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Breeding Value versus

Genetic Value
Gene351 (not Gene251)
Lecture 6

Key terms

Breeding value
Genetic value
Average effect of alleles
Reading: Prescribed None
Suggested Falconer & McKay, 1996

Revision

Basis of inheritance
Diploid parents
Meiosis
Haploid gamettes
X

(sperm and egg)


Fertilization
Diploid offspring

Basis of inheritance:
single locus model
Parents

A1A2 x A1A2

Gametes

A1
A2

F1

A1
A2

A1A1 A1A2 A2A1 A2A2

Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium


genotype frequencies can be estimated
from allele frequencies
Assuming H-W equilibrium
if p = frequency of A1 allele
if q = frequency of A2 allele
Genotype frequencies are
p2
A1A1
2pq
A1A2
q2
A2A2

A1
A1
A2

A2

A1A1
A1A2
(pxp=p2)
(pxq)
A2A1
A2A2
(qxp)
(qxq=q2)

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium

Equal survival of genotypes


(no one genotype has selective advantage over another)

Equal fertility of genotypes

these imply no selection

Large samples of animals


Random mating of animals
Gene frequency same in each sex

H-W calculation example

Assume the population alleles frequency of A1


and A2 are 0.9 and 0.1 respectively, what are
the genotype frequencies?
A1A1
A1A2
A2A2

p2
2pq
q2

0.9 x 0.9
2 x 0.9 x 0.1
0.1 x 0.1

= 0.81
= 0.18
= 0.01
1.00

H-W calculation example continued

If the genotypic values of A1A1, A1A2 and


A2A2 are 10, 0 and -10 respectively, what is the
population mean?

Population mean = sum of (values x frequency)


A1A1
A1A2
A1A1

0.81 x 10
0.18 x 0
0.01 x -10

= 8.1
= 0
= -0.1
8.0

Breeding value versus


genetic value under a
single locus model

Breeding value

An individuals breeding value can also be


described as the sum of the average effect of the
individuals alleles

For example, if an A1 allele is worth +5 and


an A2 allele is worth -2, then an A1A2
heterozygote has a breeding value of 3.

The following three examples use a single locus


model to demonstrate

Calculation of breeding value as the sum of the


average effect of alleles

The difference between genetic value and


breeding value

No dominance, p=q=0.5
Genotype

A2A2

A1A2

A1A1

Value

280

300

320

Frequency

0.25

0.50

0.25

Popn mean

300

Genetic value

-20

20

Breeding value

-20

20

Average effect
of A1 = 10
Average effect
of A2= -10

With no dominance the genetic and breeding values


are equal.
With equal allele frequency the average effects of A1
and A2 are of equal magnitude

Working from previous slide


Population mean = sum of frequency

x values

280 x 0.25 + 300 x 0.5 + 320 x 0.25 = 300

Genetic value = deviation from population mean

e.g. A2A2 = 280 - 300 = -20

Breeding value = sum of average effect

of alleles

Average effect of A1
A1 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A1A1 x p + A1A2 x q = 20 x 0.5 + 0 x 0.5 = 10
Average effect of A2
A2 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A2A1 x p + A2A2 x q = 0 x 0.5 + -20 x 0.5 = -10

Some dominance, p=q=0.5


Genotype

A2A2

A1A2

A1A1

Value

280

310

320

Frequency

0.25

0.50

0.25

Popn mean

305

Genetic value

-25

15

Breeding value

-20

20

Average effect
of A1 = 10
Average effect
of A2= -10

With some dominance the genetic and breeding values


differ.
Dominance deviation is excluded from the breeding
value.

Working from previous slide


Population mean = sum of frequency

x values

280 x 0.25 + 310 x 0.5 + 320 x 0.25 = 305

Genetic value = deviation from population mean

e.g. A2A2 = 280 - 305 = -25

Breeding value = sum of average effect

of alleles

Average effect of A1
A1 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A1A1 x p + A1A2 x q = 15 x 0.5 + 5 x 0.5 = 10
Average effect of A2
A2 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A2A1 x p + A2A2 x q = 5 x 0.5 + -25 x 0.5 = -10

No dominance, p=0.1, q=0.9


Genotype

A2A2

A1A2

A1A1

Value

280

300

320

Frequency

0.81

0.18

0.01

Popn mean

284

Genetic value

-4

16

36

Breeding value

-4

16

36

Average effect
of A1 = 18
Average effect
of A2= -2

With unequal allele frequencies the average effects of A1


and A2 are of different magnitude.
The average effect of an allele is greater if the allele is
rare.

Working from previous slide


Population mean = sum of frequency

x values

280 x 0.81 + 300 x 0.18 + 320 x 0.01 = 284

Genetic value = deviation from population mean

e.g. A2A2 = 280 - 284 = -4

Breeding value = sum of average effect

of alleles

Average effect of A1
A1 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A1A1 x p + A1A2 x q = 36 x 0.1 + 16 x 0.9 = 18
Average effect of A2
A2 allele will meet A1 at frequency p and A2 at frequency q
A2A1 x p + A2A2 x q = 16 x 0.1 + -4 x 0.9 = -2

Summary

Breeding values are expressed as a deviation of the


population mean (with the population mean
dependent on genotypic values and frequencies)
With no dominance G=A, with dominance GA
Animals with a rare allele will have a larger (either
positive or negative) breeding value

Breeding values are additive

As breeding values are the sum of average effects,


the heterozygote is always half-way between the
two homozygotes (irrespective of dominance)
Example 1: A1A1 = 10, A2A2 = -10 and A1A2 = 0
Example 3: A1A1 = 36, A2A2 = -4 and A1A2 = 16

Breeding values are said to be additive

Breeding values can be used to predict


progeny performance

Using example 1 from before:


p=q=0.5
average effect of A1=10, of A2= -10
A1A1=20, A1A2=0, A2A2= -20

Expected genetic value of offspring from an A1A1 sire is


+ 0 20
A
G o =
=
= +10
2
2

Check: sire passes on A1, dams have equal frequency of


A1 & A2, progeny are equally A1A1 and A1A2, and
20x0.5 +0x0.5=10

Breeding values can be used to predict


progeny performance

Using example 3 from before:


p=0.1, q=0.9
average effect of A1=18, of A2= -2
A1A1=36, A1A2=16, A2A2= -4

Expected genetic value of offspring from an A1A2 sire is


+ 0 16
A
G o =
=
= +8
2
2

Check: sire passes on A1 and A2 in equal frequency, dams


have frequency of A1 =0.1 & A2=0.9, and progeny are
0.5x0.1 A1A1 + 0.5x0.9 A1A2 + 0.5x0.1 A2A1 + 0.5x0.9A2A2 =
0.05x36 + 0.45x16 + 0.05x16 + 0.45x-4 = 8

A point to remember

Breeding values are halved when used to predict


progeny performance,

as breeding value represent the sum of the average


effect of two alleles,

only one of which is passed on.

Summary

Genetic value is value of genes to SELF

includes dominance deviation, which cannot be


passed on to progeny (as each parent transmits one
allele)

Breeding value is value of genes to PROGENY


sum of the average effect of the two alleles carried
the average effect of an allele depends on the
frequency of the allele in the population

Genetic variance

Genetic variance at a locus can be determined


from allele frequencies and average effects of
alleles

VA = 2 pq (1 2)
VD = (2 pqd )

You dont need to memorise these formula, just be comfortable


with the concept

A final note

You can conceptualize that these concepts


relating to genetic and breeding value could be
extended from a single locus model to a multiple
locus model

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