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Course Duration: Two hours per week for 15 weeks (30 hours)
Practical: Three hour per week for 15 wks (45 hours)
As taught in 2011/2012 session
Courseware
Developed
by
:
1. DR. (MRS.) A.T. OLADIJI
2. LECTURER DETAILS:
1. DR. N.O. MUHAMMAD
B.Sc.(Hons.), M.Sc. Ph.D. (ILORIN) Biochemistry
alphamno2@yahoo.com, muno@unilorin.edu.ng
Lecturers Office Address: Block 5, Room 5G 22, Department of Biochemistry
Consultation hours: MONDAYS 10-12 noon. (subject to change)
2. MRS. F. A. SULAIMAN
B.Sc.(Hons.), M.Sc. (ILORIN) Biochemistry
faoziyat20022002@yahoo.com, sulaiman.af@unilorin.edu.ng
Lecturers Office Address: Block 5, Room 5G12, Department of Biochemistry
Consultation hours: MONDAYS 10-12 noon. (subject to change)
3.0 COURSE DETAILS:
3.1 Course Content
Classification of Lipids. Blood lipids and the lipoprotein systems. Lipid micelles monolayers
and bilayers. Oxidation of fats. General biosynthesis of lipids, phospholipids and
sphingolipids. Unsaturated and essential fatty acids. Adipose tissue. Regulation of the
metabolism of fats, ketosis, cholesterol metabolism. 30h (T); 45h (P); C PR: BCH 201
list and explain the various types of unsaturated and essential fatty acids
discuss and explain the adipose tissue as well as the regulation of fats metabolism
20 %
Practicals/Attendance -
10%
Examinations
- 70%
Total
- 100%
Lecture method
Participatory method
Assignments will be given out to students periodically, individually and in group.
4. LECTURE CONTENT
Week 1: Introduction to lipids
Objectives: At the end of the week, students should:
- Be able to define lipids
- Be able to list the functions of lipids
Description:
FIRST HOUR: The course outline will be introduced with emphasis on the
objectives.
SECOND HOUR: the definition and importance of lipid will be explained in detail.
Study questions:
1. What are lipids?
2. List five importance of lipids
3. Why are lipids insoluble or partially soluble in water?
4. State the characteristics of lipids.
5. Spingomyelin is an example of lipids. T/F
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0.
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition(2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5(pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
Be able to explain the various types of oxidations (, and ) of fats that exist.
Be able to draw the pathway for complete oxidation of saturated fatty acids
Be able to oxidize unsaturated fatty acids by identifying the two major reactions
and enzymes required for this.
Be able to draw the pathway for the odd chain fatty acids
Description:
FIRST HOUR: , and oxidation will be explained to the students
SECOND HOUR: They will be taught the necessary processes involved in the
oxidation of saturated, unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids.
Study questions:
1. With the aid of a simple diagram only, show the three stages involved in fatty acid
oxidation.
2. Beta oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids has 4 basic steps catalyzed by 4 basic
enzymes. Draw a pathway to illustrate this.
3. Acyl CoA synthethase is the enzyme catalyzing the reaction below. Write the
product of the reaction.
Fatty acid + CoA + ATP -----___________________+ AMP +_______
4. Draw the pathway for the breakdown of GM1 to ceramide showing the disease
caused by enzyme defect or deficiency
5. Differentiate between hormones and eicosanoids
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0.
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
Name of X
Formular of X
Ceramide
Phosphocholine
Cerebroside (N. glycolipid)
Di,tri,tetra (saccharide)
Ganglioside (GM2)
Hydrophilic unit
Hydrophobic unit
Cholesterol
Sphingomyelin
Glycolipid
Phosphoglyceride
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0.
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
1. Essential fatty acids include oleic and gamma linoleic acids. T/F
2. Draw the structures of the essential fatty acids.
3. Why are these lipids classified as essential?
4. Differentiate using the structures (of two fatty acid each), between saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids
5. What are the essential fatty acids.
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0.
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
2. With the aid of a diagram, illustrate the cascade reaction involved in the
mobilization of fatty acid from the adipose tissue.
3. Why are adipose cells unable to phosphorylate endogenous glycerol?
4. Use a simple diagram to illustrate synthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols
by adipose tissue.
5. In mammals, the major site of accumulation of triacylglycerol is-------------- Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
FIRST HOUR: The students will be familiarized with the list and structures of
existing ketone bodies. They will be taught when and where ketone bodies are
produced.
SECOND HOUR: In times of fasting and starvation, the body finds alternative route
for its energy need. At such times, ketone bodies have been found to be very useful.
The students will therefore be taught the pathway by which ketone bodies are
produced and the effect of excess ketone body in blood and urine.
Study questions:
1. Define ketosis and ketonuria.
2. How is the production of ketone bodies regulated?
3. Draw the structures of the ketone bodies.
4. What enzymes are involved in the production of ketone bodies?
5. In which compartment of the cell are ketone bodies produced?
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
Description:
FIRST HOUR: the structure of cholesterol will be drawn, the importance of
cholesterol in the body will be listed, and the four stages in the pathway of cholesterol
biosynthesis will be taught.
SECOND HOUR: Cholesterol to the non scientist is generally thought to be a non
useful component of the diet. The topic will discuss the good in cholesterol as well as
the bad that can arise due to unregulated synthesis. Lecture will include the location
for synthesis, enzymes involved and other metabolites of cholesterol.
Study questions:
1. List the enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis.
2. List the stages of cholesterol biosynthesis.
3. How is cholesterol biosynthesis regulated?
4. Give five importance of cholesterol.
5. What options are available for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia?
Reading list:
1. 1,3,5 Biochemistry, Third edition (2005) by Voet and Voet, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471-19350-0
2. 1,3,5Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition (2005) by David L.
Nelson and Michael M. Cox (pages 343-368)
3. 1,3,5Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, (2003) twenty-sixth edition. McGraw-Hill
companies limited. ISBN-0-07-121766-5 (pages 92-99, 111-121, 122- 129, 173- 179,
180-189, 197-204 and 205-218)
4.
Week 14 : Revision
Class Interactive sessions for discussion of problems.
Discussion of the CA test questions and problem solving.
Treatment of problems arising from the practical periods.
Study Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The release of arachidonate into the cells is catalyzed by --------------------------------Arachidonate serve as the precursors for a large number of products called-------------------------------is the final product generated in a reaction catalyzed by lipoxygenase
-------------------, ------------------- and ------------------- are the products of cyclization
of arachidonate catalyzed by cyclooxygenase
5. The enzyme that catalyzes formation of double bonds from C9 and above is called---6. ------------------- is a precursor of arachodonoyl COA
7. Membrane lipids are in constant motion and three major kinds of lipid motions exist
in the membrane. Highlight them.
8.
9. There are two general strategies for attaching head groups to glycerol phospholipids.
Explain.
10 The enzymes unique to -oxidation of fatty acids are located in which organelle of
the liver and kidney?
11. The preferred substrates for omega oxidation are fatty acids of ---------- or ------------Carbon atoms.
12. Operational Definition of Lipids How is the definition of lipid different from the
types of definitions used for other biomolecules as amino acids, nucleic acids, and
proteins?
13 Melting Points of Lipids The melting points of a series of 18-carbon fatty acids are:
stearic acid, 69.6 _C; oleic acid, 13.4 _C; linoleic acid, _5 _C; and linolenic acid, _11
_C.
(a) What structural aspect of these 18-carbon fatty acids can be correlated with the
melting point? Provide a molecular explanation for the trend in melting points.
(b) Draw all the possible triacylglycerols that can be constructed from glycerol,
palmitic acid, and oleic acid. Rank them in order of increasing melting point.
(c) Branched-chain fatty acids are found in some bacterial membrane lipids. Would
their presence increase or decrease the fluidity of the membranes (that is, give them a
lower or higher melting point)? Why?
14. Preparation of Barnaise Sauce During the preparation of barnaise sauce, egg yolks
are incorporated into melted butter to stabilize the sauce and avoid separation. The
stabilizing agent in the egg yolks is lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Suggest why this
works.
15. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Components of Membrane Lipids A common
structural feature of membrane lipids is their amphipathic nature. For example, in
phosphatidylcholine, the two fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and the
Bell, R.M., Exton, J.H., & Prescott, S.M. (eds) (1996) Lipid Second Messengers, Handbook
of Lipid Research, Vol. 8, Plenum Press, New York.
Binkley, N.C. & Suttie, J.W. (1995) Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. J. Nutr. 125,
18121821.
Brigelius-Floh, R. & Traber, M.G. (1999) Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J.
13, 11451155.
Chojnacki, T. & Dallner, G. (1988) The biological role of dolichol. Biochem. J. 251, 19.
Clouse, S.D. (2002) Brassinosteroid signal transduction: clarifying the pathway from ligand
perception to gene expression. Mol. Cell
10, 973982.
Lemmon, M.A. & Ferguson, K.M. (2000) Signal-dependent membrane targeting by
pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Biochem. J. 350, 118.
Prescott, S.M., Zimmerman, G.A., Stafforini, D.M., & McIntyre, T.M. (2000) Plateletactivating factor and related lipid mediators. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69, 419445.
Schneiter, R. (1999) Brave little yeast, please guide us to Thebes: sphingolipid function in S.
cerevisiae. BioEssays 21, 10041010.
Suttie, J.W. (1993) Synthesis of vitamin K-dependent proteins. FASEB J. 7, 445452.
Vermeer, C. (1990) _-Carboxyglutamate-containing proteins and the vitamin K-dependent
carboxylase. Biochem. J. 266, 625636.
Describes the biochemical basis for the requirement of vitamin K in blood clotting and the
importance of carboxylation in the
synthesis of the blood-clotting protein thrombin.
Viitala, J. & Jrnefelt, J. (1985) The red cell surface revisited. Trends Biochem. Sci. 10,
392395. Includes discussion of the human A, B, and O blood type determinants.
Weber, H. (2002) Fatty acid-derived signals in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 217224.
Zittermann, A. (2001) Effects of vitamin K on calcium and bone metabolism. Curr. Opin.
Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 4, 483487.
Composition and Architecture of Membranes
Boon, J.M. & Smith, B.D. (2002) Chemical control of phospholipid distribution across
bilayer membranes. Med. Res. Rev. 22, 251281. Intermediate-level review of phospholipid
asymmetry and factors that influence it.
Dowhan, W. (1997) Molecular basis for membrane phospholipids diversity: why are there so
many lipids? Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66, 199232.
Ediden, M. (2002) Lipids on the frontier: a century of cell membrane bilayers. Nat. Rev.
Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 414418. A short review of how the notion of a lipid bilayer membrane
was developed and confirmed.
Haltia, T. & Freire, E. (1995) Forces and factors that contribute to the structural stability of
membrane proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1241, 295322. Good discussion of the
secondary and tertiary structures of membrane proteins and the factors that stabilize them.
von Heijne, G. (1994) Membrane proteins: from sequence to structure. Annu. Rev. Biophys.
Biomol. Struct. 23, 167192. A review of the steps required to predict the structure of an
integral protein from its sequence.
White, S.H., Ladokhin, A.S., Jayasinghe, S., & Hristova, K. (2001) How membranes
shape protein structure. J. Biol. Chem.276, 32,39532,398. Brief, intermediate-level review
of the forces that shape transmembrane helices.
Wimley, W.C. (2003) The versatile _ barrel membrane protein. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13,
18. Intermediate-level review.
2.
3.
4.
- Personal collection
5.
- Departmental library