2 units of carbohydrates and 3 units of iron. A serving of the second
food contains 10 units of protein, 3 units of carbohydrates and 6 units of iron. A serving
of the third food contains 15 units of protein, 2 units of carbohydrates and 1 unit of iron.
How many servings of each food should be used to create a meal containing 55 units of
protein, 13 units of carbohydrates and 17 units of iron?
41. [R] Assume 3 countries A, B, and C trade with one another and no-one else, that a common
currency is used and that each countrys total income comes from trade with the others
or sales to itself and nothing else.
3 1 1
A spends , , of its income on goods from A, B, C respectively.
4 8 8
1 3 1
B spends , , of its income on goods from A, B, C respectively.
5 5 5
1 1 1
C spends , , of its income on goods from A, B, C respectively.
4 4 2
Find the (relative) income of each country.
42. [R] A simple economy is based on 3 commodities, grain, fuel and transportation. Production
of 1 unit of grain requires 1/4 unit of fuel and 1/3 unit of transportation, production
of 1 unit of fuel requires 1/2 unit of grain and 1/4 unit of transportation, while 1 unit
19
20

of transportation requires 1/4 unit of grain and 1/4 unit of fuel. Find the input-output
matrix for this situation and the gross output required for a net production of 516 units
of grain, 258 units of fuel and 129 units of transportation. (Calculator required)
43. [R] In a certain nation the economy is divided into three sectors, primary (agriculture, mining,
etc.), secondary (manufacturing) and teriary (service industries). It has been found that
1
to produce one unit of primary products, it is necessary to use unit of primary products,
6
1
1
unit of secondary products and unit of tertiary products.
8
6
1
Similarly to produce one unit of secondary products it is necessary to use unit of primary
3
1
1
products, unit of secondary products and unit of tertiary products. To produce one
4
2
1
1
unit of tertiary products it is necessary to use
unit of primary products,
unit of
12
4
1
unit of tertiary products. Suppose that in a year the nation
secondary products and
3
exports 210 units of primary products, 105 units of secondary products and 7 units of
tertiary products.
Set up a Leontieff input-output model to mathematically describe the economy of the
nation based on these three sectors. How much must each sector produce in a year to
exactly satisfy the internal and external (export) demands of the economy? (MATLAB
required)
44. [H] A farmer owns a 12-hectare farm on which he grows wheat, oats and barley. Each hectare
of cereal crop planted has certain requirements for labour, fertiliser and irrigation water
as shown in the following table.
Crop
Wheat (per hectare)
Oats (per hectare)
Barley (per hectare)
Amount available
Labour
(hours per week)
6
6
2
48
Fertiliser
(kilograms)
150
100
70
700
Irrigation Water
kilolitres)
72
48
36
612
Answer the following questions

a) Set up a linear equation model for the system.
b) Find the solution (if any) of the model.
c) Replace the equations by inequalities assuming that not all of the available land,
labour time, fertiliser and irrigation water have to be used. Then introduce 4 new
slack variables which represent the amounts of unused land, labour, fertiliser and
irrigation water respectively.
d) Can you find any reasonable solutions for the systems of linear equations in (c), i.e.
solutions in which the variables are non-negative?
20
21
45. [H] In this problem we shall calculate the area of a spherical triangle. Consider the surface
of a sphere of unit radius of area 4. A great circle on a sphere is the intersection of
that sphere with a plane through the centre. If two great circles meet at antipodal points
P, P let the angle between them be the angle 0 < < between the tangents to the
two circles at P . ( is also the angle between the two great circles). Finally define a
spherical triangle to be the region bounded by 3 great circles meeting A, B, C with angles
, , .
a) The areas bounded by 2 great circles are called lunes. Show their areas are 2, 2,
2( ), 2( ).
b) Show the surface of the sphere is divided by a spherical triangle into 8 regions equal
in area in pairs.
c) Use parts a) and b) to set up a simple system of 4 linear equations in the 4 areas.
d) Hence show area ABC = + + .
21
22
Chapter 3
MATRICES
3.1
Matrix arithmetic and algebra
3.2
The transpose of a matrix
3.3
The inverse of a matrix
3.4
Determinants
3.5
Some applications of matrix multiplication
3.6
Matrices and MATLAB
23
24

Problems 3.1
1. [R] Given the matrices

2 3
4
2 1
3
2
2
3
1
A=
3
2 2 , B =
3 4 , C=
1 4
, D=
.
1 2 3
1 1
3
1 5
6
2
Find the following matrices if they exist, or explain why they dont exist. (I stands for an
identity matrix of the appropriate size).
b) 2B,
g) AB,
l) B 2 ,
a) 3A,
f) B + 3I,
k) A2 ,
c) A + B,
h) BA,
m) (BD)2 .
d) B + C,
i) BC,
e) A + 3I,
j) CD,
2. [H] Suppose A and B are matrices such that both AB and BA are defined.
a) Show that AB and BA are both square matrices.
b) If A and B are square matrices such that AB = BA show that
(A B)(A + B) = A2 B 2 .
c) Find two 2 2 matrices A, B for which (A B)(A + B) 6= A2 B 2 .
d) Prove that (A + B)2 = A2 + B 2 + 2AB if and only if AB = BA.
3. [H] Let A and B be matrices of the same size. By considering the general entries [A]ij , [B]ij ,
[A + B]ij and [B + A]ij , prove the commutative laws of addition, i.e. A + B = B + A.
4. [H] Prove Proposition ?? on page ??.
5. [H] Let A and B be two matrices such that AB is defined. By considering the general entry
in both sides of the equation, show that A(B) = AB where is any real number.
6. [R] Let
1 0 1
A = 0 1 1 ,
1 1 2
1
2
B = 2 2 ,
1
4
2
2
C = 3 2 .
2
4
Show that AB = AC and deduce that matrices cannot in general be cancelled from
products.
7. [R] Let
A=
2
1
3 1
Show that A2 = A + 5I and hence find A6 as a linear combination of A and I.

24
CHAPTER 3. MATRICES
25
8. [R] Let
0 1 0
N = 0 0 1 .
0 0 0
Find N 2 and N 3 . Show that (I + N ) (I N + N 2 ) = I.

9. [H] Let A and B be n n real matrices such that A2 = I, B 2 = I and (AB)2 = I. Prove that
AB = BA.
10. [H] Let A be a 2 2 real matrix such that AX = XA for all 2 2 real matrices X. Show that
A = I for some R.
11. [H] Suppose
1 2
3
A= 4
0
1 ,
3
2 1
7
0 3
B = 2 1 6 .
1
0 5
a) Write down a column vector v such that Av is the second column of A.

b) Write down a row vector v such that vB is the third row of B.
c) Write down a column vector v such that Av is the second column of AB.
d) Write down a row vector v such that vB is the first row of AB.
12. [H] Prove parts ??, ?? and ?? of Proposition ?? on page ??.
Problems 3.2
13. [R] Find the transposes of the following matrices:
1 2
2 5 4 3
0 ,
6 5 5 ,
A = 3
B = 4
4
5
5
0 8 6
1
4 2
C = 4 3 6 .
2
6 7
14. [R] Let a = (1, 3, 2)T and b = (0, 4, 2)T . Evaluate all of the following expressions that make
sense and find those which are equal:
ab,
aT b,
abT ,
aT bT ,
bT a,
baT .
15. [R] Suppose that A is a square matrix.

a) Show that the matrix B = (A + AT ) is symmetric.
b) Show that the matrix C = AAT is symmetric.
c) A matrix M with the property that M T = M is called a skew symmetric matrix.
Show that D = (A AT ) is a skew symmetric matrix.
d) [H] Can you show how to write any square matrix as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix?
25
26
16. [H] Show by constructing an example that, in general, AT A 6= AAT , even if A is square.

0
17. [H] Suppose there exists a real matrix G such that
=
where , R. Prove
0
that and are non-negative. If = 45 and = 20 find an example of such a matrix G
with integer entries.
GGT
18. [H] Show that a matrix A Mmn is a symmetric matrix if and only if:
i) A is square (i.e., m = n), and
ii) xT Ay = (Ax)T y for all x, y Rn .
Problems 3.3
19. [R] Find the inverses of those of the following 2 2 matrices that have inverses.

2 7
4
7
6 12
8 9
0 1
a)
,
b)
,
c)
,
d)
,
e)
.
1 4
3 5
3 6
3 4
1 7
20. [R] Use the matrix inversion algorithm of Section 3.3 to decide if the following matrices are
invertible, and find the inverses for those which are invertible.
1
4
1
1
3 2
0 2
0
1 2 3
3
1 .
A = 0 1
2 , B = 1 2
3 , C = 2 3 4 , D = 2
1 7 2
4 5 6
0
0
1
1 4 2
21. [H] Write down
1 0
a) 0 5
0 0
the inverse of each of the
0
0
0
b) 0
6
2
following matrices
1 0
0 3 .
0 0
22. [R] Decide if the following matrices are invertible,

invertible.
1 2 1 1
1
1 0
1 2 2 2
3
3 1
, B =
A=
0 1
1
1
1
0 2
1 4
0 1
0 4 2
and find the inverses for those that are
1
1
2 2 7
5
4
3 14
, C = 2
.
4
1 2
3 11
1
3
5
2 12
23. [R] Given that A, B and C are invertible n n matrices simplify

a) A(CB 2 A)1 C,
b) (ABA1 )6 ,
d) A(I + (I A) + + (I A)m ).
HINT: Write the first A as I (I A).
24. [R]
a) Simplify (B 1 A)1 .
26
c) A(A1 + A)2 A1 ,
CHAPTER 3. MATRICES
b) Find (B 1 A)1 if A1
25. [H]
27
1
2 1
= 0 1 1
0
0 1
1 0
B= 0 2
1 0
and
a) Prove that (AT )1 = (A1 )T for any invertible matrix A.

b) If A, B, C are invertible matrices of the same size simplify
i) A1 (BAT )T B,
ii) AT (CAT )1 C T .
1 1 1
1 0 .
26. [R] Let A = 1
3 2 2
1
0.
3
a) Calculate A1 .
c1
b) Solve Ax = c for x, where c = c2 .
c3
27. [H] A square matrix Q is said to be an orthogonal matrix if it has the property that QT Q = I.
That is, QT = Q1 . Show that the matrix
2
1
2
3
3 3
2
2
1
Q=
3
3
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
is orthogonal. Hence write down the solution of Qx = b for b R3 .

cos sin
28. [H] Show Q =
is orthogonal. Show that x R2 and Qx are equidistant
sin
cos
from the origin. Show also that Q acts as a rotation on R2 .
29. [X] A complex generalisation of Question 27 is the following. A square matrix Q is said to
T
be a unitary matrix if it has the property that Q Q = I, where Q is the matrix obtained
from Q by taking complex conjugates of each entry of Q. Show that a unitary matrix Q
T
satisfies Q = Q1 .
30. [X] Show that the matrix
Q=
1 i
2
1 i
2
12 i
1 i
2
0 1
is unitary. Then use the result of Question 29 to write down the solution of Qx = b, where
b = (b1 b2 b3 )T with b1 , b2 , b3 complex.
31. [H]

a 0
a) Suppose ab 6= 0. Write down the inverse of
.
c b
b) Let A, B, C be 2 2 matrices where A and B areinvertible
and let O be the 2 2
A O
zero matrix. Find the inverse of the 4 4 matrix
.
C B
27
28
Problems 3.4
32. [R] Evaluate the determinants of the following 2 2 matrices and hence determine whether
or not they are invertible.

2 7
4
7
5 2
8 9
11 13
a)
, b)
, c)
, d)
, e)
.
1 4
3 5
10 4
3 4
12 14
33. [R] Evaluate the determinants for the following matrices by reducing to row echelon form.
1
1
2
1 2
4
1 0
4
a) 2
4 1 ,
b) 3
1 2 ,
c) 3 1 2 .
0 1
1
1
5 10
1 5 10
1
1
34. [R] Find the determinant of the matrix
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
7
3
1
1
1
.
1
4
a b c
35. [H] Suppose A = d e f has determinant 5. Find
g h i
3a 3b 3c
a + 2d b + 2e c + 2f
a) det 2d 2e 2f ,
b) det d g e h f i ,
g h i
g
h
i
d e f
d) det(7A).
c) det g h i ,
a b c
36. [R] Given that A is a 3 3 matrix with det A = 2. Calculate:
a) det AT ,
b) det A1 ,
c) det A5 .
37. [R] Evaluate det(A), det(B) and hence det(AB), where
5 1 0
1 2
3
2 4 .
3
5 ,
B = 3
A= 0
2
5 0
3
4 2
1 2 2
38. [R] For what values of a is the matrix 1 3 1 invertible?
1 3 a
39. [H] Long long ago, a mathematician wrote C and C 1 on a piece of paper. Unfortunately
insects have damaged the paper and all that is left is
2 1
1
0 1
C= 1
2 1 and C 1 = 2 1
5 1
28
CHAPTER 3. MATRICES
a) Find C 1 .
29
b) Find C.
c) Find det C.
40. [H] Show that
1
1
1
1
1 1 + a
1
1
= abc.
det
1
1
1+b
1
1
1
1
1+c
41. [H] Let U1 and U2 be two nn row-echelon matrices. Prove that det(U1 ) det(U2 ) = det(U1 U2 ).
1
1
42. [H] Let A =
2 + 2
.
3 3 3
a) Factorise det(A).
b) Hence, find the values of will there be a nonzero solution of Ax = 0.
43. [R] Show by constructing an example that in general det(A + B) 6= det(A) + det(B).
44. [R] Show by constructing an example that in general det(A) 6= det(A).
45. [H] Use the product rule for determinants to show that a square orthogonal matrix Q (see
Question 27) has a value for det(Q) of +1 or 1.
46. [X] Use the product rule for determinants to show that a square unitary matrix Q (see Question 29) has det(Q) = ei for some angle .
47. [H] Let A and B be two matrices which differ only in the first column, i.e., let

A = a1 a2 an
and
B = b1 a 2 a n ,
where a1 and b1 are the first columns of A and B and where ai , i = 2, 3, . . . , n, are the
remaining columns of both A and B. Let C be the matrix

C = a 1 + b1 a 2 a n
obtained by replacing the first column of A (or B) by the sum of the first columns of A
and B.
Show that
det(C) = det(A) + det(B).
Explain why the result of this question also holds for adding two matrices which differ
only in one column (not necessarily the first) or which differ only in one row.
48. [H] Show that
1 a a2
det 1 b b2 = (a b)(b c)(c a).
1 c c2
29
30
49. [H] Show that
1+x
2
3
4
1
2+x
3
4
= x3 (x + 10).
det
1
2
3+x
4
1
2
3
4+x
50. [H] Factorise the determinant
y + z + 2x
y
z
.
det
x
z + x + 2y
z
x
y
x + y + 2z
51. [H] Factorise the determinant
z 1
2
3
det 1 z
1 1 z+1
and hence solve the simultaneous equations

zx + y = 2,
x + zy = 3,
x + y = z + 1.
52. [H] Suppose , and are the roots of the cubic equation x3 +px+q = 0 and sk = k + k + k .
Find s1 , s2 , s3 in terms of p and q and show that
s1 s2 s3
det s2 s3 s1 = 8p3 + 27q 3 .
s3 s1 s2
53. [H] Let A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ), C(x3 , y3 ) be three points in the plane.
a) Suppose A, B and C are collinear. Show that
x1 y 1 1
det x2 y2 1 = 0.
x3 y 3 1
b) Now suppose that A, B, C are not collinear. By considering the areas of some trapezia
(or otherwise), show that the area of the triangle with vertices A, B, C is given by
|D| where
x1 y 1 1
2D = det x2 y2 1 .
x3 y 3 1
30
CHAPTER 3. MATRICES
31
Problems 3.5
54. [R] A certain species of animal lives for at most 3 years. 50% of 0 1 year olds survive to be
1 2 years old, 25% of 1 2 year olds survive to be 2 3 years old and then they all die.
Each female 1 2 year old produces 4 female offspring in a year and each 2 3 year old
female produces 3 female offspring in a year.
a) If there are 1000 females in each age group initially, how many in each age group are
there after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 years.
b) The total number of animals is clearly increasing. Divide the state vector for year k
by the total number of animals in year k to get a vector of the proportions of each
age group in that year. Investigate the proportions as k and the yearly increase
in total number of animals as k .
55. [R] A car rental agency has 3 rental locations 1, 2 and 3. Cars may be rented at any location
and returned at any location. It has been found that the proportion of cars rented from
location j and returned to location i s a constant aij given by the matrix
0.8 0.3 0.2

A = 0.1 0.2 0.6
0.1 0.5 0.2
a) If a car is rented from location 2, what are the probabilities it will be at each location
after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 days?
b) What are the probabilities it will be at each location after k days as k ? Experiment with the car starting at location 1 or location 2.
31
32
CHAPTER 3. MATRICES
Chapter 4
VECTOR GEOMETRY
4.1
Lengths
4.2
The dot product
4.3
Applications: orthogonality and projection
4.4
The cross product
4.5
Scalar triple product and volume
4.6
Planes in R3
4.7
Projections and least squares approximations
4.8
Vector Geometry and MATLAB
33
34

Problems 4.2
1. [R] Find the angles between the following pairs of vectors:

3
3
7
2
1
0
2
0
a) 2 , 3 ; b) 0 , 5 ; c) 1 , 11 ; d)
1 ,
5
2
1
3
0
0
4
2
6
1 .
3
2. [H] Find the cosines of the internal angles of the triangles whose vertices have the following
coordinate vectors:

1
3
0
5
6
4
3 and C 1 ;
b) A 2 , B
a) A 0 , B 2 and C 1 ;
2
1
0
6
1
2
1
0
2
2
, B 4 and C 1 .
c) A
0
2
0
3
5
3
3. [R] A cube has vertices at the 8 points O (0, 0, 0), A (1, 0, 0), B (1, 1, 0), C (0, 1, 0), D (0, 0, 1),
E (1, 0, 1), F (1, 1, 1), G (0, 1, 1). Sketch the cube, and then find the angle between the
diagonals OF and AG.

4. [H] Prove the following properties of dot products for vectors a, b, c R3 . :
a) a b = b a,
b) a (b) = (a b),
c) a (b + c) = a b + a c.

5. [H] Prove that |a| |b| 6 |a b| for all a, b Rn .
HINT. See the proof of Minkowskis inequality in Section ??.
6. [H] Use the dot product to prove that the diagonals of a square intersect at right angles.
Problems 4.3
1

0
2
2
0 , u2 = 1 , u3 = 0 and a = 3 . Show that the set of

7. [R] Let u1 =
1
0
1
12
2
1
2
vectors {u1 , u2 , u3 } is an orthonormal set. Find scalars 1 , 2 , 3 such that a = 1 u1 +

2 u2 + 3 u3 .
HINT. See Examples ?? of Section 4.3.
34
CHAPTER 4. VECTOR GEOMETRY
35
8. [H] Consider the triangle ABC in R3 formed by the points A(3, 2, 1), B(4, 4, 2) and C(6, 1, 0).
a) Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of the side BC.
b) Find the angle BAC.
c) Find the area of the triangle ABC.
d) Find the coordinates of the point D on BC such that AD is perpendicular to BC.
9. [R] Find the following projections:

1
2
a) the projection of 1 on 2 ,
4
1
2
1
1
on 3 ,
b) the projection of
2
0
4
2

1
2
1
c) the projection of 2 on the direction of the line x = 0 + 1 .
2
2
7
10. [R] Find the shortest distances between
1
6
a) the point (2, 1, 5) and the line x = 2 + 3 ;
5
4
x2 2
x3 3
x1 1
=
=
;
b) the point (0, 3, 8) and the line
1
1
4
c) the point (11, 2, 1) and the line of intersection of the planes
1
2
3
x 1 = 0
and
x = 1 1 + 2 1 .
3
2
3
11. [H] A point P in Rn has coordinate vector p. Find the coordinate vector of the point Q which
is the reflection of P in the line which passes through the point a parallel to the direction
d.
NOTE. Define Q to be the point which lies in the same plane as P and with bisecting
the interval P Q.
12. [H] Let Q be a square n n orthogonal matrix, i.e., a square matrix for which QT Q = I,
where I is an identity matrix. Show that (Qx) (Qy) = x y for all x, y Rn .
HINT. x y = xT y.
13. [H] Let Q be a square n n orthogonal matrix. Show that the columns of Q are a set of n
orthonormal vectors in Rn . Show that the rows of Q also form a set of n orthonormal
vectors in Rn .
35
36
14. [H] Let Q be a square n n orthogonal matrix. Let {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } be the n standard basis
column vectors of Rn . Show that the set of vectors {Qe1 , Qe2 , . . . , Qen } also form a set of
orthonormal vectors.
15. [H] Fix a, b Rn with b 6= 0. Let q() = |a b|2 .
ab
.
|b|2
b) Determine q(0 ) and hence show that |a| |b| 6 a b 6 |a| |b|.
a) Show q() is a minimum when = 0 =
16. [H] Let B be a point in Rn with coordinate vector b. Let x = a + d, R be the equation
of a line. Do the following:
a) Show that the square of the distance from B to an arbitrary point x on the line is
given by
q() = |b a|2 2(b a) d + 2 |d|2 .
b) Find the shortest distance between the point B and the line by minimising q().
c) If P is the point on the line closest to B, show that
P B = b a projd (b a),
and show that P B is orthogonal to the direction d of the line.

NOTE. This problem proves that the shortest distance between a point and a line is
obtained by dropping a perpendicular from the point to the line.
Problems 4.4
17. [R] Find the cross product a b of the following pairs of vectors:
2
3
1
0
b) a = 1 and b = 6 ,
a) a = 2 and b = 3 ,
1
4
2
4

2
1
c) a = 9 and b = 0 .
2
5

1
2
18. [R] Find a vector which is perpendicular to 3 and 0 .
2
4
19. [H] Prove the following properties of cross products for vectors a, b, c R3 :
a) a a = 0;
c) a (b) = (a b);
b) a b = b a;
d) a (b + c) = a b + a c.
20. [R] Find the areas of, and the normals to the planes of, the following parallelograms:
36
37

0
1
a) the parallelogram spanned by 3 and 2 ;

4
2
b) a parallelogram which has vertices at the three points A (0, 2, 1), B (1, 3, 0) and
C (3, 1, 2) and sides AB and AC.

21. [R] Find the areas of the triangles with the following vertices:
a) A (0, 2, 1), B (1, 3, 0) and C (3, 1, 2);
b) A (2, 2, 0), B (1, 0, 2) and C (0, 4, 3).
22. [R] Let D, E, F be the points with coordinate vectors

7
6
5
d = 6, e = 7, f = 8
10
8
7
a) Calculate cos(DEF ) as a surd.
b) Calculate the area of DEF as a surd.


3
a) the line through (1, 2, 3) parallel to 0 and the line through (0, 2, 5) parallel to
1
3
2 ;
2
b) the line through the points (1, 3, 1) and (1, 5, 1) and the line through the points
(0, 2, 1) and (1, 2, 3);

2
4
x1 1
x2 2
x3 3
c) the lines x = 7 + 3 and
=
=
.
10
1
4
8
5
24. [H] Let a, b, c be three vectors in R3 which satisfy the relations b = c a and c = a b.
a) Show that a, b and c are a set of mutually orthogonal vectors.
b) Show that b and c are of equal length and that if b 6= 0, then a is a unit vector (i.e.
a vector of length 1).
25. [H] A tetrahedron
has
A,
B,
C and D with
vectors for the points being

vertices
coordinate
0
1
1
3
a = 1 , b = 4 , c = 0 and d = 1 . Find parametric vector equations
2
1
3
2
for the two altitudes of the tetrahedron which pass through the vertices A and B, and
determine whether the two altitudes intersect or not.
37
38

NOTE. An altitude of a tetrahedron through a vertex is a line through the vertex and
perpendicular to the opposite face.

2
0
1
1
26. [H] Points A, B, C and D have coordinate vectors 0 , 2 , 1 and 0 , respec1
1
3
2
tively.
a) Find a parametric vector equations of the line through A and B and the line through
C and D.
b) Find the shortest distance between the lines AB and CD.
c) Find the point P on AB and point Q on CD such that P Q is the shortest distance
between the lines AB and CD.
Problems 4.5
27. [R] Prove that
a1 a2 a3
a (b c) = det b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c2 c3
28. [R] Find the volumes of the following parallelepipeds:

0
4
2
a) the parallelepiped spanned by 1 , 1 and 2 ;
1
2
3
b) a parallelepiped which has vertices at the four points A (2, 1, 3), B (2, 1, 4), C (0, 4, 1)
and D (3, 1, 0), with sides AB, AC and AD.

2
4
6
0
29. [R] Show that the four points A, B, C, O with coordinate vectors 1 , 1 , 1 , 0
3
2
1
0
are coplanar.
30. [H] Prove the following relationships between volumes and determinants:

b1
a1
, and consider the parallelogram
and b =
a) In two dimensions, let a =
b2
a2
spanned by a and b. Show that a parametric vector form for the parallelogram is
x = 1 a + 2 b for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1,
and then show that the area of the parallelogram is equal to | det(A)|, where A is the
matrix with rows a and b.
38
39

a1
b1
c1
b) In three dimensions, let a = a2 , b = b2 and c = c2 , and consider the

a3
b3
c3
parallelepiped spanned by a, b and c. A parametric vector form for the equation of
the parallelepiped is
x = 1 a + 2 b + 3 c for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1, 0 6 3 6 1.
Show that the volume of the parallelepiped is equal to | det(A)|, where A is the matrix
with rows a, b and c.
c) What is the one-dimensional version of these results?
Problems 4.6
31. [R] Find parametric vector, point-normal, and Cartesian forms for the following planes:
1
a) the plane through (1, 2, 2) perpendicular to 1 ;
2
1
2
b) the plane through (1, 2, 2) parallel to 1 and 3 ;
1
2
c) the plane through the three points (1, 2, 2), (1, 1, 2) and (2, 3, 1);
d) the plane with intercepts 1, 2 and 4 on the x1 , x2 and x3 axes;
1
e) the plane through (1, 2, 2) which is parallel to 2 and the line of intersection
2
of the planes

1
2
1
x 2 = 0
and
x = 1 1 + 2 0 .
3
2
1
32. [R] Consider four points O, A, B, C in R3 with coordinate vectors

1
2
1
0
0 = 0 , a = 2 , b = 0 , c = 1 .
4
1
1
0
Let be the plane through A and parallel to the lines OB and OC.
a) Find a parametric vector form for .
b) Show that passes through the point (12, 2, 3).
c) Find a vector n normal to .
d) Use the point normal form to find a Cartesian equation for .

39
40
33. [R] Consider the 3 planes 1 , 2 , 3 with Cartesian equations

x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x +
y z= 2
7x + 11y + 4z = 13
a) Regard the 3 equations as a system of equations Ax = b and find the solution(s), if

any, of the system.
b) What is det A?
c) Show that no pair of the planes are parallel.
d) Using a) and c), describe the configuration of the planes 1 , 2 and 3 in R3 .
34. [R] Find the following projections:

2
a) the projection of 3 on the normal to the plane 2x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 4;

8
2
b) the projection of 2 on the line of intersection of the planes
1
1
x 1 = 0
3
and
2
3
x = 1 1 + 2 1 .
2
3

2
1
a) the point (2, 6, 5) and the plane x 2 4 = 0;
3
4
b) the point (1, 4, 1) and the plane 2x1 x2 + x3 = 5;
c) the point (1, 2, 1) and the plane with intercepts at 3, 1, 2 on the three axes;
d) the origin and the plane through the three points (2, 1, 3), (5, 3, 1) and (5, 1, 2).
36. [R] Let P be the plane in R3 through the points A = (1, 2, 0), B = (0, 1, 2), and C = (1, 3, 1).
a) Find a parametric vector form for the plane P .
b) Find a vector n normal to the plane P .
c) Find a point normal form for the plane P .
d) Find the shortest distance from the point Q = (2, 4, 5) to the plane P.
37. [H]
a) Let a and v be two non-zero vectors in R3 . Show how to write v as c + d where c is

parallel to a and d is perpendicular to a.
40
41
b) Consider the plane

x
2
1
0
x
= y : y = 1 + 1 2 + 2 1 , 1 , 2 R
z
z
0
1
1
and the vector v = 1 . By using a) (or otherwise) express v as c + d where d is

1
parallel to and c is perpendicular to . (We call d the projection of v onto ).
Problems 4.7

1
1
1
0
2
0
1
2
38. [R] Suppose v1 =

1 , v2 = 0 , v3 = 0 , v4 = 0 .
1
0
1
0
a) Find proj v3 where = span(v1 , v2 )
b) Find proj v4 where = span(v1 , v2 , v3 ).

39. [H] Prove that |Ax y| is least when y Ax is orthogonal to = span(columns of A).
40. [H] Given a set of vectors {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } such that none of the vectors is a linear combination
of ones earlier in the list, prove that the following procedure constructs an orthonormal
set {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } with the property that for each k, 1 6 k 6 n,
span{u1 , . . . , uk } = span{v1 , . . . , vk } = k .
Set u1 = |vv11 | .
For k = 2, . . . , n in turn set
wk = vk projk1 vk ,
wk
uk =
.
|wk |
41. [R] Use the procedure of problem 40 to find an orthonormal spanning set for the vectors of
problem 38 and hence find proj v3 and proj v4 .
42. [R] Given the points (ti , yi ), i = 1, . . . , 5 : (1, 14), (0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 22).
a) Find the straight line y = + t of best fit to this data.
b) Set up the normal equations for the cubic y = + t + t2 + t3 of best fit to this
data.
c) [H]Solve the equations in b).
Note: they are rigged to come out nicely.
41
42
43. [R] A dependent variable z depends on two independent variables x, y by a relationship

z = + x + y + xy.
If z is observed for n sets of x, y values giving data
(x1 , y1 , z1 ), . . . , (xn , yn , zn )
derive the normal equations for the surface of best fit to this data.
42
Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION TO
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Some preliminary set theory
5.3
Probability
5.4
Discrete random variables
5.5
Continuous random variables
5.6
The Normal Distribution
5.7
Sums and means of random variables
5.8
Approximations to the Binomial Distribution
5.9
Probability and MATLAB
43
44

Problems 5.1
1. [R] (For discussion) Analyse the following claims.

a) Eighty five percent of lung cancer sufferers have been smokers. Therefore, if we ban
smoking we will reduce the lung cancer deaths by 85%.
b) A white defendant was identified by a black witness. The defendants lawyer claims
that studies show that people make 3 times as many mistakes identifying people of
other races as they make identifying people of their own race. The black witnesss
evidence is therefore not to be trusted.
c) A certain town has 4 times the expected number of leukaemia sufferers. There must
therefore be an environmental reason for these extra cases of leukaemia.
Problems 5.2
2. [R] Let A = {a, c, d, e} and B = {d, e, f }.
Suppose that the universal set is S = {a, b, c, d, e, f }.
Write down the following sets.
a) A B,
e) A B c ,
c) A Ac ,
g) (A B)c ,
b) B A,
f) Ac B,
d) B B c ,
h) Ac B c .
3. [R] Find all the subsets of {, {}, {{}}}.

4. [R] Of the students taking ACTL1001 and MATH1151 in a hypothetical year, 90% passed
MATH1151, 85% passed ACTL1001 and 6% passed neither. What percentage passed
both? What percentage of those who passed ACTL1001 also passed MATH1151?
5. [R] A brewery brews one type of beer which is marketed under three different brands. In a
survey of 150 first year students, 58 drink at least brand A, 49 drink at least brand B and
57 drink at least brand C. 14 drink brand A and brand C, 13 drink brand A and brand
B and 17 drink both brand B and brand C. 4 students drink all three brands. How many
students drink none of these three brands?
6. [R] A company surveys 90 UNSW students to find their reasons for choosing which brand of
mobile phone to purchase. The survey findings are that 36 students make their decision
on the basis of the available ring tones, 45 students make their decisions based on the size
of the phone and 37 are influenced by the available cases. 28 students are influenced by
the available ring tones and the size of the phone, 18 by the available ring tones and cases
and 23 by the available cases and the size of phone. 7 students take all three issues into
account. Are the results of this survey valid?
44
CHAPTER 5. PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
45
7. [R] Suppose A, B and C represent three events. Using unions, intersections and complements,
find expressions representing the events
a) only A occurs,
b) at least one event occurs,
c) at least two events occur,
d) exactly one event occurs,
e) exactly two events occur.
Problems 5.3
8. [R] A survey was carried out in a new development area to gain data on home-delivered
newspapers. 110 homes were selected at random and the occupants asked whether they
had the daily paper or the weekend paper home delivered. 74 received the daily paper,
58 received the weekend paper and 10 received no paper at all. Determine the probability
that the last home visited in this survey received both the daily and weekend papers.
9. [R] Two fair dice are thrown.
a) What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers obtained is 6?
b) What is the probability that both dice show the same number?
c) What is the probability that at least one of the dice shows an even number?
10. [R] What is the probability that a randomly chosen two digit positive integer is divisible by 3
or 5?
11. [R] A system has n independent components and each fail with probability p. Calculate the
probability that the system will fail when
a) the components are in series, so the system fails if any one of the components fail;
b) the components are in parallel, so the system fails only when all of the components
fail.
12. [R] The following is a table of the annual promotion probabilities at a particular workplace,
broken down by gender.
Male
Female
Promoted
0.17
0.03
Not promoted
0.68
0.12
Total
0.85
0.15
Is there gender bias in promotion?

13. [R] Urn 1 contains 2 red balls and 3 black balls. Urn 2 contains 4 red balls and 5 black balls.
a) If an urn is randomly selected and a ball drawn at random from it, what is the
probability that the ball is red?
45
46

b) Suppose a ball is drawn at random from urn 1 and placed into urn 2. If a ball is then
drawn at random from the 10 balls in urn 2, what is the probability that it is red?
c) In the previous part, given that the ball drawn from urn 2 is red, what is the probability that the ball transferred from urn 1 was black?
14. [R] Employment data at a large company reveal that 72% of the workers are married, that
44% are university graduates and that half of the university graduates are married. What
is the probability that a randomly chosen worker
a) is neither married nor a university graduate?
b) is married but not a university graduate?
c) is married or is a university graduate?
15. [R] Suppose that 30% of computer users use a Macintosh, 50% use a Microsoft Windows PC
and that 20% use Linux. Also suppose that 60% of the Macintosh users have succumbed to
a computer virus, 80% of the Windows PC users get the virus and 10% of the Linux users
get the virus. A computer user is selected at random and it is found that her computer
was infected with the virus. What is the probability that she is a Windows PC user?
16. [R] Downs syndrome is a disorder that affects 1 in 270 babies born to mothers aged 35 or over.
A new blood test for the condition has a sensitivity (i.e. the probability of a positive test
result given the Downs syndrome is present) of 89%. The specificity (i.e. the probability
of a negative test result given that Downs syndrome is absent) of the new test is 75%.
a) What proportion of women over age 35 would test positive on this new blood test?
b) A mother over age 35 receives a positive test result. What is the chance that Downs
syndrome is actually present?
c) A mother over age 35 receives a negative test result. What is the chance that Downs
syndrome is actually present?
17. [H] Tom and Bob play a game by each tossing a fair coin. The game consists of tossing the
two coins together, until for the first time either two heads appear when Tom wins, or two
tails appear when Bob wins.
a) Show that the probability that Tom wins at or before the nth toss is
1
1
n+1 .
2 2
b) Show that the probability that the game is decided at or before the nth toss is 1
1
.
2n
18. [R] On the basis of the health records of a particular group of people, an insurance company
accepted 60% of the group for a 10 year life policy. Ten years later it examined the survival
rates for the whole group and found that 80% of those accepted for the policy had survived
the 10 years, while 50% of those rejected had survived the 10 years. What percentage of
the group did not survive 10 years? If a person did survive 10 years, what is the probability
that they had been refused cover?
46

19. [H]
47
a) Extend the Multiplication Rule of section ?? to 3 events A1 , A2 , A3 and show that

P (A1 A2 A3 ) = P (A3 |A1 A2 )P (A2 |A1 )P (A1 ).
The same pattern applies to higher numbers of events. Write this down.
This law is particularly useful when we have a sequence of dependent trials.
b) To gain entry to a selective high school students must pass 3 tests. 20% fail the first
test and are excluded. Of the 80% who pass the first, 30% fail the second and are
excluded. Of those who pass the second, 60% pass the third.
i) What proportion of students pass the first two tests? Use the multiplicative law
to answer this question.
ii) What proportion of students gain entry to the selective high school?
iii) What proportion pass the first two tests, but fail the third?
20. [H] Use the additive law of probability to establish, using mathematical induction, Booles
Law:
P (A1 A2 An ) 6 P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) + + P (An )
21. [H] Establish, using mathematical induction, Bonferonis inequality:

P (A1 A2 An ) > 1 [P (Ac1 ) + P (Ac2 ) + + P (Acn )]
22. [R] For each of the following problems, identify a suitable random variable. Write out any
properties of the random variable (e.g. E(X) = 7) and restate the problem in mathematical
notation involving that random variable. (You are not asked to solve the problems
indeed there may not be enough information present to let you do this!!)
a) Peoples heights are approximately normally distributed with mean 165 cm and standard deviation 15 cm. What proportion of people are over 200 cm tall?
b) The number of people at the automatic teller machine at lunchtime is known to have
a Poisson distribution with mean 2. How likely is that there will be 3 or more people
at the machine at lunchtime?
c) A shop sells three types of boxes. A quarter of those sold have a volume of 1000 cm3 ,
a third have volume 2000 cm3 , and the remainder have volume 5000 cm3 . What is
the average volume of the boxes sold?
d) At the end of the year a raw mark for each MATH1151 student is calculated taking
into account their exam marks, their tests and their computing assignments. The
average raw mark is 650 out of 1000. Where should the raw pass mark be set so that
75% of the students are
47
48
Problems 5.4
23. [R] Verify that the
Pfollowing sequences {pk : k > 0} are probability distributions, that is, that
pk > 0 and k=0 pk = 1.
a) Uniform Distribution.
pk =
1
n
16k6n
for
and 0 otherwise. Here, n is a fixed positive integer.

b) Binomial Distribution.
pk = B(n, p, k) =

n k
p (1 p)nk
k
for
0 6 k 6 n,
and 0 otherwise. Here, p is a constant with 0 6 p 6 1.

c) Geometric Distribution.
pk = k (1 )
for 0 6 k < ,
where is a constant with 0 < < 1.

d) Poisson Distribution.
pk = e
k
k!
for
0 6 k < ,
where > 0 is a constant.

24. [R] Let X be a discrete random variable with the following probability distribution
k: 0
1
2
3
4
P (X = k) = pk : 0.1 2c 0.2 0.1 4c
Find the value of c. Calculate E(X) and Var(X).
25. [R] Find the mean and variance for the uniform distribution in Question 23(a).
26. [R] In a biased lottery with tickets numbered 1 to 50, the probability that ticket number n
wins is
n
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 50.
pn =
1275
What is the probability that the winning ticket bears a number less than or equal to 25?
27. [H] In a biochemical experiment, n organisms are placed in a nutrient medium, and the number
of organisms X which survive for a given period is recorded. The probability distribution
of X is assumed to be given by
P (X = k) =
2(k + 1)
(n + 1)(n + 2)
and 0 otherwise.
48
for
0 6 k 6 n,

a) Check that
Pn
k=0 P (X
49
= k) = 1.
b) Calculate the probability that at most a proportion of the organisms survive, and
deduce that for large n this is approximately 2 .
c) Find the smallest value of n for which the probability of there being at least one
survivor among the n organisms is at least 0.95.
28. [H] A genetic experiment on cell division can give rise to at most 2n cells. The probability
distribution of the number of cells X recorded is
P (X = k) =
k (1 )
1 2n+1
for
0 6 k 6 2n,
where is a constant with 0 < < 1.

What are the probabilities that
a) an odd number of cells is recorded,
b) at most n cells are recorded?
29. [H] The number X of particles emitted as the result of an experiment is a random variable
with probability distribution
k+1
1
P (X = k) =
2
for k > 0.
What is the expected number of particles emitted during one experiment?

30. [R] The number X of bacterial colonies which develop on a small dish of nutrient in an infected
environment is described by the following model:
k: 0
1
2
3
4
P (X = k) : .02 .11 .31 .42 .14
When the nutrient is sprayed with a mild antibiotic, the distribution is assessed to be:
k: 0
1
2
3
4
P (Y = k) : .21 .43 .21 .12 .03
What reduction in the mean number of colonies per dish has been effected by the use of
the antibiotic?
The infectiveness of X colonies has been defined as X 2 . What reduction in the mean
infectiveness per dish has the antibiotic achieved?
31. [R] 12 dice are rolled. Find the probability of getting at least 3 sixes showing.
32. [R] A coin is tossed 50 times. What is the probability of it coming down heads exactly 25
times?
49
50
33. [R] The probability of dying from a particular disease is 0.3. Ten people in a hospital are
suffering from the disease. Find the probability that at least 8 survive.
34. [R] A test paper contains 8 multiple choice questions, each with 4 potential answers to choose
from. A correct answers gains 1 mark, a wrong answer 0 marks and 4 is the pass mark. If
a student simply guesses, what is probability that she will pass?
35. [R] How many times must a coin be tossed until the probability of getting 2 or more heads
exceeds 0.99? (You need to try different n values after an initial guess.)
pk
, show that pk is largest when
pk1
k = (n + 1)p. This k is called the mode of the distribution.
36. [H] For the B(n, p) distribution, by considering
37. [H]
a) Show that for non-negative integers n k m,

k
n
n
nm
=
.
m
k
m
km
b) Show that

n
X
k
n
n
k
nk
p (1 p)
=
pm .
m
k
m
k=m
c) By considering the cases m = 1 and m = 2 in the preceding formula, prove the variance formula for the Binomial distribution, as stated in Theorem ?? of Section 5.4.
38. [R] Chromosome interchanges may be produced by various forms of radiation. The following table shows the numbers of cells which were observed to have various numbers of
interchanges.
No. of interchanges
Frequency of cells
0
434
195
44
>3
Total
682
5
.
11
b) Compare the observed frequencies with those predicted by a Poisson distribution with
5
mean
.
11
a) Show that the mean number of interchanges is
39. [R] The number of once in a hundred years floods can be modelled by a Poisson distribution.
a) Find the probability of getting at least one once in a hundred year flood in a 100
year period.
50
51
b) Find the probability of getting at least one once in a hundred year flood in a 10
year period.
40. [R] A busy switchboard receives 150 calls an hour on average. Assume a Poisson distribution
for the number of calls.
a) Find the probability of getting exactly 3 calls in a given minute.
b) Find the probability of getting at least 2 calls in a given minute.
c) Find the probability of getting at least 10 calls in a given 5 minute period.
41. [H] Let X be a discrete random variable with a Poisson distribution with parameter .
a) Show that
X
ke k
.
E(X ) =
(k 1)!
2
k=1
b) By changing the summation variable, show that E(X 2 ) = E(X) + .

c) Using (b), show that Var(X) = .
42. [H] For the Poisson distribution with mean show that
pk1
for k > 1,
k
b) pk is maximum for k = where 1 6 6 . This is the mode for the Poisson
distribution.
HINT: Use the result of (a).
a) pk =
43. [R] Passing some Actuarial professional exams is notoriously difficult. Assume that the probability of passing a particular exam is 0.6. Find the probability that a person passes the
exam on the 4th attempt.
44. [H] Assuming that one can differentiate a power series term by term, one obtains from the
formula
X
1
xk =
, |x| < 1
1x
k=0
the formulas
kxk1 =
k=1
1
;
(1 x)2
X
k=2
k(k 1)xk2 =
2
,
(1 x)3
|x| < 1.
(You will see that this is justified in your MATH1251 Calculus lectures).
From these formulas, show that
X
k=0
kxk =
x
;
(1 x)2
X
k=0
k 2 xk =
x(x + 1)
,
(1 x)3
|x| < 1.
and hence calculate the mean and the variance for geometric distribution in Question 23(c).
51
52
45. [R] A die is rolled repeatedly.

a) Find the probability that the third time a 6 shows is on the 20th roll.
b) [H]Generalise to the kth time on the nth roll. This is an example of the negative
binomial distribution, which generalises the geometric distribution.
Problems 5.5
46. [R] Verify that the following functions f are probability densities, that is, that
Z
f (x) dx = 1.
f (x) > 0
and
Also sketch the graph of each function.

a) Uniform Distribution.
1
f (x) = b a
otherwise.
b) Pareto Distribution. For k > 0,
k
f (x) = xk+1
for
Note. The formula
integration by parts.
x>1
otherwise.
c) Gamma Distribution fn . For n > 0,
1 xn ex
fn (x) = n!
0
Z
a6x6b
for
for
x>0
otherwise.
xn ex dx = n! will be useful. You can prove it using
d) Laplace Distribution.
f (x) =
1 |x|
e
2
for
< x < .
47. [R] Calculate the means and variances for the distributions in the preceding question. (Note
that for the Pareto distribution the mean is only defined if k > 1 and the variance is only
defined if k > 2.)
52
53
48. [R] The probability density of the Cauchy Distribution is given by

f (x) =
1 + x2
< x < .
for
a) Find the value of .

b) If X has a Cauchy distribution, find a number c such that
P (X 6 c) = 0.25.
c) [H]What can be said about E(X) and Var(X) for the Cauchy distribution?
49. [R] X has the probability density function
(
1
x
f (x) = 8
0
for
36x65
otherwise.
Calculate
a) P (X > 4),
b) P (X 6 4),
c) P (3.2 6 X 6 4.1),
d) E(X).
50. [R] Y has the probability density function

c
for 10 6 y 6 100
f (y) = y
0
otherwise.
a) Determine the value of the constant c.
b) Obtain the cumulative distribution function of Y .

c) Find b such that P (Y 6 b) = 0.50.
51. [R] Let F be the function defined by
1 (x 2)
4
F (x) =
1
3
4 + 8 (x 3)
for x < 2
for 2 6 x < 3
for 3 6 x < 5
for x > 5.
a) Sketch the graph of F .
b) Find a probability density function f which would have F as its cumulative distribution function. Sketch the graph of f .
c) Find E(X) for this probability density function.
52. [R] For the situation of Exercise 39 find the probability of there being a 50 year gap between
once in a hundred years floods.
53
54
53. [H] Suppose X has a probability density given by

(
ex
f (x) =
0
for
x>0
otherwise.
a) Find the probability density of Y = 2X + 3.

b) Find the mean and variance of Y = 2X + 3.
54. [H] Suppose X is a continuous random variable with probability density f , and is a continuous increasing differentiable function.
a) Show that the probability density g of Y = (X) is given by
g(y) = f (1 (y))(y),
where 1 is the inverse of , and
(y) =
d 1
(y).
dy
b) Show that the expected value of Y is

E(Y ) =
(x)f (x) dx.
[Note: This proves a special case of the formula for the expected value of a function
of a continuous random variable.]
55. [H] Show that if X is a (continuous or discrete) random variable and t R, then

E (X t)2 = E(X 2 ) 2tE(X) + t2 .

Then prove that E (X t)2 is a minimum when t = E(X), and show that the minimum
value is Var(X).
Problems 5.6
56. [R] Find the area under the standard normal probability density between the following values:
a) 0 and 1.4,
b) 0 and 0.26,
c) 0.73 and 1.6,
d) 0.33 and 1.57.
57. [R] A normal random variable X has mean 10 and standard deviation 3. Find the following
probabilities:
a) P (10 < X < 11.8),
b) P (X > 14.2),
d) P (X > 12).
54
c) P (6 6 X 6 12),
55
58. [R] The length of life of a particular make of T.V. picture tube is approximately normally
distributed, with a mean of 3.1 years and a standard deviation of 1.2 years. If this type
of picture tube is guaranteed for one year, what fraction of the tubes sold will require
replacement under the guarantee?
59. [R] Experience has shown that the I.Q. scores of University students are normally distributed
with a mean of 112 and a standard deviation of 8. Calculate the percentage of students
who will have an I.Q. score
a) higher than 130
b) lower than 100
c) between 105 and 125.
60. [R] The lengths of studs turned out by a certain automatic machine are normally distributed
with a mean of 3.220 cm and a standard deviation of 0.003cm. If the acceptable length
of a stud is between 3.226 and 3.212 cm, determine to one decimal place the percentage
rejected as under size and over size respectively.
61. [H] If X is a normal random variable with mean and variance 2 , show that
r
2
.
E(|X |) =
62. [H] Find E(X) and Var(X) for the random variable X with probability density function proportional to
2
ex +x .
63. [R] HSC 2-unit Maths marks are scaled to be N (60, (12.5)2 ). Find the probability that a mark
exceeds 70. Which mark is exceeded by 1% of the marks?
Problems 5.7
64. [H] Let
pk () = e
k
k!
for
k>0
be the Poisson distribution with mean .

a) Show that
n
X
pk (1 )pnk (2 ) = pn (1 + 2 ).
k=0
Hint: Use the binomial expansion for (1 + 2 )n .

b) Let X1 have a Poisson distribution with mean 1 and X2 have a Poisson distribution
with mean 2 . Using the result of (a), or otherwise, show that
P (X1 + X2 = n) = pn (1 + 2 ).
55
56

Note. This result has the interpretation that, if X1 and X2 are independently distributed random variables with Poisson distributions of mean 1 and 2 respectively,
then the sum X1 + X2 has a Poisson distribution with mean 1 + 2 .
c) Let {Xi , 1 6 i 6 m} be a set of m random variables such that Xi has a Poisson
distribution with mean i . Use the result of (b) and a proof by induction to show
that the random variable
m
X
Xi
X=
i=1
also has a Poisson distribution and that the mean is

=
m
X
i .
i=1
65. [R] The lengths of mass produced nails are normally distributed with a mean of 3 cm and
variance of 0.01 cm2 . Sixteen nails are randomly chosen and laid end to end. What is
the expected value of the length of the combination, and the probability that its length
exceeds 48.5 cm?
66. [R] A soft drink machine delivers tumblers of drink with mean content 200 millilitres and a
standard deviation of 15 ml. A random sample of 36 tumblers are measured.
a) What is the expected sample mean content?
b) What is the standard deviation of the sample mean content?
c) Using a normal approximation, estimate the probability that for the random sample
of 36 tumblers the sample mean content will be at least 204 ml.
67. [H] Shares in a collection of companies have an average rate of return (in percent) of 7, with
a standard deviation of 21. Rather than put all my money into one companys shares, I
divide it equally between a portfolio of 36 of the companies.
a) What is the expected rate of return on the portfolio?
b) What is the standard deviation of the rate of return of the portfolio?
c) Using a normal approximation, estimate the probability that I will lose money on
this portfolio (that is, have a rate of return of 0 or less).
68. [H] Readings are rounded off to the nearest integer, and then added. Assuming the round off
error is uniformly distributed on ( 12 , 12 ), use the Central Limit Theorem to estimate
the probability that the absolute error when n such readings are added exceeds 12 n,
assuming that n is not small. [The uniform distribution is defined in Question 46(a).]
69. [H] A varying voltage has a standard deviation of 2 volts. Its population mean value is not
known and is to be estimated from the mean X n of n readings randomly taken. Use the
Central Limit Theorem to estimate the smallest number of readings necessary to achieve
a probability of at least 0.95 that X n lies within 0.5 volts of the population mean value.
56
57
70. [R] The weights of packages received by a department store have a mean of 200 Kg and a
standard deviation of 25 Kg. Use the Central Limit Theorem to estimate the probability
that 15 packages received at random and loaded on a goods lift will exceed the specified
safety limit of the lift, listed as 3,220 Kg.
71. [R] Nominal 375 mL cans of soft drink have a mean content slightly above this value so that
the stated contents are exceeded most of the time. Suppose the contents are normally
distributed with standard deviation of 5 mL.
a) Find the mean content so that only 1% of cans are under the stated value.
b) For the cans with mean as in part (a), find the probability that a 24 pack of the cans
contains a total of more than 9.3 L.
72. [R] Suppose that the lifetimes of globes used in a particular light fitting are normally distributed with mean 5 months and standard deviation 1.6 months. Find the probability
that 10 such globes will last at least 5 years if they are replaced as soon as they become
faulty.
Problems 5.8
73. [R] One hundred and fifty plants are sprayed with a chemical which has been found 60 per
cent effective in providing resistance to a virus disease. Use the normal approximation to
estimate the probability that at least 100 of the plants develop resistance to the virus.
74. [R] Under standard conditions it is known that 20 per cent of a certain kind of seed germinate. Use the normal approximation to show that from a batch of 400 such seeds there is
probability about 0.99 that fewer than 100 will germinate.
75. [R] Of the children entering a school at the age of 5 years in 1920, 30 per cent were reported
to have previously had an attack of whooping cough. Use the normal approximation to
estimate the probability that a random sample of 40 children taken from this population
will contain at least 20 who have previously had whooping cough (i.e. 50% or more instead
of the usual 30%)?
76. [H] Colour-blindness appears in 1 per cent of the people in a certain large population. How
large must a random sample be if the probability of its containing at least one colour-blind
person is to be 0.95 or more? Compare exact Binomial and Poisson approaches.
77. [H] Two per cent of the very large number of articles made by a machine are defective, the
defectives occurring at random during production. If the articles are packaged 100 per
box, what is the probability that a given box will contain 3 or more defective articles? Use
a Poisson approximation and compare with the correct value found using Matlab.
78. [H] On average 1 person in 1000 suffers from a bad reaction to a certain drug. If 5000 people
are treated with the drug, find the probability that no more than 8 suffer from a bad
57
58

reaction. Do this using the normal approximation to binomial and compare the answer
with the correct value found using Matlab.
58
ANSWERS TO SELECTED
PROBLEMS
Chapter 1
c) a + 12 h,
b) a h,
1.
a) a + h,
2.
a) 0,
3.
a) 4a + 5b,
4.
a)
6.
a) 14 cm N 75 E.
d)
3
4
a,
e)
3
4
a 12 h.
b) 2CA.
1
2 (a
b) (2p + 3r)a + (2q 3s)b.
+ b), 12 (b + c)
b) 104 cm S 23 E.
5 cm/s for 40cm
14 cm
75
13 cm/s
5 cm
10 cm
12 cm/s
8 13 = 104 cm
c) 18 km/h N 36 E.
d) The rower must row 30 upstream.
18 km/h
25 km/h
2k
15 km/h
59
h
m/
3 km/h
1 km/h
60
CHAPTER 1
e) 172Newtons, N 57 E.
250 N
150 N
200 N
57 172 N
7. Approximately 28.0 km N 51 9 E from A.

1
1
b + c,
2
2
8.
a)
9.

3
a)
,
4
1
3
a + c,
4
4
1
3
a + b.
4
4
7
2
c)
6 ,
1
16
b) 15 ,
5
10. 7.43, N 28 E.
16.
b)
1
3
3
a + b + c.
7
7
7
d) Not possible,
a) not parallel,
b) parallel,
c) parallel.
Only in b) is ABCD a parallelogram.
21. (4, 5, 0), (6, 1, 2), (4, 7, 6)

22. d + e f ,
d + f e,
e + f d.
23. The midpoint is (3, 1, 3). The point Q is (10, 29, 31).
2
1
a+ b
3
3

0
0
0
0
1
0 1 0 0 0

25.
0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 .
0 0 0 1 0
1
0
0
0
0
24. t =
2
0
4
1
1
1
26. 6,
1
14, ;
21,
4 ;
.
0
6
14
21
2
2
3
0
27.
a) 15,
b) 12,
c)
62.
60
e) 7i 4j + 3k.
ANSWERS
28.
61

35, 6, 41.
29. A 4cube has 16 vertices, say, V = {(a, b, c, d) | a, b, c, d = 0, 1}.

30. (5, 09 )T , (0, 5, 08 )T . . . , (09 , 5)T . Yes, (, , . . . , )T where (5 )2 + 92 = 50.
31.

1
1
a) x =
+
, R;
2
5

6
1
c) x = 2 + 0 , R;
2
1
1
2
b) x = 2 + 3 , R;
1
6
1
2
2
1
d) x =
1 + 2 , R.
3
2
32. Yes, it corresponds to = 1.

33.
34.

0
1
a) x =
+
, R;
4
3

1
c) x =
, R;
7

2
0
e) x =
+
, R.
0
1
a)
b)
c)
d)

0
2
b) x =
+
, R;
3
3

0
1
d) x =
+
, R;
4
0
6
4
x1 + 4
= x2 1, x3 = 3.
or
x = 1 + 1
6
0
3
1
4
x2 2
x3 + 3
x1 1
x = 2 + 5
=
=
.
or
4
5
6
3
6
1
5
x2 + 1
x3 1
x1 1
x = 1 + 1
=
=
.
or
5
1
2
1
2

1
0
x = 0 + 3
or
x1 = 1, x2 = x3 .
0
3
3
35. 4 .
1
2
1
a) x = 1 + 3 ,
1
2
36.
a) true,
b) false,
37.
a) x = a + (b a),
c) x = b + (a b),
c) true,
0 6 6 1;
> 1;
R.
d) true.
b) x = b + (a b),
d) x = a + (b a),
61
> 0;
> 12 .
62
38.
39.
40.
CHAPTER 1
a)
b)
c)
d)
Line segment joining (1, 3, 6) and (2, 4, 13).

Line segment joining (3, 3, 5, 3, 13) and (9, 27, 49, 15, 23).
Line segment joining (0, 4, 8, 3, 5, 4) and (6, 2, 7, 2, 1, 5).

Ray from point (1, 4, 6, 2) parallel to 3, 0, 1, 5 .
6
e) Line through (3, 1, 4) parallel to 2 with segment from (9, 5, 18) to (15, 3, 10)
7
removed.
3
1
a) x = 1 + 4 ; , R.
2
6

0
1
1
b) x = 4 + 2 + 14 ; , R.
6
5
2
a)
b)
c)
d)
41.
a)
b)
c)
d)

2
1
Plane through the origin parallel to 2 and 3 .
3
4
2
1
Line through (3, 1, 2, 4) parallel to

3 .
2

3
2
Line through origin parallel to

1 .
2

4
8
Plane through (1, 2, 3) parallel to 1 and 2 .

2
4

1
2
1
x = 2 + 1 1 + 2 2 for 1 , 2 R;
3
3
3

3
4
3
x = 1 + 1 1 + 2 6 for 1 , 2 R;
4
0
6
5
3
2
2
0
4
x=
1 + 1 5 + 2 1 for 1 , 2 R;
6
7
6

3
3
3
x = 0 + 1
0 + 2 4 for 1 , 2 R;
0
2
0
62
ANSWERS
63

0
1
0
e) x = 1 + 1 0 + 2 65 for 1 , 2 R;
0
0
1

1
4
7
2
0
2
f) x =
3 + 1 4 + 2 3 for 1 , 2 R.
4
5
5
42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
1
1
x = 1 1 + 2 0 ; 1 , 2 R.
0
1

4
1
4
x = 0 + 1 3 + 2 0 ; 1 , 2 R.
3
0
0
0
1
0
x = 1 + 1 0 + 2 6 ; 1 , 2 R.
0
0
1

0
1
0
x = 0 + 1 0 + 2 1 ; 1 , 2 R.
2
0
0
b) (3, 4, 11).
44.
a) (3, 2, 4),
45.
a) 6x 3y + 2z = 12,
46.
47.
48.
b) 6x 12y + 13z = 100.
3
2
a) x = 2 + 3 for R.
1
1
b) (13, 22, 9).

6
5
a) x = 4 + 2 for R.
1
2
b) (1, 2, 3).
a) Parallelogram with vertices (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 6).
b) Triangle with vertices (0, 1), (1, 3), (3, 6).
c) Parallelogram with vertices (0, 0, 0), (12, 6, 12), (32, 16, 24), (44, 10, 12).
d) Triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (12, 6, 12), (36, 6, 6).
e) An
region with vertices O and
and two of the three sides parallel to
unbounded
P
4
36
2
6
3 . At P , 1 = 2 = 6 and so OP = 6 .
1
6
63
64
CHAPTER 2
P
2
1
2
2
49.
4
2
3
1
a) See c).

3
2
1
2
1
3
b) x =
4 + 1 4 + 2 6 for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1 .
2
3
3
c) The three parallelograms are:
C(4, 0, 6, 8)
A(1, 3, 4, 2)
B(2, 1, 0, 5)
The algebraic definitions are:

1
3
5
3
2
3
x=
4 + 1 4 + 2 2 for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1.
2
3
6

3
2
1
3
+ 1 2 + 2 1 for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1.
x=
4
6
4
2
3
3

2
5
1
1
3
3
x=
4 + 1 6 + 2 2 for 0 6 1 6 1, 0 6 2 6 1.
2
3
6
Chapter 2
1.

5
a)
,
2
5
2
:R ,
: , R
64
ANSWERS
65
4 2
4 2
: , R
b)
:R ,
: , R
c)
2 2 + 3

2.

8
a) No solution.
b) Unique solution
=
.
9

5
5
c) Infinite number of solutions on the line x =
+
, R.
0
1
x1
x2
3. For a11 6= 0 the conditions are as follows.

a) If a11 a22 a12 a21 6= 0, then solution is unique.
b) If a11 a22 a12 a21 = 0 and a11 b2 a21 b1 6= 0, then there is no solution.
c) If a11 a22 a12 a21 = 0 and a11 b2 a21 b1 = 0, then there are an infinite number of
solutions.
4. The general conditions are as follows.

a) If a11 a22 a12 a21 6= 0, then solution is unique.
b) There is no solution if a11 a22 a12 a21 = 0 and either
i) a11 b2 a21 b1 6= 0, or
ii) a12 b2 a22 b1 6= 0, or
iii) a11 = a12 = a21 = a22 = 0 and b1 , b2 are not both zero.
c) There are an infinite number of solutions otherwise.
5.
8.
1+
a) Solution set = 2 2 : R .
1
1
Planes intersect in line x = 2 + 2 , R.
0
1
b) No solution. Planes are parallel.
4 52 + 12
: , R . Equations represent the same plane.
c) Solution set =
a) In vector form,

3
3
4
6
5 + x2
2 + x3 3 = 7 .
x1
1
1
6
8
65
66
CHAPTER 2
As a matrix equation and augmented matrix,

3 3
4
x1
6
5
2 3
x2 = 7 ;
8
1 1
6
x3
3 3
4 6
2 3 7 .
(A|b) = 5
1 1
6 8
b) In vector form,

7
8
3
2
1
x1 3 + x2 2 + x3 5 + x4 1 = 7 .
3
5
6
0
6
As a matrix equation and augmented matrix,

x1
1 3
7
8
2
3 2 5 1 x2 = 7 ;
x3
0 3
6 6
5
x4
1 3
7
8 2
7 .
(A|b) = 3 2 5 1
0 3
6 6
5
9. The system of equation is

x1 3x2
6x2 + 6x3
6x1 x2 4x3
7x1 + 9x2 + 11x3
= 10
= 2
=
0
=
5
The augmented matrix form is
1 3
0 10
0
6
6 2
.
A=
6 1 4
0
5
7
9 11
10.
b) R1 = R1 R2 , R2 = 12 R2 .
a) R2 = R2 2R1 , R3 = R3 4R1 ;
11. All but c) and h) are in row-echelon form.
12.
2
a) x = 3 . Point of intersection of 3 planes.
2
2
1
3
0
b) x =
2 + 2 , R.
0
1
1
0
A line in R4 through the point (2, 3, 2, 0) and parallel to

2 .
1
66
ANSWERS
13.
67
a) x =
3
.
1
d) No solution.

1
2
g) x =
3 .
2
14.

1
5
b) x = 1 + 2 , R.
0
1

2
0
e) x = 5 + 3 , R.
0
1
3
2
6
2
h) x =
5 + 1 , R.
0
1
2
c) x = 3 .
1
f) No solution.
1 0 0 1
a) 0 1 0
2 .
0 0 1 2
1
Solution: x = 2 , which is the position vector of a point in R3 .
2
1 0 0 75 34
29
13 .
b) 0 1 0
3
0 0 1
7
34
75
13
+ 29 , R, which is a line in R4 .
Solution: x =
3
7
0
1
15.
a) Unique solution,
d) infinitely many solutions,
16.
a) k 6= 3,
17.
a) = 2,
18.
a) a 6= 0,
b) no solution,
e) unique solution.
b) no such value of k,
b) = 1,
c) infinitely many solutions,
c) k = 3.
c) all other values of .
b) a = 0, b 6= 0,
c) a = b = 0,

2
5
5
0
+ 2 R.
d) x =
1
0
0
3
19. Perhaps, if the costs are negative or very large then you can be sure that someone is cheating.
20. No.
21.
a)
x1 = 7b1 + 5b2 + 3b3

x2 = 6b1 + 4b2 + 3b3
x3 = 2b1 + b2 + b3
b)
x1 =
x2 =
x3 =
67
3
2 b1
27 b1
1
2 b1
2b2 2b3
+ 5b2 + 4b3
b2 b3
68
23.
CHAPTER 2
a) b3 21 b1 + b2 = 0.
b) b1 b2 + b3 = 0 and 2b1 + b2 + b4 = 0.
25. Yes.
26. No.
1
3
4
1
= 3 1 2 2 .
27. Yes, since
4
4
4
12
6
3
28. No.
29. Yes, at (6, 13, 11).

5
3
1
7 = 3 5 4 2 .
30. Yes, since
1
1
1
32. Meet at (6, 9, 4).
6
5
33. The planes intersect at the line x = 2 + 4 R.
8
3
2
3
3
1
1
+ 2 1 = 1 1 + 2 4
34. Planes are not parallel as 1
2
5
2
2
7
2
4
6
only when 1 = 2 = 1 = 2 = 0.
36.

1
1
3
a) x = 0 + 23 , R.
1
0
b) The planes intersect in a line.
37. p(x) = 2x2 4x + 7

38. I am 42, my brother is 46 and my sister is 52.
39. 6 days in Bangkok, 4 each in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
40. 3, 1, 2.

8
41. 5 .
4
68
ANSWERS
69
1008
42. 668 .
632
421.14
43. 331.71 .
364.57
44.
a) Letting x1 be the number of hectares of wheat, x2 be the number of hectares of oats and
x3 be the number of hectares of barley gives the equations
x1
6x1
150x1
72x1
+
x2
+
6x2
+ 100x2
+ 48x2
+
x3
+ 2x3
+ 70x3
+ 36x3
= 12
= 48
= 700
= 612
x1
6x1
150x1
72x1
+
x2
+
6x2
+ 100x2
+ 48x2
+
x3
+ 2x3
+ 70x3
+ 36x3
6 12
6 48
6 700
6 612
b) There is no solution.
c) The inequalities are
and with slack variables s1 , s2 , s3 , s4 the equations are

x1
6x1
150x1
72x1
+
x2
+
6x2
+ 100x2
+ 48x2
+
x3 + s 1
+ 2x3
+ s2
+ 70x3
+ s3
+ 36x3
+ s4
= 12
= 48
= 700
= 612
d) Some sensible solutions are to either plant 4 23 hectares wheat and no oats and barley, or
7 hectares oats and no wheat and barley, or 10 hectares barley and no wheat and oats.
There are also an infinite number of other reasonable solutions. In each case it is the
fertiliser which is restricting the planting.
Chapter 3
69
70
1.
CHAPTER 3
6 9 12
a) 3A = 9
6 6 .
3 3
9
4 2
b) 2B = 6 8 .
2 10
5 3
d) B + C = 4 0 .
5 7
c) A + B is not defined.
5 3
4
e) A + 3I = 3
5 2 .
1 1
6
17 10
g) AB =
2 1 .
8 12
f) B + 3I is not defined.
h) BA is not defined.
4 13 9
j) CD = 2
11 13 .
14
14
0
i) BC is not defined.
1 16 26
k) A2 = 10 3 2 .
2 8 15
86 81 167
m) (BD)2 = 47 38 85 .
187 171 358
l) B 2 is not defined.
7. 96A + 205I.
0 0 0
N 3 = 0 0 0 .
0 0 0
0 0 1
8. N 2 = 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0
11.

0
a) 1,
0
13. AT =
b)
1 3 4
2
0 5

0 0 1 ,

0
c) 1 ,
0
2 4 5
5
6 0
,
BT =
4
5 8
3
5 6
d)

1 2 3 .
1
4 2
C T = 4 3 6 = C.
2
6 7
0 0
0
0
4
2
14. aT b = bT a = 8, abT = 0 12
6 , baT = 4 12 8 , ab and aT bT are not
0 8 4
2 6 4
defined.
70
ANSWERS
71
17. A possible G =
19.
a)
4 7
1
2

3 6
4 2
, b)

5 7
,
3 4
c) no inverse,
1
d)
5
1
3 4
8 2 3
0
0 ,
20. A1 = 0 1
2 , B 1 = 21
3
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
D 1 =
5 3
1 .
4
17 11 5
21.
1 0
a)
0 51
0 0
1
b)
0
1
6
4 9
3
8
e)
7 1
1 0
C is not invertible,
0 21
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
22.
A1
4 3 2
0
1
1
1
0
;
=
1 2 2
1
0
1
2 1
B 1
6 2
1
0
9 4
3 1
;
=
25 11
8 2
14
6 4
1
C 1 does not exist.

23.
a)
2
B 1 ,
24.
a) A1 B.
25.
b)
26.
b) AB 6 A1 ,
i) B T B,
c) (A + A1 )2 ,
d) I (I A)m+1 .
2
4 4
b) 1 2 3 .
1
0 3
ii) C 1 C T .
2 0
1
a) 2 1 1 .
5 1 2
2c1 + c3
b) 2c1 + c2 c3 .
5c1 + c2 2c3
27. x = QT b.
T
29. As Q is square and Q Q = I, we have (Q )1 = Q1 , i.e., Q = Q1 .

T
30. From Question 29, Q is invertible, and hence Qx = b has the solution x = Q1 b = Q b.
31.
1
a)
ab

b 0
.
c a
b)

A1
0
.
B 1 CA1 B 1
71
72
CHAPTER 3
32.
a) 1,
33.
a) 9,
b) 1, c) 0, d) 5,
b) 0,
e) 2.
All are invertible except

5 2
.
10 4
c) 56.
34. 126.
35.
a) 30,
36.
a) 2,
b) 5,
d) 5 73 = 1715.
c) 5,
1
b) ,
2
c) 32.
37. 83, 108, 8964.

38. a 6= 1.
39.
42.
2 1
1
2 1 .
b) 1
3 1
1
1 0 1
a) 2 1 1 .
5 1 3
a) ( 3) ( + 1) ( + 2).
43. For example, A = B =
44. For example, A =
1 0
0 1
c) 1.
b) 1, 2, 3.

1 0
.
0 1

and = 1.
50. 2(x + y + z)3 .

51. (z 1)(z 2 + 2z 4), x = 1, y = 1
54.
55.
a)
x(1)
7000
500
250
0.72
x(k)
0.24
b) P
xi (k)
0.04
a)
x(0)
1000
1000
1000
x(0)
0
1
0
x(2)
2750
3500
125
x(1)
x(2)
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.37
0.5
0.23
0.5574
b) x(k) 0.2295
0.2131
5, z = 1 5.
x(3)
14375
1375
875
x(4)
8125
7188
344
x(5)
29781
4062
1797
x(10)
132380
66670
6810
1.5
x(3)
0.477
0.252
0.271
x(4)
0.5114
0.2607
0.2279
72
x(5)
0.5324
0.2400
0.2271
x(10)
0.5562
0.2302
0.2137
ANSWERS
73
Chapter 4
1.
a)
4
cos1
b)
10 3
,
c)
2
86 41 ,
1
4
5
8
2
b) , , ;
a) 0, , ;
6
3
3 2
33
66

1
1
3. cos
70 20 .
3
2.
d)
c)
cos1
10 13
9.
10.
3
3 ,
b)
0
14
2
2
1
4 ,
a)
3
2
a) 7,
b) 3,
c)
3
c) 3 .
6
6.
11. q = p + 2a + 2 projd (p a).

15.
17.
(a b)2
bb
23
b) 11 ,
20
b) q(0 ) = a a
16
a) 4 ,
2
45
c) 9 .
18
12
18. 8 .
6
20.
a) 2 21, 4 ;
2
2;
21.
a)
22.
4
a) .
3 2
b)
b) 2 2, 2 .
2
15
.
2
1
b) .
2
73
66 10 .
7
1
8
, ,
.
3 10
42
105
1
3
7. 1 = a u1 = , 2 = a u2 = 3, 3 = a u3 = .
2
2

5
80
1
66
8. a) 52 .
b)
.
c)
.
d)
50 .
2
2
17
1
22
74
23.
26.
CHAPTER 4
a) 2,
1
b) ,
2
c) 7.

2
1
a) Line through A and B is x = 0 + 1 2 , 1 R.
2
1

2
0
Line through C and D is x = 1 + 2 1 , 2 R.
1
2
3
b) Shortest distance is .
17

21 38 53
30 32 47
c) Point P is , ,
and Q is , ,
.
17 17 17
17 17 17
28.
a) 14,
b) 53.
31. As usual, the answers for equations of planes are not unique.

3
1
1
1
2
1 x 2 = 0;
a) x = 0 + 1 1 + 2 0 ;
0
0
2
2
1
x1 x2 2x3 = 3.
1
1
2
5
1
5 x 2 = 0;
b) x = 2 + 1 1 + 2 3 ;
2
2
1
5
2
x1 x2 + x3 = 3.
1
2
1
7
1
10 x 2 = 0;
c) x = 2 + 1 1 + 2 1 ,
2
4
3
1
2
7x1 10x2 + x3 = 15.
1
1/2
1/4
4
1
2 x 0 = 0;
d) x = 0 + 1 1 + 2
0 ,
0
0
1
1
0
4x1 2x2 + x3 = 4.
1
1
14
4
1
17 x 2 = 0;
e) x = 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 ,
2
2
6
15
2
4x1 + 17x2 + 15x3 = 8.
32.
1
1
2
a) x = 2 + 0 + 1 , for , R.
4
1
1
74
ANSWERS
75
1
c) 1 .
1
33.
d) x1 + x2 + x3 = 7.
a) No solution.
b) 0,
c) No pair of planes are parallel.
d) The three lines of intersection are parallel.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
a)
4 ,
2
a) 3,
5
1
2 .
b)
2
1
b)
c)
13
,
7
d)
25
.
7
1
2
1
a) x = 2 + 1 + 1 , , R.
0
2
1

1
1
1
b) 1 .
c) 1 x 2 = 0.
1
1
0
a) c = proja v, d = v c.
1
3 .
a)
2 2
0

0
1
2
,
41. u1 =
5 1
0
42.
6,
a) y =
b) c =
3
11
1
11
1
11
8
d) .
3
d=
8
11
12
11
12
11
11
1
4 .
b)
8
15
3
5
1 1
,
u2 =
30 2
0
1
1 1
,
u3 =
10 2
2
39 39
+ t.
5
5
5 5 15 35
0
5 15 35 99 78

b)
15 35 99 275 = 184.
35 99 275 795
612
c) y = 5 + 3t 4t2 + 2t3 .
75
1
1 1
.
u4 =
15 2
3
76
CHAPTER 5
P
n
P
P x2i
P xi
P xi
43.
y
P i
P x2i yi
xi y i
xi y i
P
P yi
P x2i yi
P yi 2
xi y i
P
P x2i yi
P xi y2i
P x2i yi2
xi y i
P
P zi
P xi zi
P yi zi
xi yi zi
Chapter 5
1. None of the claims is justified by the information given!
2.
a) {a, c},
e) {a, b, c, d, e},
3. ,
{},
{{}},
b) {f },
f) {f },
{{{}}},
d) ,
h) {b}.
c) S,
g) {b},
{, {}},
{, {{}}},
{{}, {{}}},
{, {}, {{}}}.
4. 81% passed both ACTL1001 and MATH1151 and 95.3% of thos who passed ACTL1001 also
passed MATH1151.
5. 26.
6. No.
7.
a) A B c C c ,
d) (A
Bc
C c)
b) A B C,
(Ac
C c)
(Ac
c) (A B) (A C) (B C),
B c C),
e) (Ac B C) (A B c C) (A B C c ).
8.
32
110
9.
a)
10.
46
.
99
11.
5
.
36
b)
1
.
6
a) 1 (1 p)n ;
c)
3
.
4
b) pn .
12. No.
13.
a)
19
,
45
b)
11
,
25
14.
a)
3
,
50
b)
1
,
2
15.
c)
c)
6
.
11
47
.
50
2
.
3
76
ANSWERS
77
16.
a) 25.24%,
19.
a) P (A1 A2 An ) = P (An |A1 An1 )P (An1 |A1 An2 ) P (A2 |A1 )P (A1 ).
b)
22.
b) 0.0131,
i) 56%,
c) 0.000545.
ii) 33.6%,
iii) 22.4%.
a) Let X be the height of a person.

b) Let X be the number of people at the teller machine.
c) Let X be the volume of a box.
d) Let X be the students mark in MATH1151.
24. c = 0.1,
25. =
= 2.5,
n+1
;
2
2 =
2 = 2.05.
n2 1
.
12
26.
13
.
51
27.
b)
(n)2 + 3n + 2
,
n2 + 3n + 2
28.
a)
(1 2n )
,
(1 2n+1 )(1 + )
c) n = 5.
b)
1 n+1
.
1 2n+1
29. 1.
30. 1.22, 4.54.
31. 0.3226.
32. 0.1123.
33. 0.383.
34. 70p4 q 4 + 56p5 q 3 + 28p6 q 2 + 8p7 q + p8 where p = 41 , q = 34 . This evaluates to
35. 11.
39.
a) 1 e1 .
40.
a) 0.214.
b) 1 e0.1 .
b) 0.713.
c) 0.799.
43. 0.0384.
44. =
;
1
2 =
.
(1 )2
77
7459
0.1138.
65536
78
45.
47.
CHAPTER 5
a)
19
2
3 17
5
1
.
6
6
k nk
5
1
.
6
6
1
1
(a + b); 2 = (a b)2 .
2
12
k
k
b) =
for k > 1; 2 =
k1
(k 1)2 (k 2)
d) = 0,
48.
a) =
49.
a)
2 = 2.
1
.
9
,
16
for k > 2.
2 = n + 1.
b) c = 1.
b)
1
a)
.
log 10
7
,
16
c) neither exists.
c) 0.4106,
b) F (y) =
c) 103/2 31.62.
51.
n1
k1
a) =
c) = n + 1,
50.
b)
d)
y < 10
10 6 y 6 100 .
log(y/10)
log 10
49
.
12
y > 100
90
39.09.
log 10
d)
a) The graph of F (x) is . . .
F (x)
(5,1)
1
7/8
3/4
5/8
1/2
3/8
(3, 14 )
1/4
1/8
0
b) The function f (x) =
1
4
x<2
26x<3
will do. Its graph is shown below.
36x<5
x>5
78
ANSWERS
79
f (x)
1/2
3/8
1/4
1/8
0
c) E(X) = 3 58 .
52. e0.5 .
53.
e(y3)/2
a) g(y) = 2
0
y>3
b) E(Y ) =
y63
2
+ 3;
Var(Y ) =
4
.
2
54. Hint. Since is a strictly increasing function, is one to one, and hence 1 exists. Furthermore,
a 6 (x) 6 b if and only if 1 (a) 6 x 6 1 (b).
56.
a) 0.4192,
b) 0.1026,
c) 0.1779,
d) 0.3125.
57.
a) 0.2257,
b) 0.0808,
c) 0.6568,
d) 0.2514.
58. 0.0401.
59.
a) 1.2%,
b) 6.7%,
c) 75.9%.
60. 2.3% over, 0.4% under.

62. E(X) = Var(X) = 21 .
63. 0.212, 89.
65. Expected value = 48; probability = 0.1056.
66.
a) 200ml.
67.
a) 7.
b)
b) 3.5.
5
ml.
2
c) 0.0548.
c) 0.0228.
68. 0.0836.
69. 62.
70. 0.0116.
79
80
71.
CHAPTER 5
a) 387 mL.
b) 0.3085.
72. 0.024.
73. Without using the continuity correction the probability is estimated to be 0.0475 while using
the the continuity correction the probability is estimated to be 0.0567.
75. 0.0048.
76. Greater than or equal to 300.
77. 1 5e2 .
78. Binomial

8
X
5000
.001k .9995000k = .9320
k
k=0
needs Matlab
Normal
P
1
1
6X68
where X N ( = 5, = 4.995)
2
2
= P (2.46 6 Z 6 1.57)
= .9418 (1 .9931) = .9349
80

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MATH1151

Mathematics for Actuarial Studies

Copyright 2016 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW

Problems for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

Problems for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Problems for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Problems for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Problems for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

ALGEBRA SYLLABUS AND LECTURE TIMETABLE

Chapter 2. Linear Equations and Matrices

Chapter 4. Vector Geometry

CLASS TESTS AND EXAMS

Vector quantities and Rn

Rn and analytic geometry

Vectors, Matrices/Arrays and MATLAB

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1

Problems for Chapter 1

If OH = h and OA = a, express the following in terms of a and h.

3. [R] Express each of the following in terms of a and b.

b) 2(p a + q b) + 3(r a s b) where p, q, r, s R.

4. [R] Let ABC be a triangle with OA = a, OB = b, OC = c where O is the origin.

CB express the vectors OM and OP in terms of a, b, and c.

b) Show that M P is parallel to AC and has half its length.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

a) Write down the vectors OX, OY and OZ in terms of a, b, c.

b) Let T be the point on AX with AT : T X = 6 : 1. Write OT in terms of a, b, c.

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1

Do any of these sets of 4 points form a parallelogram?

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

20. [R] Show that the points A, B, C in R3 with coordinate vectors

and is such that AT = 2T B.

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1

b) A (1, 2, 1), B (1, 1, 5);

32. [R] Does the point (3, 5, 7) lie on the line x =

Let Q be the point on AB such that AQ =

a) Find q, the position vector of Q.

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1

b) (1, 4, 2), (2, 6, 4), (1, 10, 3).

41. [R] Find parametric vector forms for the planes

b) through the points (3, 1, 4), (1, 2, 4), (6, 7, 2);

c) through the points (2, 4, 1, 6), (3, 2, 6, 1), (1, 4, 0, 0);

d) 4x1 3x2 + 6x3 = 12, where x = x2 R3 ;

e) 5x2 6x3 = 5, where x = x2 R3 ;

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS

f) through the point (1, 2, 3, 4) parallel to the lines x =

a) lies on the plane 4x 5y z = 0, and

b) is parallel to the plane 3x 3y z = 2.

46. [H] Consider the line

a) Find a parametric vector form for the line.

a) Express the line in parametric vector form.

PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1

for s1 , s2 , t1 , t2 R. These two planes are said to be parallel if span(u1 , u2 ) = span(v1 , v2 ).

for s1 , s2 , t1 , t2 R, where {e1 , e2 , e2 , e4 } is the standard basis of R4 .

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND

Introduction to linear equations

Systems of linear equations and matrix notation

Elementary row operations

Solving systems of equations

Deducing solubility from row-echelon form

Solving Ax = b for indeterminate b

General properties of the solution of Ax = b

Matrix reduction and MATLAB