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[Economic Survey] Ch13: Demographic Dividend, Education &

Skill Development schemes, National Youth Policy 2014
10 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. [Act I] Demography related Theories (DT)
1. DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth
2. DT2: Demographic transition
3. DT3: Demographic dividend
3. [Act II] Education
1. Census 2011: Literacy ranking
2. Mid-Day Meal (MDM)
3. Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)
4. RMSA & RUSA
5. Model School scheme (MSS)
6. Saakshar Bharat (SB)
7. Education: Budget 2014 New schemes
8. Economic survey: Education reforms
4. [Act II] Youth & Skill Development
1. National youth policy 2014 (NYP)
2. (NEW) Skill India Program
3. (NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges
4. (NEW) Young leaders program
5. Udan and STAR
5. Appendix
1. Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya
2. Jay Prakash Narayan

Prologue
Economic Survey Chapter 13, total four sub-parts
1. UNDPs Human Development report 2014, poor, women and children [coming soon]
2. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development[youre here]
3. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense [done]
4. Rural and urban infrastructure [done]

[Act I] Demography related theories (DT)

Here Im only giving the outline of the theories. For more details, refer to NCERT Sociology, Class12, Chapter 2,
Demographic structure of Indian Society.

DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth

Food production increases in arithmetic progression while population increases in geometric progression.
Therefore, Nature itself tries to establish equilibrium between population vs food supply, using positive checks.
Positive checks by nature

Preventive checks by humans

famine

delayed marriage

disease

celibacy

Viewpoints
Malthus

Poverty is caused by population growth

Marxists

Poverty is caused by unequal distribution of wealth

DT2: Demographic transition

Stage

Birth
rate

Death
Rate

Remarks

HIGH

HIGH

low growth because of famine, wars, diseases

short life expectancy
India till 1921

HIGH

MED.

Agri revolution: famine impact reduced

medical research: epidemics contained
Life expectancy increases but people yet to change breeding behavior.
Result: population explosion
Western Europe in late 19th & Early 20 th Century.

MED.

LOW

stationary phase
nuclear families, modern contraceptives, fertility starts declining
India since Census 2011

LOWEST

LOWEST

Population begins to contract / shrink

Highest life expectancy.
Most developed countries in this phase.

DT3: Demographic dividend

A country is said to be in Demographic dividend phase WHEN
1. Majority of the population is in working age group
2. Dependency ratio is minimum i.e. very few persons below 15 and above 64 age.
3. Age pyramid shows Bulge in middle portion.
Observe the age pyramids of India, US, China and Japan for the year 2008 and 2020:

Bigger bulge in middle of Age Pyramid=Demographic Dividend

We can see, by 2020, India will have the youngest population among all four leading economies.
Year

Working age population in India

2001

58%

2021

64%

However, to reap the Demographic dividend, we must invest in Health, education and skill Development of the young
generation. In the previous part, we learned about the health related issues and schemes. In this part, we shall see
education, skill Development.

[Act II] Education

First lets observe the Census-2011 data

 mugup these formulas

Sakshar Bharat scheme won UNESCO 2013 award for this

 mugup approx. total literacy & female literacy figure for Essay & Interview

Census 2011: Literacy ranking

Best Performers
Total Literacy

Female Literacy

1. Kerala (93%)

1. Kerala

2. Lakshadweep (UT)

2. Mizoram

3. Mizoram

3. Lakshadweep (UT)

4. Tripura

4. Tripura

5. Goa

5. Goa

Bottom 5 States/UT in literacy

Worst performers
Total Literacy

Female Literacy

1. Bihar (Lowest)

1. Rajasthan

2. Arunanchal

2. Bihar

3. Rajasthan

3. Jharkhand

4. Jharkhand

4. J & K

5. Andhra

5. UP

Now lets begin with educational schemes

Old schemes, organizations covered here: wp.me/p2tsJl-1zM (cost: benefit not that great).
In this new article, Im covering schemes mentioned in Economic survey 2013 or Budget 2014.

Mid-Day Meal (MDM)

WHO?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Official name

National Programme for Nutritional Support to Primary Education

WHAT?

hot cooked meals

WHERE?

Class 1 to 8
Government schools, Government aided schools, Madresa, Maqtab etc.

Accountability tools used:

1. Social audit
2. Interactive voice response system (IVRS) automated calls from state HQ to headmasters. Theyve to provide
performance data on daily basis, which is automatically tabulated in computer system.
Economic Survey reforms:
1. Poor quality food affecting child health.
2. Provide Separate dining rooms to prevent rains and dust.
3. Teachers should only supervise. At present, theyve to even cook the food due to staff shortage, as a result,
education activity suffers.

Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)

WHO?
WHAT?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Right to education is implemented via SSA.
provides funding for infrastructure (building), services (teachers), free textbook, bags, uniforms,
transport, hostel etc.

Budget
2014

Gave ~28,000 crores.

Economic Survey reforms:

1. Right to Education (RTE) Act mandates a school within 1 km radius of every habitation. but this has led to
mushrooming of schools at certain places. Better construct one single bigger school at nearby places, with
facility from class 1 to 12.
2. Regularize temporary teachers. Assess their performance on learning outcome of students.
3. Fix the shortage of toilets, safe drinking water and safai karmachari.

RMSA & RUSA

HRD ministry implements both these schemes
RMSA
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan

RUSA
Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan

Targets
2017: achieve above 90% gross enrollment ratio

Setup 80 new universities by merging

existing autonomous colleges.

2020: universal retention i.e. all primary school children

should reach high school.

Create support infrastructure for existing

universities

Earlier schemes for girls hostels, vocational education

etc. merged into this schemes.
Budget 2014: gave ~5000 cr.

Indian Bank Association (IBA): provides cheaper loans to all economically weaker section (EWS) students
World Bank: provides funding for technical education quality improvement.

Model School scheme (MSS)

WHO?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

WHAT?

Total 6000 new secondary schools, to absorb the primary school passout kids.
3500 model schools in educationally backward blocks (EBB), with help of state governments.
2500 models schools in normal blocks, via PPP funding.

Saakshar Bharat (SB)

WHO?
What?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD), 2001

Adult education program, main focus on women.
Aim: 80% total literacy by 2012; 100% female literacy by 2014.
won UNESO King Sejong Literacy Prize 2013

How

Funding given to districts having less than 50% adult literacy

Provides 3 Rs (i.e. Reading, Writing & Arithmetic) with skill Development program.

Education: Budget 2014 New schemes

Jaitley did not elaborate the features of these schemes. Hence nothing much to write at the moment.
Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

New Teachers Training Programme. (500 cr)

Jai Prakash Narayan

National Centre for Excellence in Humanities in Madhya Pradesh.

Click

virtual classrooms and online courses (100 cr)

Via Communication Linked Interface for Cultivating Knowledge (CLICK)

New IITs and IIMS under budget 2014

Following Locations not important except for interview-profile based Questions
5 new IIT

5 new IIM

1. Jammu

1. Himachal Pradesh

2. Chhattisgarh

2. Punjab

3. Goa

3. Bihar

4. Andhra Pradesh

4. Odisha

5. Kerala

5. Maharashtra

Economic survey: Education reforms

Five year Plan outlays not converting into outcomes

From above charts, we can observe that over the years, government Expenditure on children has increased.
But it has not translated into learning outcome of the children.
Therefore, more and more parents opt to send their kids in private schools.
Economic survey prescribes two solutions for this:

1. Zero base budget i.e. scrap down all Programs and start again from zero.
2. Feedback loop i.e. at the end of the financial year, independent agency should give report card for the
performance of HRD ministry. In the next budget, Finance minister should make reforms in the financial
allocations and schemes accordingly.

[Act II] Youth & Skill Development

Youth policy + New schemes + Statistics =good points for Essay on demographic dividend.

National youth policy 2014 (NYP)

Different Definitions of Youth
Youth definition

age group

NYP 2003

13-35

NYP 2014

15-29

UN

15-24

NYP-2014 will focus on 11 pillars. Ive consolidated those under five heads. Existing schemes will be streamlined,
converged to give maximum focus on following areas:
1. Education, employment, skill, entrepreneurship
2. Healthy lifestyle, Sports.
3. social values, Community engagement, youth engagement
4. Participation in politics and governance
5. Inclusion, Social justice.
Implementation:
By Ministry of Sports and Youth affairs
Government will form a Youth Council, consisting of exceptionally talented young men and women across India.
Theyll oversee the implementation of the policy.

(NEW) Skill India Program

national multi-skill programme, launched in Budget 2014
Itll give Youth training for employability and entrepreneur skills
Even traditional professions like welders, carpenters, cobblers, masons, blacksmiths, weavers etc. will be given
training and support.
Itll have convergence with other vocational schemes, to bring maximum output.

(NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges

Budget 2014 promised to transform employment exchanges into career centers.
Theyll give counseling services, to help the youth pursue career path based on their caliber and aptitude.

(NEW) Young leaders program

100 crore allotted for this. Salient features, provisions yet to be announced.

Udan and STAR

Existing schemes
UDAAN

STAR

by Ministry of Home affairs (MHA)

provides skill Development training to JammuKashmir youth with help of NSDC and PPP

by National Skill Development council (NSDC)

1. National Skill Certification and Monetary Rewards Scheme
2. You enroll for a vocational course, and after final exam,
they give money depending on your grade in the
certificate.

Organizations in News
NSDC
National Skill Development council
Ownership: 51% private ; 49% Finance Ministry
Target: give skill training to 15 Cr. Indians by 2022. Thereby
fixing the mismatch in supply-demand of skilled personnel.
Runs STAR Scheme, helps MHA in Udaan Scheme.

Skill Ministry
Modi has setup separate ministry for
skill and entrepreneurship.
Presently Minister Sarbananda
Sonowal holding charge of two
ministries:
(Skill Development,
Entrepreneurship) + (Youth Affairs
and Sports)

Appendix
Since Budget 2014 schemes named after following Freedom fighter, they automatically become important for Mains
General studies paper 1. Therefore, you must have atleast 100 words shortnotes ready.

Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya (1861-1946)

1. Lawyer from Allahabad
2. Served in provincial and central legislature.
3. Foundation of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), The Leader newspaper.
4. Moderate leader of INC, Four times President.
5. Gandhiji gave him a title Mahamana
6. Opposed separate electorate for Muslims under Lucknow pact of 1916
7. He participated in 1st round table conference in 1930, later established Congress Nationalist Party to oppose
communal award
8. Popularized the slogan Satyamev Jayate
9. Editor of The Hindustan, Indian Union and Abyudaya.
10. Budget 2014: Teachers training program named after him.
~90 words

Jay Prakash Narayan (1902-1979)

1. Born in Bihar, Post-graduation from USA
2. popularly called LokNayak
3. Participated in both Non Cooperation movement (NCM), Civil disobedience movement (CDM), and went to jail.
4. Participated in Vinobas Sarvodaya and Bhoodan movement.
5. Wanted abolition of Zamindari and nationalization of heavy industries.
6. Founded All India socialist party before independence
7. Key role in settingup Janta party after independence.
8. 1975: Allahabad HC declared Indiras election null and Void. JP demanded her resignation, but she imposed
National emergency and got him arrested.
9. Awarded Magsaysay and Bharat Ratna.
10. Budget 2014: A national institute for humanities to be setup in MP, bearing his name.
~100 words