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the Statistician
Sample
Sampling
Population
Distribution
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individual Score
yi
yi
Sample Size
Mean
Mu
Sigma
Standard Deviation
/n
estimated by
s/
Variance
S2
Sum
Proportion
Hypothesized Mean
Hypothesized Proportion p0
Pi
Chi Square
o Null hypothesis
H0 E=O, The expected value equal the observed value
The dependent variable is contingent on the independent variable
in the population
o Research hypothesis
H1 EO, The expected value does not equal the observed value
The dependent variable is NOT contingent on the independent
variable in the population
NOTE For an Elaborated Chi Square you simply state that E=0 for all of the
independent/dependent combinations for the null hypothesis. For the
research hypothesis you state that E 0 for at least one of the combinations.
You would actually test each dependent/independent combination
separately.
Bi-Variate Regression
o Null hypothesis
H0 1 = 0, The regression slope is not different from 0 in the population
There is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables
in the population.
o Research hypothesis
H0 1 0, The Slope is different from 0 in the population
There is a relationship between the independent and dependent variable in
the population.
Multi-Variate Regression
o Null hypothesis
H0 1..k = 0, The regression slope is not different from 0 in the population
There is no relationship between the independent and dependent variable
in the population.
o Research hypothesis
H0 1k 0, At leas one of the Slopes is different from 0 in the population.
There is a relationship between the independent variable and at least one
of the dependent variables in the population.
Confidence Intervals
o We generally do not state a hypothesis for a Confidence Interval.
Confidence Intervals are used to estimate a population mean or
proportion based on a sample mean or proportion. Opinion polls
use Confidence Intervals to predict election results etc.
Equations/Formulas Z Tests
Z scores
o
Z=
Summary Statistics
o
Mean
= /n
o Median
o Variance
S2 = ( )2
o Standard Deviation
S = 2
error
o
o
o
o
o
o
Symbol(s)
X2
Interpretation
Chi Square Statistic
X1X
Anova
yi -
Mu or mean in population
Chi-Square Equation
Multiple Regression
Prediction Equation
= + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 +..
= predicted score for the dependent variable
a = intercept or constant
b = slope or parameter estimate for independent variables unit increase in Y
variable for ever 1 unit increase in X
X = value of the X values taken from the codebook
Anova
o Formula
o TSS = - G2
o SSB = ( ) 2
o
s2B = F statistic
s2w
s2B = SSB/k-1
S2w = SSW/n-k
F = S2B/S2W
df between = k-1
df within = n-k
Regression
o TSS Total Sum of Squares
o SSM Sum of Squares Model
o SSE Sum of Squares Error
Formula
T = 1 2
__________
s1 2
Pooled standard
deviation
Sp =
standard deviation
of sample 1
+
+
Uses a T distribution
standard deviation
of sample 2
Mann Whitney
o Focuses on ranks rather than on means medians
o Two Groups
o Formula
Z= T1 E(T1)
(1)
E(T1) = n1 (n+1)
2
s2 = (Yi - )2
n-1
Uses a Z dsitribution.
Kruskal Wallis
o Focuses on ranks (medians) rather than on means
o More than Two Groups
o Formula
-3 (n+1)
(+)
.9604
(+1)