{isTM*T IOi{ 0F $SlcB&ryillmry A$f,$ V&$,xg]&tIs]I

,Jn? liI{YS{CAi-i Atrm UUFTERIffA{, MOBE[,$

&r $HIp *sYs'eliM* &ffiI&l/I$I3R.

{.}r . finE

"

lmnct$sr friovac:

H.SUANIA

$iIf${Ar.Y

of ship'$ researehimE - designinE - bui}"dj.ng acld

reuluction i.n the early stages of des!.En and optirnizj,nq
require the ut"i.lj"aation on a J"arqJe sca3.e of ttre semparters nhich, implieit.L]'o Gperate
with nnmeri-caJ. mo<ieLs of the behaviomr ot the ship "system".The preei.sion of the
ner;del.tlrq t:t Ltto *omplex hydrr:dyuarnic phenorneua, i"nvci"ved iu th* behaviour of the
sitlp, consi.l{ereqt as a $vstern, defines i.n fireaL analysi.s the eonnectness in the
tk:sdEmi"ree o"t tlee shi.p "syste&* a&d its optimiaation deqree.
In the sattle way, tlae irnpeissibilitv of model.linq aumerically certain extremely
i:r:n;p!,tlx .[]Tdre{i}Tt;3mir*1 pluer*omema mai.mLaj.ms imtCI up-to-dat*, j.& a EreaF- e.ritent, t}re
ttliJ rsati$n of the piilysical model"s, wtrlose results atre used di.rect.Ly, in ttre
ri+:srrtrj.nci'proeess and imdirec'Llv, for the eheckj.ng and vatidati_on of the nuEnericaL
ic.&'.l!, } mode,ts, corresponclin$ to them.
The Presemt paper offers a Eeneral aud compl.ete seheme of, the cheeki.mg';a"!.i*at.iom. prsflsss o{ the physica}. aa$ numericaS, *iodel-s, appl"led in the shi-p
rese;rrcjlim{i a$"d des$.Emtlro irl ICEP&ON&V S.A" anttpwnataates the mcst importamt stages
wfuj"ryfir, under praet,iaa.L e$pact, permit the est,imat.j.on of umeertaiat,y and the
cimarntiticatierm of ttree srror mar-$in, affecting the normal" process of ship desj"Eninq"
There are pi:es*ntett ths fisncreLe conrparative ana3"yses of the result.s neqarding
{i$e ;rmei tta* salila ship "system", these nesu}ts betnq ohtai"med by meams of two
tl:t"ft*rent nurneri"eaL rnodeS.s, by model test$ {physica}. mode}} aud by sea triaLs oa the
netr"L ship.
Tlie rnoc{errmirinq <pt the fLux

the n*cessrt,y o{

expem"ses

i." ifypms $.[ mex"ei"mo used i-m mava]- &vdrmdyaarni.es

ftae process

ot

am.d

specifi*

s&mrees

of ernor

j.n

a$smmes th* represe*t.at:l"on

varj.ou$ weys
$biectlv* reaLitv vhich oovill exj-st" as a physieaS. produet, at real sr:a].e.
Ac*ondi.ng to [Xl and [?] , the f irst aad the mort iarportaylt simulati.on LeveL
is tfle "coneXltua3. model", defi.ned as the nnestal representat,iou of the physical
realitY, hased on tfie exi.st.ing knovledqe and clbservati.ens at tire rea3. saatre (figure

slt

l"fue

rai

teg:hntcal areatj.on

&'"s iiL [h* r.taval d*rrlaire it is nelt al-ways easy to observe the neanity, are
equ;lil"y used the n'sca-18 ph],s:.sal mod&Ls" and the "aumetricatr models", hotfi as
si.*lp-li..ti.*at,i*ns ot ttrhe reali.tv, umderLi_ni.$ry " certaim properties of the rea} or
neql"ei:t,in$ o'i:frers, trnetrovarat for ttle pr.oblecil under consideratien.
I[fie s#a {e $hv.si"ca]. modeS.s perrnit the di"rect observati.on of tbe phenemema the
s!:.ip *'rvsteil]" is suhrnit,ted"to" haviuq a repli.eative or deseri.pti.ve eharacter, whi.le
Ltne nmmer:ilaal relei,i$el.s perm"tt, Lhe es{imatiom o{ the syste*ltos e$oLution im time.domain,
ltavinq a pnedictive cha::aryLer.
8esi.eles ptlr* ph.oysieal and numerj"eal models are also used hybrj.d modets, i.e.
nm.meri.cal" ruodels, based on rnathematieal descript,i"on of the physi.eaL phenomsrra, in
whieh are i.nt,r*duced experimentally measured data (as coefficients of equatio*s).
ilonsequ*m,t,ly, i.t inslde eaeh type of model is raiscd the problern of cliecki.nE
ttre pr'eclsaon {r:.t nroitr*.i-lialE} and uncertai.ntv anaLysis, betweeu the types o{ nrorl*}s
c:f t-he same clegr*e, aJ"t beinq submi"tted to the abjestive reaLity, is raised the
$r*b{em of, "parttal. validatisa"" whi}e rel"ated to this reality is raised ttre prmb}.enr
of "g-Lof;a.[ va.l-idationoo.These procedrares of parti.atr- and stroba.l" rra]idati n offer

finally the level. of relianee on one or another model

define the practieal. value
of these morlels, making precise the applicability and
limits
and their confidence
rntervals.
The obiective

physicat neatity- Futt

Con

ceptual

Partiat validation

Numerical

Physi ca I

model

scate

-_..j!

FI6URE

1a

odel

-;;* - --,r..
modet

of modets and stages of

validation

Different kinds

their

rn thi's eontext the obieetive of the uneertainty analysis

for the
experimental data and for the numerieal results is to buttd atrboth
interval
of
uncertaintv inside vhich mrst exist the "true value., (by definition unknovn), rith
a eertain eonfidence level (usually g5t).Can be distingulshed tr*o categories of
errors: errors of preeision (aleatory or repeatable) and systematie (or fixed)
errors ; the analysis of, uneertainty for each physical or numerieal modelled proeess
implyinq the detailed analysis of all source"-oi error, the estimation of error for
eaeh of then and obtaining of the grobal uncertainty intervals.
the buitdinq of the resultinq intervals of uncertaiuty coarplies
staqes, proeeduren and calculation rethods, ninutely presentea in tJl anavith the
tnl.
As in the present paper re are interestea in ltre aspeet of the behaviour
of
the rhip "systen" as a rigid solid in irregular waves, tiist of all fron the
Boi.nt
of viev of the motiors, in the fig.lb is presented the general seheme, considered
complete bY the authors, tor checking-emparison-validation in the nunerieal
(C.f.D. ) and experimental hydrodynanics
Aceording to this general flor diagran, the sources of error, specific for
each type of model, are the following :
a) 3o; t[9- go_lgs].!-qauslx]-clllrolmjgl : fundamontal
errors, introdueed
by the neqlected physical effeets and imposed bymodelling
the
impossibility
sinultaneous mental representation of all the phenome[a, developing in ani of the
!rit] the
ship "system".The systemic complexity of the ship irposes to ioeus the attention
both on obrerving the unity and structural eonpatiiilily (designaling ttre so_eifiea
main bloclrs of the systen, linked by nain generalized iiput/ooiput eoordinates)
on the sub-systens, rhieh must be espeeially studiea and vithout rhieh and
the
eoneeptual representation looses its sense.
b) fp-r*lbe,sqsarrcal*lQ.E.DJ nqdel :
- errors of representation {}f the co[eeptual model by a continuous mathematical
model i

FU

LL SCAL E REALITY
( REAt S HIP )

ERRORS OF CONIEPTUAL MODEL

ERRORS OF PHYSICAL AND

(NE6LECTED PHISITAL EFECTS)

6EOMETRICAL MODEL
STR U CTURAL

CONCEPTUAL MODEL

PHYSICAL STALE
MODE L

REPRESE NTATION
P

ERRO RS

A
R

TESTIN6 ERRORS

(MEASUREMENT
L

T
I

MODEL IESIS

DISCRETIZATION
E

ANALYTICAL

SOLUTION

RRORS

T
I

vl

DISCRETIZED

rl

FI

RRORS

COMPUIER

ERRORS

TEST

RESULT

iltl

CODE

A
E

POST-PROCESSING

EI
RI

PRO6 RAMMIN6

MATHEMATITAL MODEL

0i

DATA ANALYSIS

T
E

RROR S

STALE
TF

FINAL

Ni

ECTS

EXPERIMENTAL

RESU LTS
C

0
M

NUMERI CAL

INACCURACIES

FULL SCALE TRIALS

0 MEASUREMENT ERRORS DATA ANALYSIS

COMPUTATION

ERRORS

s
ANALYTICAL RESULTS

DATA ANALYSIS
E

OMPARISONS

RRORS

WITFI:

OIHERNUMERICAL
RESULTS
EX

FU

LL SCALE FINAL
RESULTS

PERIMENI,\L
RESULTS

NUMERICAL ( C.F.
RE SU

D.

BENCHMARKSI

LTS

FIGURE 1b

A FLOW DIA6RAM FOR C.F D. AND EXPERIMENTAL

HYDRODYNAMICS VA LIDATION PROCESS

- errors of diseretization, inposed by the replaeement of the continuous model

(impossible or very difficult to solve uith analytieal methods) rith a di.scretized
{numerical} nodel;
errors of prograrwring, rhich appear during the proeess of creation of the
caleulation algorithm and of elaboration of the eomputer codei
- numerical errors. speclfic to the adopted numerieal pethods and to the conputer
used tor the ealculations.
e) r_ep. !-[e phy.sisr} "qg_al-e-,m$s] :
- errors of qeometrical, kine*atic and dynmic rodelling. conbined vith errors of
physical execution ;
- errors of experinentation (instrunental and human) i
- errors of processing/post proeessing of the experinental results i
- errors of tranrposition of the results from the model to the full scale ship
(directly linked rith the errors of nodelling and geaerated by the irpossihility
of sinrultaneous eonpliance rith certain inempatible criteria of sinilitude),
d) f.qr "th"e- fglMe.
the 'lreal iLlo" :
- emors of experimentation (irstrunental and hunan) i
- errors of processing/post proeessing of the rerults.
2. tturerical rodelling (C.F.D.).Proeedures of cbactring and partial validatim
Having as a starting poiut paper [5], ve can assert, that the nain c]asses of
theories, usually applied tor the nodelling of the ship's motions are : the strip
theory {in the classical variant Serrlttsna-Beukelnann or noderniaed variant
salvesen, fuek, Faltinsea) and 3-D theory (Zhao & Faltiusen), eaeh of then haviag
its specifie nerits and linits.
ilalinq a profound aaalysis of the uneertainty on the specific of the numerical
hydrodynamics applied in sea*eeping the list of the sources of rrors can be
completed vith the folloving speeifie categories ;
a ) llruglt*c.e.l"_er&:s
-gqlgmleg_br
(for ? D calculations) or the Green functions (for 3 I)
- the sortrce function
3

calculations);

- problens of eonvergetrce for large aud complex equation systens, assoeiated to the
matrixes of added mass and darping coeffieie[ts i
- irregular frequeacies on eonrputations of these hydrodFramic quantities ;
- the number of "strip" under consideration and the number of polnts, describing
the shape ot each section (2I)) aud respeetively, the arnber and distribution of
the panels. over the hulf (3DI ;
b) Phy-s"_i-c_il gmpr"qr.*gsgsg-e!_A1!- hv :
- the effeets of the linear poteotial floy {the systen of non-statiotrary flaves,
generated by the hull's oseillation, interaction vith the stationary }ocal
potential around the ship, the three-dineasionality of the flor, etc.) i
- the etfects of the non-linear potential flov (the linearlzation of the condition
on the free surfaee, of the eondition on the hull aad the exciting foree
expressions) i
- vlseous effeets i
- the uncertainties in the rodellXng of the rave speetrum, sarpling choice of the
frequency domain of the irregular yaves and unproper rodelling of the vaves
propagation.
The existenee of a such large range
fig.lb, three cateqCIries of actions :

of

sourees

of error inposes, according to

r) ghe"-c}l!.s -a{_ :

- the correetress ot the eontiuuous aad discretizeil rathenatical model trm the
point of vlev of the boundrry and initial condltions ;
the
eoherenee and eoaslstsncy of the eonp[ter code tthe renoval of the progranming
errors and the eorreet pertornance of the eonaectiona betree$ rodulee) i

.. the numerical inprecisions and i.nstabilities.

These checking are perforned ou test data, rhich can be eompared to the exact
analytical results.

lI )

cq"r3Bfl[]-i;q&g--[9- :

- the exaot analytical results ;

- other numerieal results (asyrptotical forrulae) i
- other calculation prograras, based on the sane prenises.
rrr) The cheekiag and conparisons pernit the staiting of partiar validalion in the
numeriealhydrodynanie8,consirtingintheconfrontlngotmtained
results to :
- the behaviour of the coneeptual rodel in case of test data and of exact analytieal
solutions ;
- the experirental rosults, existiag in the benehnarks ;
- the experinental reaults, obtalned by rodel teots
- the re$ults, obtained by neans nf other calculatlou; prograf,s, reeognlzed as [ore
advaneod and more preciae.
An exanple of partial validation

of the !ll8$lll progran (sAnBvlL

eode
variant), pernittiag the dsterninl*g of the ship's roiionr hy a variantcomputor
of
the strip
theory, based oa the mltipol potentials Tasai-Porter and a eonforral
yith
nultiple coefficionte, ie. the eorparlsoa rith the rerults, obtalned bytapping
tire nrisstan
speeialists of TNII}{T saukt Fetersburg by using the ealeulatlon progran
of the
ship's sotions in operation at CCI{I in Odetsa, this prograr belng basei on the
sane
physical and lathematieal prenrises, but perfor*iag tho deseription of the rections
torn and the calculation of the hydrodynartc coofticients
of prank close
tit nethod (sources distributed over the rean yetted body ofbya reane
cross-;ection). ThIs
progran, essentially identical yith that, elaborated by galveaen
and Faltinsen (by
adopting sranh's results) at the level of the year 1985, is currently used in the
naiority of the hydrodynarie laboratsrles aud hportalt elaaslfieation gocieil,eo
(nanoly : 'l{orr(E{s" - Drll$ g.Ir.A., TRrAL' - T.H.D.Holland,
* Det fiorslre
Veritas, l{orvay, '}IOnH-A8C,,-!uraE Veritas, franee, .glllpll0.'-f"l{v-{lz*
.T.L., Canada} and is
unanimously considered as having the best perfomanees in the eathation of the
seakeepinq charactoristies of the ships for noderate sea condltions.
The results, nutually transnitted betveen rcEplot{AV s.A. and rNrr}lr san[t
Potersburg via RR3 Bucharest by raRs of the paper [6tr, are obtained for a contalner
ship of 8000 tdr. having the eharacteristics in the table l, in three regimes of
irregular savs, eharaeterized by the epectrun rBBC (tabte i), for three running
speeds (0 ; I I(n aud 16 I(n) and tive relative anglos sbip-rave (0, {So, 90o, 135"

and 1800).

As analysis variable raa used tbe root-rean-square value of the proeess,

for a yave height equal to r r {at a eovering of 3t} aad, in irder to
tacilitate the cmparison, the synthesis diagrars, contaiaing tLe evolution of a
certaln pararter depending on the relatlve angte 'g, ad tle af,ip'e
speed *v.,, have
in their ordiaate a percentage dtvision itron 0t to 100t, the
value l00t
corresponding to the biggest abrolute value, ealeulated yith thl tyo program
written above the respectlve diagraa) and all the other values being ixpiessedand
as
percGntages of this naxinrn value.This vay of repreeentation
has tro advantages :
a) the ranges of values of eorresponding eurv.s have the same referene Eyster,
permitting a direet and easy estiratlon of the retatiye percentage differeneo
between the tvo series of results ;
bl the absolute {dinensional} values for a certaia corbinatioR sea csndition-heading
angle-speed are quietly deterninable calcutating the product betyeen the
percentag, eorrespoading to the respectlve polnt talren out trm
tbe diagrar,
the maxinum value. rritten above it anil the vaves heiqht (3t) in yhieh
the ship
eonsidered

navlgates

?his vaY of, representatlon is also adequate for the irplerentation on the
board computers aeelating the captain to selCct the best shipplng roui" teipert
navigatiou systen), as it shovs very clearly the tendency of tnese eurvos depending
on the heading angle and shlp Bpeed.
For illustration in fig.?a, b, c is represented the evolution of the pitehing
angle'lh"-and-in fig.3a, b, e the evolution of the relative notior
ihe tore
perpendieular (the signless eurves belng the Ronanian results aad tbose, at
rarked sith
signs the Russian results).
The analysis of thase diagrams, the qualitative and quantitative co*parison
of the values and the calculatlon of tha systeaatic error pertit ur to foraulate
the

tolloring concluslo&f :
a) tor the heading angles of practical interest, respactively B'=lg0c-135" (doninant
head vaves) and p-o"-45o (dominant tolloving yaves) the results are eategorically
in the sane domaias, that reans that the partial nutual valldation of the tno

computer programs can be considored satisfied ;

b) tor the naves trom transverse direction U={5o-135" (especially at 90o} the
differenees are sufficiently large, the f,.onanian eurvei having a nore abrupt

aspect, vith rore larked peaks, rshile the Russian curveg are .,snoother*.
ars dre to the tact that rhlle the tomanian eorputer prograir
yorked vith unidirectional ISSC irregular vave*, having the vholeenergi
eoneentrated on their directisn of propegation, the f,ussian cmputer prograr
rorked vith multidireetlonal vaves, having an energy spreading funetion of ttre

Theae differences

" ;leostf ", that euphaslzed the degree of intercomelation of the

motions in real yayes and led to inportant seeondary responses.
3. liodel testr and tull seale reasure.onts. Bethation of uecertalnty aad global
type

validation

In aeeordanee vith the general validation sehene in fig.lb and vith the
assertions in the previous ehapter, it results that the globat valiAatlon procedure
ean be perforned only in relation rlth the absolute obiective reatitf, in the
measure in vhieb it is knoyn and observable
The internediate stage of the nodel tests, affected by nany sources of error,
permit in its turn only a partial validation either of the uuneiieat results
or of
its orn experimental results in relation to the full scale measurenents.on the other
hand, even the results obtained by full scale experinents are *ffected by errors,
introdueing'a eertain degree of uncertalnty.consequently, the global vitidation
representc tho direct colparison of the tman yalueo, possibly true ln their om
confidence interval, obtalned in different vays as the fereat sourees of error
belong to the full seale experiments, thea are consldered referential, being also,
qualltatlvely and quantitativoly, tbe ',nearest'. to the objective reality.

The estimation of uncertainty and the deternination of the confldence

intervals, aecording to the practieal proeedures, presented in detail
ia
anit
[{}, reguire the interactive porfomance of the full seale tests ard nodelr[3Iteste
in tLe basin for tro reasons :
a) it must. be knoYl. reallstically and eritieally the F*e _qondfllon, uader r*hich the
full scale tests vere perforned (in fact, this ig-*the mostJn?ortant source of
error of the glolal. validation) and lnplicitly the ship,s behaviour ;
b) this experinente nust be physieally and nunerically rodolled as aceurately aa
possible (strictly observing the reeomendatlons given in paper
[T], ""gaiaing
the neeessary rua length of the experlmental sampias, rhiel arsures
a correet,
statistie rror estination).
for exenplification are used the full scale tests perforred rith the same
container shtp in August 1988 for the determinatlon of the pitetring and rolling.
angles of the ship and for the esthation of the ship,s anti-rolllng syeter
effieieney'The testa uare perforred at the speed of 16 f,n, acaording io a
senioetogonal sehene (u. 0n, 45o, 90", r3so and lg0o), the rlnd state being 4o-5oB
and the sea state 3-4 D.fhe ehip'r load cradition yas the heavy brllast, orie, rith
the eharacteristlcs in the table I and during the test rere situttaneously recorded
the pitching and rolllng angles, the rind speed aad direetion (inplieitfy the
dominant Yavea direction), the ship's speed and directiqr.Iletails rlgarai"-g ih"
performance of these tests are given in the palor
tSl.As the exact values of the sea
raves characteristies rere not available (beeause sf the iaek of specialized buoys
in the place and in the moment of the testa) yas used tLe ship's pitching as a
"loyal" and relatively regular re$potrse value (in a ratbematicai sense), ha-vinq a
pronouneed charactor of linearity related to the yav6c height.For
the deter3lnation
of the real speetrum of Yaves, yere modelled ia the basin exactly
the sase
experinental load condi'tions and ras determined the response tunctlon
in the

tretluency domai.n tor pitching in regular head raves and applying the seeond relation
l,lrener-ttruci.n. hy means of a Fourier B&( analyzer lras determined the demanded wave
eneounter speetrum, dividing the pitching speetrum measured at the ship (the real
pitehinu) by the square of the pitehinc response function (measured on the model and
considered valid at the ship).?he calculatisas led to a signlficant height of the

ot 2,834 m and a nodal period ?-6r31e , values used in both calculation

programs, being made at the same time, in the Russian program the spreading factor
equal to *lrr in order to bring the yave speetra to the same unidirectional
sea yaves

expression.
Uader these eonditions, the four series of results nere reBresented in one and
the same sytrthesis diagram (fig.4) in vhich, besides the tvo curves, obtalned
numerically (CFD) ras also represented the absolute experimental eurve, reeorded at
the full scale, respeetively the senl-experinental curve, obtained in the end of the
year l98B by model tests and transposed to the real ship, each of then vith its
confidence interval.
For transverse yaves do not exist experimontal points for pitching, being,
effectively recorded only rolling, rhat means that the disturbing vave Yas a full
developed sea, being more like a unidirectional vave thar like a rnultidireetional
one and produeing very reduced or non-existent seeondary responses.Arryvay, for the
four heading angles for vhich exists the possibility of comparison can be remarked
a good grouping of the mean values, especially in head vaves.The analysis of these
values anil of the confidenee intervals, both ln relative and absolute setrse, led to
the validation table 3, aceording to vhieh the global validation can be considered
as satisfactory, both the tendencies of evolutlon of the caleulated values related
to the measured ones and the existenee domains of the solutions, i.e. the confidence

intervals are in full

eoneordanee.

4. Conclusions
a)
b)

c)

The complexity of the phenomena and proeesses to rhich the ship "systen' is
exposed in irregular vaves inposes its research by means of different klnds of
models-eonceptual, physical, aumerieal (CfD), between rhich nust be performed
partial and global validation ;
Before their perfornanee for eaeh model is neeessary a serious analysis of the
sources of errors, their quantification, the determination of the sensitivity
to errors and the determination of the final eonfidenee intervals, resultinq from

the uncertainty analysis

The complete general scheme of validation in the nunerical (C.f,D. ) and

experimental hydrodynamics (flg.Ib) clearly lndicates the signiticance of the
"cheeking" and "comparison" ntltions and their connection vith the "partial" and

"global validations" i
d) The numerical and experinental results, obtained for a container ship of 8000tdv,
indicate that the numerical nodels rhich vere used are partlally and globally
validated ln a satisfactory Yay ;
e) The insuffi.clency of the data, obtained at full seale, re$arding the behaviour
of the ship "system" in irregular vaves imposes in the future the focusing
of the attention on the performanee of seakeeping tests as eomplete anil precise
as possible.

5. Ieferenees

lll

"Predicting the
tests or computations ?

G.VAN OORTIIIERSSBN,
CFD

and

CAD

in

hydrodynamic performarce

in ship design

Ship Design. I{ageningen, The Netherlands, 25-26 September 1990,

pp. 233-245
121 I.NOVAC, "Cercetari asupra

oscilatiilor generale ale navelor si stabillrea

pararetrilbr sistemelor de anortizare pasive", Teza de doctorat, Galati,

t3l

Romanla, 1991, Op.7-22

"Report

of the banel on validation procedures",

Proceedings

of the 19th

TABLE

DENOMINATION

LENGTH BETWEEN
PERPENDICULARS

CONF.
PROJ

E CT

BREADTH

H EI

6HT

DRAUGTH ( FORE

DRAU6TH ( AFT

ON BOARD

6, 318

DRAU6TH (MEDiUM

MEASURED

3,852

BISPLACEM ENT

79

TORRETTED METACENTRIC

45,4

1,7 66

H EI GHT

TRANSVERSE 6YRADIUS IN
ROLL DIRECTION

0,410

LONGITUDINAL 6YRADIUS IN
PITC
DIRECTIO N

0,253

NATURAL ROLL PERIOO

SHIP

MEASURED
ON BOARD

SPEED

TABLE

ISSC
C

WAVE SPECTRUM

HARAC TERI STI CS

SI6NIFICANT

ODAL

PERIOD

DIMENSIONLESS

MEAN

SYMBOL

WAVE

HEl6HT
M

PERIOD

DIMENSIONLESS
MEAN WAVE LENGTH

1t3

Z=TE

Y'

908

MU

508

lr,4

6,3

8,9

1...1,5

1,5.. .2

>2

..

>0,5

0,25

70

0,25

.0,5

WAVE

DESIRIPTION

SHORT

EDIUM

LO NG

TABLE 3

-------_8ELATIVE
Item

sH tP- WAVE

Pitch measured on
lship triats): \;

board

3,63o.
oh

Uncertainty interva[ :

Pitch measured in model tests;

l? ( transposed )

It

Uncertainly interval:

Pith f rom

C.F.

resutts, L

resu Its

z!

D. romanian

C.E

Uncerlainty interva[

Bias ernor, (rLi

11

Re la

tive bias
-:q/[t r

Bias
Re [a

error:

live bias error

Bias

17
18

19

20

100 .r"

tli - rUF

13

16

rpop

(tI-n)/rLIx

15

: !Bo/o

- \E

tY,

12

1L

7 oh

tpor:

rtl I t rt?, 1oo .h

Bias ernop : t r(-rtl,
I

Relative bias error

l\!-:[Ftt:|Gx

Bias error

0,1500

3,1+2o

!0,1370

0,120

3,2

oA

0,27

2,97o

3,220

r 0,057
3,10

r0,0640
3,570

t0,1240 r 0,1434
3,45o

!0,213

!0,21+2o

3,530

2,9 60

3,380

0,2820

0,2370

0,27 00

0,29o

0,230

0, 35o

8,49"/o

7,1+2oh

9,8

0,49o

0,19

13,510/o

5,9 oA

!0,2730 I 0,2530

0,305

0o

3,05 o

3,620

3,92"

450

o/o

0,25

, (ef- nf
/rL, x

6,920/"
0

0,40

4,g7oA 11,33'h

0,09

6,67 "
0

,160

3,0 4"/o

4,73oA

0,20

0,0 5o

0,120

3,85o4

5,52Vo

1,64oA

3/+8Y"

0, 070

0,110

1,g3oh

3,12o/o

4,73"h

5,62o/"

0,09o

0,0 go

0,09o

0,07o

2,09% 2,55"A

3,04oA

2,07 "/"

0,15

0,14

0,19

100./.

Relative bias err or

ttI-tt?l

0,19

iiElft,7,},',.'i'oi ,"
Bias ePror, I l!- ,tlt
l:n{ -

ger/s'

900

1oo.h

error: tr{-rtil

Retative bias

3,130

r0,0730 !0,0620

3,90o

rt?e.

10

4./"

D. russian

Uncentainty interval

Pith f rom

135 0

1800

DENoMtNATtoNNTtoNS

100 "/.

a
J

a
J

sE,

4 Fd.
o oE
E t/tl
tr,

G
ro

+L

.g
E

IE
L

.o
L

o
E

<u

=
o

@
(U

E
L
l-l

0l

o
EL
o
c
o
L

E
+

'a :

+
+ti
o
+o,

+o

o,

-,o

o
(U

.E

z.

-t

=
fo
o

tA

c;

:o- iI

+U

TL

t-;

==o

ci
TL

L;

I
I
t

I
I

,rl

:
I

UJI

ci
qr
LJI

,.1

Ett

,l

r-I

=t
el J

q
E I

a
5
(5

t*L

Itr
lr
I ta lz'

IB
IIrr.r
lr
kl=
lil olo
{lr__.r

aIE
HIE
c I , z.ltt

.l ;lE
colo

kt

---.r

ls

ld

\$
l{J

'tr

& =
aI

l+l

*\ \'\57
\-\
\

=
O
E =
E

q2

=
&

_o

a
a =

(U

co

E
U

1.

a o

t..\.

c) F
o-

$l$

6
lfJ

F
J
lr,

o
o
=
o
q

o
(U

I,

(U
a_

(J

.Ef,

t,r

=
E

.r-ol

\<
=

ol

=l
<I
zl
u-r
ol
E
ul t! =\
F
u-l

as:

sl
rnl =
o.I

*'.t
r\
-s

el
ol
e. l
el
rr-r

d"
IJ
F

=
t!

-l
<l

lrl

F
J
lrj
EI

ol

TJ

z.

lrl
s
o
rL G
lrl
z. F
o
(J z.

o
G, =
o
E g
I

&.

trl E,

vl F
-<
6

L,.)

nr

s\o
o\

I saalbap
*-z/,4F6
T
.[

>seJUqP j]

LJ

z.

cl

lrJ

o
r!
z.
o
iJ

u-

-o
o\

6
o\

z"
lrJ

!"..l

Rf
frta

ilE

ss

| \ri

rfl
tfl

)' -a,eal;

7=

o;o,'b - q27'

4+s

l/" - /ot

Rr rb-Z&t
w
tkN)

/KN)

l,*,

fr,'a
90
--

oL<i<o,sl; f= 6,0s

.45

'Pl-d&^ees]

Fg ica.
Cr-rxtrrro'r!iP4"

lw*

ot80

laf

90

b-

="otlaeg'-1fl
O,25L.i .o,SL; i. 5,.3o O"r*1, Vu"),3ii!-

l?,o,

Fig'

to
*1a'YlJ.u1
fi7.36'

-lt- to#,-""1

ie

vmox

-44rn
/.t'>

l,;:;i

P'va

16

-rL&s*ul

fg. zc'
-Aclegraas]

fig. Ec.

fTTC, vol.l, lladrid, $pain, 16-22 $eptember, 1990, pp.5T?_604

"The Ouarity contror Group',, proeeedings of ttre-loiorril;
Francisco, caritornia, u.s.A., rg-25 septeiber, 1993, pp.zs-iorvol.r, san
t51 o'FAtTrNsEN, T.svENsEN, "rncorporation of seakeeping'theories
in cAD.,, cFD and
cAD ir ship Design, sageninqen, The Nethertanas 25-26
$eptember r9g0, pp.l4?,
I64
t6I A'I'ttAKsrMAD'Ir' o.A.osrPoV "Calculul earacteristlcilor de navigabilitate
rezistenta strueturala pentru nava portcontainer de fabricatie romaneasca si
facut
conform programului de eereetare tehnico-stiintlfiea intre
m{rrHr
si
tunss)
Registrul Naval Roman - ICEPROHAV S.A. (Romania), Leningrad, l9g9 (Catcule
in
valuri neregulate), pp .L7-24
171 R'D'PIERCE, "Run [.,ength and $tatistieal Error
Estimation for seakeeping Tests
and Trials',, proeeedings of the 23rhA.T.T.c.. Ig93, u.s.A.,
p;.if_Oe
t81 r'NovAc, "Anallea comparativa a calitatilor ile navigabiritati-ale
porteontainer obtinute prin ineercari pe modele si ta natura (iI", unui
Buletin
Tehnic RN[, nr.lsl, Iggl, Bucuresti, pp.l-tf
[4]