IT 1: Information Technology

Literacy
Second Semester 2013-2014

INPUT AND OUTPUT

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Input/Output System
Set of I/O devices
Physical I/O devices
Devices that perform actual input/output
e.g. Keyboard, line printers, video displays

I/O interface devices

Switches and Lights

Simplest input and output devices
Can be arranged in arrays to allow
more sophisticated input/output

Keyboards
Used for providing computers with
textual input
Has four types of keys:
Typing keys
Numeric keypad
Function keys
Control keys

Dvorak Keyboard Layout

Most commonly used letters are
placed in more convenient positions

QWERTY Keyboard Layout

The layout is patterned to a
mechanical typewriter

Ergonomic Keyboard
Has
ergonomic
consideration
s to avoid
muscle strain
when typing

Numeric Keypad
Added to the
keyboard to
facilitate data entry
The layout is
patterned to
calculators and
data entry
machines

Function Keys
Arranges in a line across the top of the
keyboard
Could be assigned specific commands
by the application or operating system

Control Keys
Allow the user to
make large jumps in
most applications.

How does a keyboard work?

Underneath the keys is a key matrix
(grid of circuits)
Each circuit has a broken point just
below a specific key
When a key is pressed, the broken
point is connected to each other
allowing a tiny amount of current to
flow through

How does a keyboard work?

A small processor is used to monitor this
key matrix for signs of continuity at any
point on the grid
The processor compares a circuit that
is closed to a character map that
resides in the Read-only Memory of the
processor

How does a keyboard work?

http://www.glenalec.net/DMCTO/samples/hardhack/index.shtml

Video Displays
Most common output device used for
communicating from computer to
human beings

Character display
Stream of
character
codes is sent to
the display
the codes are
transformed into
patterns making
up the shape of
the characters
on the screen

Bit-map Graphics Display

A large section of the memory is
dedicated to representing the display
The display is broken up into dots or
pixels with one bit representing each
dot

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

Beams of electrons (cathode rays)
from three electron guns are fired
through a shadow mask
When a phosphor is struck by an
electron gun, it emits its characteristic
color (red, green or blue)

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

The strength of emission (luminance) is
proportional to the power of the beam
The combination of the three
phosphors at their different intensities
produces the color of a pixel (picture
element)

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

LCD Systems
Use long crystalline molecules (liquid crystals)
which change their position when an electric
field is applied
Consists of a thin layer of liquid crystal
sandwiched between two densely packed
sets of thin wires, one horizontal and one
vertical, which from an interlocking grid and
each intersection represents a dot in the
display
Two polarizing filters (one horizontal and one
vertical) cover the thin layer of liquid crystals

LCD Systems

http://generaltalk.net/uploads/monthly_11_2011/how%20a%20LCD%20polarizer%20works.gif

LCD Monitor

Cursor-Tracking Devices
Provide for the input of 2-dimensional
positional information

Mouse
The main objective is to translate the
motion of the hand into signals that
can be used by the computer in orser
to move the cursor to a desired
position
Two types:
Optomechanical mouse
Optical mouse

Optomechanical Mouse
Uses a ball inside the mouse that
touches the surface of a desktop
The ball rolls when the mouse moves

Optomechanical Mouse
One of the rollers is oriented to detect
motion in the horizontal direction and
the other roller in the vertical direction
The processor chip inside a mouse is
responsible in catching these motions
and converts them to binary data
The data is transferred to the CPU
through the cord

Optomechanical Mouse

http://www.all-about-computer-parts.com/image-files/mouse_parts.jpg

Optical Mouse
Uses a camera that takes 1,500
pictures per second.
Has a red light emitting diode (LED)
that emits light and bounces this on
the surface to a CMOS sensor
The CMOS sensor send each image to
a digital signal processor (DPS) which
detects patterns in the images.

Optical Mouse

Printers
Used for hard copy output of text and
graphics
Can be:
Movable type, dot matrix, inkjet, thermal
wax, die sublimation, or laser

Movable Type Printer

a drum, chain or wheel is moved so
that each character can appear over
the print position
The hammer strikes the paper against
the type
Ink ribbon prints the symbol

Movable Type Printer

http://gajitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/1960s-printing-press.jpg

Dot Matrix Printer

The symbols are built up as they are
printed from patterns of dots.
The printing may be done
mechanically with an ink ribbon

Dot Matrix Printer

The hammer moves from left to right,
printing the dots in each column

Inkjet Printer
Produces an image by spraying
individual, very fine drops of ink at the
paper from inkwells or print head of
the four primary colors
A printer head can have 48 or more
nozzles for each color ink

Inkjet Printer
Each nozzle is provided with a heater
and resistor
A bubble forms when the ink is
heated
The bubble bursts when the heat
source is removed and sends dots of
ink on the page

Thermal Wax Printer

Uses a thermal print
head to melt wax
from a possibly
multi-coloured
ribbon on the paper
The picture
produced is
sometimes grainy
but the colour
quality is superb
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTwZCOeYSpMGtRxwx1a4uDx4i8FRfZIgU30PBHkL_aBfeulGBwuyg

Die Sublimation
Uses color ribbons and thermal print heads
Instead of melting the ink on the paper the
print head vaporizes the ink then condenses
on to special paper very close to the ribbon

http://www.graphicsone.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/g/o/go
_rio_pro_64_hires.jpg

Laser Printer
Works by using a laser and a photosensitive
or photoconductive drum to place
electrostatic charges on the paper

http://www.inktechnologies.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Laser-Printing.jpeg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hp_laserjet_4200dtns.jpg/220px-Hp_laserjet_4200dtns.jpg

Plotter
Used for graphical
output
Can use a pen or
electrostatic
Often used for very
large printout of few
texts and with very
limited color range

http://www.uv-flatbed-printer.com/photo/pl459238digital_dmpl_hpgl_garments_graph_cutting_vinyl_plotter_machines_for_printing.jpg

OTHER INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

Computer Buses
Set of wires or lines to which the
components of the computer are
connected

Computer Buses
Data bus
Carries items of data from one
component to another
Number of lines = number of bits in a word

Computer Buses
Address bus
Carries addresses
Its size determines the address space of
the computer

Computer Buses
Control bus
Carries signals which coordinate the
components of the computer

Computer Buses
Power bus
Carries power at various voltages to the
components of the computer