Project Final Draft Sewer

The Mauritius Institute of Training
and Development
A propose
design for
sewer network
KBTC
Yivitesh Sookun
National Diploma in Civil Engineering, Cohort
06 Full-Time
A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Literature review
The management of water resources is control by the Ministry of
Energy and Public Utilities in Mauritius. This power has been delegated
to the Water Resources Unit founded in May 1993, which is responsible
for the assessment, management, development and conservation of
water resources. In the past two subsidiary bodies have been
established in Mauritius, the Central Water Authority (CWA) responsible
for portable water distribution and the Wastewater Management
Authority (WMA), responsible for managing waste water.
The Wastewater Management Authority
Mauritius had its Sewerage Master Plan prepared in the nineties and
then the Wastewater management Authority (WMA) was proclaimed on
the 30th August 2001 in the aim of being responsible for all matters
relating to the collection, treatment and the disposal of wastewater
throughout Mauritius, under the Wastewater Management Act 2000
and it operates under the wing of the Ministry of Energy and Public
Utilities. Since the creation of the Wastewater Management Authority,
it is now called to manage the public wastewater system which
consists of 591 km of sewer network, 72 pumping stations and 10
treatment plants including 4 main treatment plants which are located
at St Martin, Grand Baie, Baie du Tombeau and Montagne Jacquot.
The duties of the Wastewater Management Authority (WMA):
To maintain and mange all existing public sewer and wastewater
sewer in Mauritius.
Regulate the construction of private sewers, enforce their
maintenance according to standard as may be prescribed and
provide for their inspection.
Control and monitor pollution, private sewers and use of
equipment in relation to wastewater systems.
To make sure that no storm drainage is connected or get mixed
up with the wastewater system.
Page 2

Control and monitor the pollution discharged to wastewater
system by any person.
Conduct and undertake
implementation
and
research
development
and
of
studies
projects
for
relating
the
to
wastewater sector.
Promoting the treatment and reuse wastewater.
Ensure the generation of sufficient resources from tariff to
finance the operation, maintenance and depreciation cost of
wastewater
system,
sewerage
and
sewage
treatment
installations.
Previous works and projects
The National Sewerage Master Plan (NSMP) was accomplished in the
year 1993. The principal aim of this National Sewerage Master Plan
was to provide public sewerage coverage mainly in the urban areas
about 50% of the population by 2010 and 80% by the year 2020. The
NSMP goal is to target 100% connection to the sewerage system by
2030.
Since 1994 the Government has started implementing the master plan
(NSMP) and has been financing the following projects:
The Plaines Wilhems sewerage network

During the 1960s, the Plaines Wilhems sewerage network was
constructed and this existing network of sewers cannot cope with the
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increasing flow, hence the Master Plan suggested in providing a new
sewer trunk in the year 2006. The total cost of the new sewer trunk
was Rs 3.6 billion and directing all the flow to St Martin treatment
plant.
Baie du Tombeau sewerage project
The Baie du Tombeau sewerage project consists of two areas:
1. Northern Port Louis
2. Baie du Tombeau
The aim of this project was to rehabilitate the Northern work, collection
of wastewater from the area also including 2100 house connections
and pumping the sewage flows into the new wastewater treatment
plant.
Montagne Jacquot sewerage project
This project consists of transportation, treatment and disposal of
48,000
per day of wastewater from the area of southern Port
Louis, lower Beau Bassin and Coromandel also including the industrial
waste of Plaine Lauzan, la Tour Koenig and Pailles.
Facts and figures on public sewer system in Mauritius
The percentage connection to public sewer
In 2010, about 29% number of people were connected to the sewer
system and the remaining 71% uses on site wastewater disposal
system.
The volume of wastewater treated by public treatment station

From 2001 to 2010, there has been an increase in the volume of
wastewater treated by the treatment stations. During the last 10 years
volume treated increase from 20.47 million cubic metres to 24.89
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million cubic metres. The volume rises up to approximately 35.00
million cubic metres between 2006 and 2007.
llustration of Greywater and Blackwater from a household
Consumption of water daily by a person

Since water is essential for a human being, they make use of it for
various activities in their daily life. According to WHO (World Health
Oraganisation), a person uses approximately 150 to 160 litres of water
daily. Their daily activity consists drinking, cooking, personal washing,
washing clothes and cleaning home.
Page 5
Usage of water daily per person in terms of gallons

Activities per
person
Gallons used
3 gallons per flush
6 gallons per day
Total = 3x6 = 18 gallons
10 minutes of shower
2 gallons per day
Total = 10x2 = 20 gallons
Hygiene (brushing teeth,
washing face, etc) 2.5
gallons per day
8 glasses of water
1 gallon per day
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Conversion of gallons to litres
1 gallon =
Total usage of water daily per person = 18 + 20+ 2.5+ 1= 41.5 gallons
1 gallon = 3.78541 litres
41.5 gallons= 41.5 x 3.78541= 157 litres
Reuse of treated wastewater

The reuse of treated wastewater have been a common practice for
developing countries such as Asia and Africa over the past few years
and it is now receiving particular attention due to rapid urbanization.
Due to the high rate of growth of the global population, an increase of
water supply ensures an increase in wastewater generation. The use of
wastewater can be applied for various and beneficial purposes to
reduce the consumption of freshwater. The treated wastewater may be
used for agricultural irrigation and industrial processes provided the
following requirements are fulfilled:
1. The potential public health risk associated with wastewater reuse
are evaluated and minimized
2. The specific water reuse application should meet the water
quality objectives.
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Wastewater treatment
In order to reuse wastewater, it is important to treat raw wastewater to
meet specific needs and public safety. The wastewater treatment
processes are classified as such:
1. Primary treatment
2. Secondary treatment
3. Tertiary treatment
Primary treatment
Treatment involves sedimentation (sometimes preceded by screening
and grit removal) to remove gross and settle-able solids. The remaining
settled solids, referred to as sludge, are removed and treated
separately.
Secondary treatment
Generally, a level of treatment that removes 85% of Biological Oxygen
Demand [BOD] and suspended solids via biological or chemical
treatment processes. Secondary treatment reclaimed water usually has
a BOD of <20 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and suspended solids of <30
mg/L, but this may increase to >100 mg/L due to algal solids in lagoon
systems.
Tertiary treatment
The treatment reclaimed water beyond the secondary biological stage.
This normally implies the removal of a high percentage of suspended
solids and/or nutrients, followed by disinfection. It may include
processes such as coagulation, flocculation and filtration.
Wastewater treatment process
Page 8
Wastewater reuse areas of application
Category of reuse
Urban reuse (unrestricted)
Other
Agricultural
Food crops
Non food crop
Environment enhancement
Industrial reuse
Agricultural wastewater reuse

Page 9
Example of application
Landscape irrigation of
parks, playground, school
yards, golf course
Fire protection,
Construction
Irrigation of food crop for

human consumption
Irrigation of flowers, fibers,
fodders. Seed crops,
pasture commercial
nurseries, sod farms
Artificial wetland creation
Cooling water system,
process water, boiler feed
water, toilets, laundry,
construction wash-down
water, air conditioning

It is a fact that agricultural irrigation is one of the largest users of water
worldwide. In Asia and Africa, 85% to 90%of freshwater is used for
agricultural purpose. In Pakistan, study has been carried out showing
that 32,500 ha irrigated directly with wastewater, in India 73,000 ha
irrigated with wastewater and in Vietnam, at least 9,000 ha of land
were found to be irrigated with wastewater mostly to grow paddy and
in and around 93% of the Cities wastewater is used in agriculture.
Benefits of reuse of wastewater in agriculture

The ancient practice of applying wastewater containing human excreta
to the land has maintained soil fertility in many countries of Eastern
Asia and the Western Pacific for over 4,000 years, and remains the only
agricultural use option in areas without sewerage facilities (WHO,
1989). Potential benefits of wastewater reuse for agriculture include
the following:
Conservation
and
more
rational
allocation
of
freshwater
resources, particularly in areas under water stress;

Avoidance of surface water pollution;
Reduced requirements for artificial fertilizers and associated
reduction in industrial discharge and energy expenditure;
Soil conservation through humus build-up and prevention of land
erosion;
Contribution to better nutrition and food security for many
households (WHO, 1989).
Page 10
(Rice farming with treated wastewater in Japan,

Kumamoto)
Wastewater production and reuse of treated wastewater in

Mauritius
In Mauritius, the rate of consumption of freshwater is high and the
agricultural sector is one of the largest users of water for irrigation
purpose. Alternative sources of water supply have been found and it
consists of using treated wastewater and this concept have been using
worldwide and Mauritius should not be an exception. The rate of
wastewater
is
increasing
and
it
is
generated
from
domestic,
commercial and industrial activities. In 2012 the volume treated was

39.1
Mm
and it is expected to rise about 79.9
Mm
in 2033.
Wastewater treated and reuse for irrigation purpose

Page 11

The irrigation authority signed an agreement with the Wastewater
Management Authority for the reuse of treated wastewater to tertiary
level using UV light in the year 2006. An expected total volume of
40,000
m3 /day tertiary treated effluent is delivered by the St Martin
Wastewater Treatment Plant to the West Coast canal system to irrigate

600 hectares of sugarcane plantation. The fixed price charged to
3
farmers for treated water was 80 cents/ m , but this price was not
affordable by the farmers. After the expiration of the agreement in

2009, the irrigation authority had no alternative not to renew the
contract. Later the Government analyse the situation and drop to a
conclusion where the price of treated water charged to farmers was
3
fixed to 70 cents/ m , but again farmers have disagreed and the
Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities had to review the pricing

structure.
Methodology
During the planning, design and construction of sewers, a designer

needs to follow a number of fundamental of stages to be able to design
a functional and cost effective sewage network system. The planning
and design of sewers shall be simple and practicable for effectual flow
of sewage. The followings describe the primary functions of sanitary
sewers:
1. Safely carry the design peak discharge
2. To transport or carry solid materials to prevent and reduce
deposition in sewers.
In the design of sewers, a designer must consider the following
steps:
To conduct preliminary investigations

The importance to carry out preliminary investigations of the
area for the construction of sewers are required not only to
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retrieve data needed for the design and construction of sewers
but to record pertinent information about the local conditions
before construction begins and these information are:
1. Maps and other drawing of area
2. Locations of streets, alleys, stream, drainage ditches and
other features that may affect the sewer system
3. A bench mark on each block of street
4. Local rainfall and runoff data
5. Condition of the soil where sewers will be constructed
Review design consideration and select basic design data

and criteria
Design the sewers
Prepare contract drawings and specifications

Flow of procedures in planning, designing and construction of
sewers
Stages of sewer design procedures

The design procedures are composed of 5 stages and they are as such:
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Stage 1- Preliminary site investigation, data collection and
analysis
Identification of area to be served or developed
Collect topographic map and geographic data
Gather information about local conditions such as:
1. Possible contours at suitable intervals, high and low
changes on surface slope.

2. Industry or other utilities
3. Physical feature (example: river)
4. Road layout
5. Local rainfall and runoff data
Undertake site investigation and include surveys to identify
potential conflict with other services.
Stage 2- Preliminary horizontal layout of sewers

Layout of sewers
Draw line to represent the proposed sewer including manhole in each
roads to be served. Represent with an arrow to indicate the flow of
wastewater.
Location of manhole and spacing (reference)
Generally manholes are placed at every change in slope, pipe

size, and alignment.
The minimum depth of manholes measuring from top of their

cover to their invert shall be 1.5 meters.
For manholes that exceed 10.5m in depth, special reinforced

concrete chambers shall be constructed.
The distance between manholes shall be of intervals from

90m to 120m and give each manhole an identification
number.
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The minimum diameter of manholes should be 1200 mm (48

in); larger
diameters are preferable for large diameter sewers. A
minimum access
diameter of 610 mm (24 in) should be provided.
Stage 3- Design sewer sizing
Divide the total area into logical sub areas as needed, and
develop design flow rates for each section in the system
Select pipe sizes, slopes, and inverts. Perform the hydraulic

design of the system. Revise selections until the design criteria
are met.
Stage 4- Cost estimation

Complete cost estimate for the design and alternate designs.
Carefully review all designs, along with assumptions, alternates,
and costs.
Stage 5- Revision of design

Complete the plan and profile construction drawings and prepare
the specifications and other bid documents.
Hydraulic design
Designing a sanitary sewer generally involves estimation of waste flow
rate for the design data and also evaluation of the local condition
which may affect the hydraulic equation of the system. The selection of
hydraulic design equation is wide as various formulas are available for
the design of a sanitary sewer. Due to the simplicity and accuracy of
Manning equation, it is mostly used by designers to design sanitary
sewer.
Manning equation
Page 15

The manning equation was developed to estimate the average
velocities of flow rate in open channel.
Where,
V=
1
n
2 /3
1/ 2
V = mean velocity (m/s)

s = hydraulic gradient (energy loss per unit length)
n = Mannings roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius (m)
2
Area of liquid ( m )
R= Wetted perimeter (m)
Determining the minimum and maximum velocities in

sewer
In this particular section I will give procedures of how to determine the

minimum and maximum of sewers. Generally, various formulas are
available to determine the flow rate in sewers. Due to the simplicity of
Manning Equation, it is now widely used to analyze flow in both open
and closed conduits.
Minimum velocity
Making reference to BS EN 752: 2008, it states that to achieve the self
cleansing of small diameter sewers, the velocity should be at least 0.7
m/s. A minimum velocity allows the sewage flow to self cleanse
amount of silt to be carry through sewers, and help to minimize sewer
obstruction. For larger diameter sewers up to 900mm, the minimum
velocity should be of 1.0 m/s to achieve self cleansing
Maximum velocity
The occurring of fast flow is obtained when the sewer is laid at steep
gradient and flow may become supercritical. Fast flow is not stable and
will give rise to scouring and cavitation when pipe surface is not
smooth. The maximum velocity at peak flow shall be to 3 m/s.
Page 16

Sometimes due to the topography of the land, sewers with steep
gradient are unavoidable. Hence, to reduce the maximum velocity,
Laying of sewers with flatten gradient with the installation of backdrop
manhole is required.
The manning equation was developed to estimate the average
velocities of flow rate in open channel.
Flow Open channel

Open channel flow must have a free surface, where normally free
water surface is subjected to atmospheric pressure, which remains
relatively constant throughout the entire length of the channel. Types
of flow in open channel are as follows:
Steady flow
Rapid varying flow
When discharge (Q) does not

change with time
When depth of fluid does not
change for a selected length or
section of channel
When discharge does not change
with time and depth remains
constant for selected section
Depth changes but discharge
remains constant
Both depth and discharge change
along a channel section
Depth change is rapid
Gradually varying flow
Depth charge is gradual
Uniform flow
Uniform steady flow
Varied steady flow

Varied unsteady flow
Manning roughness coefficient, (n)

When using the manning equation in the design of sanitary sewer, the
manning roughness coefficient varies due to the following factors:
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1. The types of material use for the design
2. The material being transported
The carrying capacity of sewers are mainly reduced by house
connection, joints which do not line up properly, deposits in sewers and
coating inside the pipe. For such reason when designing sanitary
sewers, assumption have been made where manning roughness
coefficient are considered to be greater than that which would occur if
clear water carried in a straight and well aligned sewer.
Manning roughness coefficient commonly used in sewer design
Page 18
Determining the capacity of sewer pipe

From them Manning Equation
1
n
V=
R2 /3
S 1/ 2
V = Mean velocity (m/s)
Hydraulic radius, R =
Area of liquid =
Area of liquid
Wetted perimeter
(m)
d2
4
Where,
n= Manning coefficient
S = Slope of energy line
When the value of V (mean velocity) is obtained, using the continuity
equation to find the discharge in pipe.
Continuity
Equation=
Where,
Q = V.A
Q = Discharge,
Volume flow rate in pipe
V = Mean velocity
A = Cross sectional area of flow
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Determining minimum and maximum grade
In this section I will be giving procedures of how I will proceed to

calculate gradient of sewer pipe.
In the design of drainage or sanitary sewer pipe, it should be laid to an
adequate gradient where the design will work accurately and
functional. If the gradient of the selected pipe is too steep, the liquid
may run faster than the solids and thus leaving the solids stranded and
could block the pipe. On the other hand, if gradient is not too steep
enough, it may also block the pipe as solids may slow down and
become stranded.
Gradient may be defined as fall divided by distance.
(Section of a pipe)
Basic formula to calculate gradient for sewer pipe
Where,
Gradient
Fall
Distance
1. Fall in a pipe may be defined as the vertical amount by which the
pipe drops over a distance
2. The distance can be between sections of pipe or between to
manholes.
Page 20

Determining grades for sewer pipe
Calculating falls and gradient for pipe

To determine the gradient of pipe,
Gradient =
Where,
Ground elevation at MH 1Ground elevationat MH 2
MH 1: Manhole 1
Distance between MH 1MH 2
MH 2: Manhole 2
The above formula can be rearranged to find fall if the gradient is
already available
Fall = Gradient x
Distance
Calculating invert levels

Consider the section of a precast manhole
Page 21
To find the invert level of sewer pipe the below calculation is

use to determine it,
Invert level of pipe = Ground elevation Cover

Diameter of pipe
Where,
Ground elevation in
(m)
Cover in (mm)
Diameter of pipe in
(mm)
Page 22

Data Collection
At this stage of my project I will give an overview of my data collection.
The first part of my data collection consists of the collection a hard
copy of the location plan of the Knowledge Based Training Centre from
the administration department itself.
Once I obtain the location plan from the administration office, the
second part of my data collection are as follows:
1. To carry out a site investigation, to collect data about the local
conditions of the location, whether any structure (man-made or
natural) and services will affect the propose sewer design.
2. Identify potential conflicts with other services (CWA and CEB) on
location.
3. To carry out survey to gather information about the topography
of the location.
4. Collect specifications about different types of sewer pipe
available on market.
From the survey I conducted on the site, the data obtain are as such:
Location plan
Page 23

Poi
nt
Back-sight
1.824
1.640
H.I
R.L
101.824
100.000
1.580
101.884
100.244
A to B
14.018
1.535
1.670
101.749
100.214
B to C
50.200
1.793
1.610
101.932
100.139
C to D
59.400
1.649
1.650
101.931
100.282
D to E
17.750
100.237
E to F
12.600
Fore-sight
1.694
Distance
(m)
Data obtained after conduction survey on site

The pink line on the location plan shows the propose sewer line for my
design, and after I conducted my survey on site the data obtain are
shown in the table below.
Page 24
Where,
H.I: Height of Instrument
R.L: Reduced Level
Location of point A to B (Survey)
Location of point B to C (Survey)
Page 25
Location of point C to D (Survey)
Location of point D to E (Survey)
Page 26
Location of point E to F (survey)
Page 27
Types of sewer pipes available

The table below shows the different types of sewer types available on
market.
Asbestos cement
pipe
These
typse
of
pipes
are
manufactured using mixed of asbestos
fibers, silica and cement.
Sizes available 10-100 cm internal
diameter and length up to 4m.
It can be easily assemble with the
help of couplings
known as ring tie coupling.
Vitrified clay pipe
Vitrified clay pipes are made of clay and

are subjected to high temperature to
achieve vitrification.
Vitrification is a process which gives the
results of hard and inert ceramic.
Mainly used for gravity sewer collection
due to it long life span and resistance
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against corrosion.
Advantages
1. Resistant to corrosion, it can carry
polluted water (such as sewage).
2. Interior surface is smooth and it is
hydraulically efficient
3. Pipe is impervious and strong in
compression
4. Durable and economical for small
diameters
5. It does not absorb water more than
5% that of its own weight when
immersed in water for 24hrs.
Disadvantages
1. It is difficult to transport as it is
heavy, bulky and brittle.
2. It is weak in tension, hence it cannot
be used as pressure pipe
3. It requires a number of joints, as
individual pipe length is small.
Cast iron pipe
Cast iron pipes are very strong and are

capable
to
resist
greater
tensile,
compressive and bending stress.
These pipes are quite costly and mainly
used for rising main pumping station,
where pipe are running under pressure.
They are ideal for sewer where there are
heavy traffic load. They are lined up and
joint by spigot joints
Ductile iron pipe

Ductile iron pipes are used for conveying
sewers. The wall material is ductile iron
and internally it is coated with cement
mortar lining or any other polyethylene or
poly wrap to prevent corrosion against
wastewater.
Its life span is 75 years for thicker walled
pipe and 20 years thinner walled pipe.
Page 29

Plastic sewersPVC pipe
Plastic sewer pipe are recent material used

for sewer pipe. They are available in sizes
75 to 315 mm external diameter and used
for drainage works
They are resistant to corrosion, lightweight,
economical in laying (jointing and
maintenance), pipe is tough rigid and ease
for transportation.
Glass fiber
reinforced plastic
pipes
These pipes have a better strength, high

tensile strength, durability, high resistance
corrosion and it is lightweight. It can be
manufactured up to 2.4 m diameter and
18m in length.
Glass reinforced plastic pipes represent the

ideal solution for transport of any kind of
water, chemicals, effluent and sewage,
because they combine the advantages of
corrosion resistance with a mechanical
strength which can be compared with the
steel pipes.
Precast sanitary sewer manholes sizes available on market
This table below shows the different sizes of rings available for precast
manhole. The minimum manhole diameter size is 750mm and the
maximum manhole diameter available is 2400mm. (referencing)
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Concrete chamber manhole ring
Sizes available
900mm x 250mm
900mm x 500mm
900mm x 1000m
1050mm x 250mm
1050mm x 500mm
1050mm x 750mm
1050mm x 1000mm
1200mm x 250mm
1200mm x 750mm
1200mm x 1000mm
1350mm x 500mm
1350mm x 750mm
1500mm x 500mm
1500mm x 750mm
1800mm x 500mm
1800mm x 500mm
1800mmx 750mm
2400mm x 500mm
Concrete ring cover slab
Sizes available
900mm x 600mm
1050mm x 600mm
1200mm x 600mm
1350mm x 600mm
1500mm x 600mm
1800mm x 600mm
2400mm x 600mm
Cast iron manhole cover
600L x 600W x 100H

675L x 600w x 175H
Base ring
Sizes available
900mm x 600mm
1050mm x 300mm
Page 31
A propose
Diam
Wall Lengt
eter( Thick h(m)
sewer
network
design for KBTC
mm)
ness
(mm)
x 600mm
110
3.2 1050mm
6
150
4.1 1200mm
6
x 150mm
200
4.2 1200mm
6
x 300mm
250
6.2
6
1200mm x 600mm
315
7.7
6
1200mm
1500mm
1800mm
2400mm
x
x
x
x
900mm
600mm
600mm
600mm
UPVC Sewer pipe

Sizes available
Sewer Pipe Double Socket

Branch 45 Degree
Sizes available
200mm
200mm
250mm
315mm
x
x
x
x
110mm
150mm
250mm
150mm
Sewer Pipe Coupler

110mm to 400mm
Sewer pipe Bend Socket 45
Degree
Page 32
110mm to 400mm

Gully trap outlet
Sizes available
450mm x 750mm x
150mm
375mm x 900mm x
350mm
UPVC Gully Trap
Sizes available
Outlet 110mm
Outlet 150mm
Design stage
Calculation to determine velocity and discharge in sewer pipe

Consider point A to B
Ground slope =
100.244100.000
14.018
= 57.5
Page 33

The actual ground slope is (1/57.5), but for the design I will choose a
slope of (1/60).
Assume a sewer pipe of 150mm diameter connect to the gully trap
over a distance of 7m until the stand pipe.
From manning equation, I will determine the velocity in the sewer pipe
2
1
1 3 2
Apply manning formula: V = n . R . S
D2
4
D
=
D
4
2
R= Hydraulic radius =
0.15
=0.0375
4
S= Slope = (1/60)
n= Manning roughness coefficient= 0.013
Replacing all value appropriately, the value obtain for velocity is 1.1
m/s.
For the discharge in the pipe, I will apply the continuity equation.
Discharge, Q=AV
D2
A=
4
A= 0.0176
m2
V= 1.1m/s
Q= 0.0176 x 1.1 = 0.01936
m3 /s
From conversion
1cubic metre = 1000 litres
Q= 0.01936 x 1000 = 19.4 L/s
From stand pipe to point B
I will use the manning equation to determine the velocity.
Page 34

2
R = Hydraulic radius=
4
D
=
D
4
2
0.2
=0.05
4
1
60
S = Slope =
n = Manning roughness coefficient= 0.013

When replacing all values appropriately in the manning equation, the
velocity obtain is 1.3m/s.
Discharge, Q=AV
2
D
A=
4
A= 0.0314
V= 1.3m/s
Q= 0.0314 x 1.3 = 0.04082
m3 /s
From conversion
Q= 0.04082 x 1000 = 40.8 L/s
Consider point B to C
The data obtained after I carried out survey are as follows:
Ground level at point A= 100.244m and at point C= 100.214m
The distance between A and B is 50.200m
1. Determine the actual ground slope between A and B
Ground slope =
100.244100.214
50.200
= 1633.3
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Since the actual ground slope is not enough steep, I will choose an
appropriate slope of (1/80) for the design.
2. Assume a sewer pipe UPVC of 200mm (0.2m) for the design
and using the Mannings Equation to find the velocity in the
pipe. (Half flow)
2
From
Manning
Equation,
1 3 2
= n.R .S
.Equation (1)
D2
4
D
=
D
4
2
S = Slope =
0.2
=0.05
4
1
80 = 0.0125

Replace all the values correctly in equation (1) to find velocity. Hence
the value of V= 1.2m/s.
3. Using the continuity equation to determine the capacity of pipe
Continuity Equation= Q=A.V
Equation (2)
Where,
3
Q: Discharge m /s
A: Area of liquid
m 2 (0.031 m2 )
V: Velocity in m/s(1.2 m/s)

From equation (2)
Discharge, Q=AV
Q= 0.031 x 1.2 = 0.0372
m3 /s
From conversion
Q= 0.0372 x 1000 = 37.2 L/s
Hence, the pipe B to C has a capacity of 37.2 L/s.
Point
B to C
Pipe diameter
(mm)
200
Velocity (m/s)
Page1.2
36
Capacity (L/s)
37.2
Consider points C to D
I will apply the same method to determine the velocity and capacity of
sewer pipe UPVC 200mm.
Ground slope =
100139100.214
1
=
59.400
792
The actual slope of ground is not enough steep to be use for the
design. I will choose a slope of (1/80) to proceed with the design.
From manning equation, I will determine the value of V m/s (velocity).
2
D
0.2
4
D
=0.05
=
4
D
4 =
2
S = Slope =
1
80 = 0.0125

velocity obtained is 1.2m/s.
Page 37

Again I will be using the continuity equation to determine discharge in
sewer pipe.
Discharge, Q=AV
Q= 0.031 x 1.2 = 0.0372
m /s
From conversion
Q= 0.0372 x 1000 = 37.2 L/s
Consider points C to D
I
Pipe diameter
Velocity (m/s)
Capacity (L/s)
(mm)
B to C
200
1.2
37.2
will apply the same method to determine the velocity and capacity of sewer
Point
pipe UPVC 200mm.

Ground slope =
100139100.214
1
=
59.400
792
2
D
0.2
4
D
=0.05
=
=
4
D
4
2
S = Slope =
1
80 = 0.0125

velocity obtained is 1.2m/s.
sewer pipe.
Discharge, Q=AV
Q= 0.031 x 1.2 = 0.0372
m3 /s
From conversion
Page 38

Q= 0.0372 x 1000 = 37.2 L/s
Point
C to D
Pipe diameter
(mm)
200
Velocity (m/s)
Capacity (L/s)
1.2
37.2
Consider point D to E
Ground slope =
100.282100.237
1
=
12.600
280
D2
0.2
4
D
=0.05
=
=
4
D
4
2
S = Slope =
1
100 = 0.01

sewer pipe.
Discharge, Q=AV
Q= 0.031 x 1.0 = 0.031
m3 /s
From conversion
Q= 0.031 x 1000 = 31 L/s
Hence, the pipe B to C has a capacity of 31 L/s.
Point
D to E
Pipe diameter
(mm)
200
Velocity (m/s)
Capacity (L/s)
1.0
31
Page 39
Point E to F
Ground slope =
100.282100.237
12.600
= 280
The actual ground slope is (1/280), but for the design I will choose a
slope of (1/100).
Assume a sewer pipe of 150mm diameter connect to the gully trap
over a distance of 6m until the stand pipe.
From manning equation, I will determine the velocity in the sewer pipe
2
1
1 3 2
Apply manning formula: V = n . R . S
D2
4
D
=
D
4
2
R= Hydraulic radius =
0.15
=0.0375
4
S= Slope = (1/100)
n= Manning roughness coefficient= 0.013
Replacing all value appropriately, the value obtain for velocity is
0.86m/s.
Discharge, Q=AV
D2
A= 4
A= 0.0176
m2
V= 0.86m/s
Q= 0.0176 x 0.86 = 0.01513
/s
Page 40

From conversion
Q= 0.01513 x 1000 = 15.1 L/s
From stand pipe to point E
I will use the manning equation to determine the velocity.
2
D
0.2
4
D
=0.05
=
=
4
D
4
2
S = Slope =
1
100

Discharge, Q=AV
D2
A=
4
A= 0.0314
m2
V= 1.04m/s
m
Q= 0.0314 x 1.04 = 0.03265
/s
From conversion
Q= 0.03265 x 1000 = 32.7 L/s
Summarized table for velocity and capacity

Point
Velocity (m/s)
Capacity (L/s)
A to B
Pipe diameter
(mm)
150
1.1
19.4
A to B
200
1.3
40.8
Page 41

B to C
200
1.2
37.2
C to D
200
1.2
37.2
D to E
200
1.0
31.0
E to F
200
1.04
32.7
E to F
150
0.85
15.1
Calculation to determine invert level

Consider point A to B
At point A Gully trap= 600mm and Ground level= 100.000m
Invert level= 100.000-0.6= 99.400m
Distance between gully trap to head of stand pipe= 7m and gradient=
(1/60)
Slope =
1
60 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
7
Vertical= 0.1167m
The fall from gully trap to head of stand pipe is 0.1167m
Invert level of head stand pipe= 99.400-0.167= 99.283m
Distance from point B to foot of stand pipe is 7.018m and gradient is
(1/60)
Slope =
vertical
Horizontal
Page 42

1
60 =
Vertical
7.018 = 0.1170m
Vertical= 0.1170m
The fall from point B to foot of stand pipe is 0.1170m
Invert level at foot of stand pipe= 98.044-0.1170= 97.927m
Consider point B to C
Ground level= 100.244m, Gradient= (1/80), Pipe diameter= 200mm
Assume a cover of 2m
Invert level at point B= Ground level Cover Pipe diameter
Invert level at point B= 100.244 2 0.2 = 98.044m
Distance from point B to C is 50.200m and gradient is (1/80)
Slope =
1
80 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
50.200 =
Vertical= 0.6275m
The fall at point C is 0.6275m
Invert level at point C= 98.044 0.6275 = 97.417m
Page 43
Consider point C to D
Invert level at point C= 97.417m, Distance from C to D= 59.400m,
Gradient= (1/80)
Slope =
1
80 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
59.400 =
Vertical= 0.7425m
The fall at point D is 0.6275m
Invert level at point D= 97.417 0.6275 = 96.674m
Consider point D to E
Invert level at point D= 96.674m, Distance from D to E= 17.750m,
Gradient= (1/100)
Slope =
1
100 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
17.750 =
Vertical= 0.1775m
The fall at point D is 0.1775m
Invert level at point E= 96.674 0.1775 = 96.496m
Page 44
Consider point E to F
At point F Gully trap= 600mm and Ground level= 100.237m
Invert level= 100.237-0.6= 99.637m
Distance between gully trap to head of stand pipe= 6m and gradient=
(1/100)
Slope =
1
100 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
6
Vertical= 0.06m
The fall from gully trap to head of stand pipe is 0.06m
Invert level of head stand pipe= 99.637-0.06= 99.577m
Distance from point B to foot of stand pipe is 6.600m and gradient is
(1/100)
Slope =
1
100 =
vertical
Horizontal
Vertical
6.600 =
Vertical= 0.066m
The fall from point B to foot of stand pipe is 0.066m
Invert level at foot of stand pipe= 96.403 0.066 = 96.403m
Page 45
The table below shows the invert level and chainage of the
following points:
Point
Invert level (m)
Chainage (m)
99.400
0.000
98.004
14.018
97.417
64.218
96.674
123.618
96.496
141.368
99.637
153.968
Page 46
Discussion
Page 47
Page 48

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The Mauritius Institute of Training

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

The Plaines Wilhems sewerage network

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

per day of wastewater from the area of southern Port

The volume of wastewater treated by public treatment station

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

llustration of Greywater and Blackwater from a household

Consumption of water daily by a person

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Usage of water daily per person in terms of gallons

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Reuse of treated wastewater

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Wastewater reuse areas of application

Non food crop

Agricultural wastewater reuse

Irrigation of food crop for

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Benefits of reuse of wastewater in agriculture

resources, particularly in areas under water stress;

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

(Rice farming with treated wastewater in Japan,

Wastewater production and reuse of treated wastewater in

commercial and industrial activities. In 2012 the volume treated was

and it is expected to rise about 79.9

Wastewater treated and reuse for irrigation purpose

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

m3 /day tertiary treated effluent is delivered by the St Martin

Wastewater Treatment Plant to the West Coast canal system to irrigate

affordable by the farmers. After the expiration of the agreement in

Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities had to review the pricing

During the planning, design and construction of sewers, a designer

To conduct preliminary investigations

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Review design consideration and select basic design data

Design the sewers

Prepare contract drawings and specifications

Stages of sewer design procedures

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

changes on surface slope.

Stage 2- Preliminary horizontal layout of sewers

Generally manholes are placed at every change in slope, pipe

The minimum depth of manholes measuring from top of their

For manholes that exceed 10.5m in depth, special reinforced

The distance between manholes shall be of intervals from

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

The minimum diameter of manholes should be 1200 mm (48

Stage 3- Design sewer sizing

Select pipe sizes, slopes, and inverts. Perform the hydraulic

Stage 4- Cost estimation

Stage 5- Revision of design

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

V = mean velocity (m/s)

Determining the minimum and maximum velocities in

In this particular section I will give procedures of how to determine the

A propose sewer network design for KBTC

Flow Open channel

Rapid varying flow

When discharge (Q) does not

Gradually varying flow

Depth charge is gradual