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5 Effects on life
o 5.1 Aquatic life forms
6 Effects on human civilization
o 6.1 Health and pollution
o 6.2 Human uses
6.2.1 Agriculture
6.2.2 As a scientific standard
6.2.3 For drinking
6.2.4 Washing
6.2.5 Chemical uses
6.2.6 Heat exchange
6.2.7 Fire extinction
6.2.8 Recreation
6.2.9 Water industry
6.2.10 Industrial applications
6.2.11 Food processing
7 Water law, water politics and water crisis
8 In culture
o 8.1 Religion
o 8.2 Philosophy
o 8.3 Literature
9 See also
o 9.1 Other topics
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Chemical and physical properties
Main articles: Water (properties), Water (data
page), and Water model
Saturn's rings[22]
Enceladus
Pluto and Charon[22]
Comets and comet source populations (Kuiper
belt and Oort cloud objects).
Water ice may be present on Ceres and Tethys.
Water and other volatiles probably comprise much
of the internal structures of Uranus and Neptune and
the water in the deeper layers may be in the form of
ionic water in which the molecules break down into
a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper
down as superionic water in which the oxygen
crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely
within the oxygen lattice.[12]
Some of the Moon's minerals contain water
molecules. For instance, in 2008 a laboratory device
which ejects and identifies particles found small
amounts of the compound in the inside of volcanic
pearls brought from Moon to Earth by the Apollo 15
crew in 1971.[23] NASA reported the detection of
water molecules by NASA's Moon Mineralogy
Mapper aboard the Indian Space Research
Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in
September 2009.[24]
Water cycle
The water cycle (known scientifically as the
hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange
of water within the hydrosphere, between the
atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater,
and plants.
Water moves perpetually through each of these
regions in the water cycle consisting of following
transfer processes:
evaporation from oceans and other water bodies
into the air and transpiration from land plants
and animals into air.
precipitation, from water vapor condensing from
the air and falling to earth or ocean.
runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
Sea water
Sea water contains about 3.5% salt on average, plus
smaller amounts of other substances. The physical
properties of sea water differ from fresh water in
some important respects. It freezes at a lower
temperature (about 1.9 C) and its density increases
with decreasing temperature to the freezing point,
instead of reaching maximum density at a
temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in
major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea
to 4.0% in the Red Sea.
Tides
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea
levels caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the
Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the
depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and
produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams.
The changing tide produced at a given location is the
result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun
relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth
rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of
seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed
at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important
ecological product of ocean tides.
Effects on life
Water fountain
Civilization has historically flourished around rivers
and major waterways; Mesopotamia, the so-called
cradle of civilization, was situated between the
major rivers Tigris and Euphrates; the ancient
society of the Egyptians depended entirely upon the
Nile. Large metropolises like Rotterdam, London,
Montreal, Paris, New York City, Buenos Aires,
Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong owe
their success in part to their easy accessibility via
water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands
with safe water ports, like Singapore, have
flourished for the same reason. In places such as
North Africa and the Middle East, where water is
more scarce, access to clean drinking water was and
is a major factor in human development.
Health and pollution
o solid ice
o liquid water
o gaseous water vapor
o plasma
according to meteorology:
o hydrometeor
precipitation
precipitation according precipitation according
to movement
to state
vertical (falling)
liquid precipitation
precipitation
o rain
o rain
o freezing rain
o freezing rain
o drizzle
o drizzle
o freezing drizzle
o freezing drizzle
o dew
o snow
solid precipitation
o snow pellets
o snow
o snow grains
o snow pellets
o ice pellets
o snow grains
o frozen rain
o ice pellets
o hail
o frozen rain
o ice crystals
horizontal (seated)
precipitation
o dew
o hoarfrost
o atmospheric
icing
o glaze ice
o hail
o ice crystals
o hoarfrost
o atmospheric
icing
o glaze ice
mixed precipitation
o in temperatures
around 0 C
o levitating particles
clouds
fog
mist
o ascending particles (drifted by wind)
spindrift
stirred snow
according to occurrence
o groundwater
o meltwater
o meteoric water
o connate water
o fresh water
o surface water
o mineral water contains many minerals
o brackish water
o dead water strange phenomenon which can
occur when a layer of fresh or brackish
water rests on top of denser salt water,
without the two layers mixing. It is
dangerous for ship traveling.
o seawater
o brine
according to uses
o tap water
o bottled water
o drinking water or potable water useful for
everyday drinking, without fouling, it
contains balanced minerals that are not
harmful to health (see below)
o purified water, laboratory-grade, analyticalgrade or reagent-grade water water which
has been highly purified for specific uses in
science or engineering. Often broadly
according to microbiology
o drinking water
o wastewater
o stormwater or surface water
according to religion
o holy water
Other topics
Dihydrogen monoxide hoax
Water Pasteurization Indicator
Water intoxication
Water pinch analysis
Mpemba effect
References
1.
^ Henniker, J. C. (1949). "The Depth of the
Surface Zone of a Liquid". Reviews of Modern
Physics (Reviews of Modern Physics) 21 (2):
322341. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.322.
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.21.
322. Retrieved 2011-02-04
2.
^ Gerald Pollack. "Water Science".
University of Washington, Pollack Laboratory.
http://faculty.washington.edu/ghp/researcthemes
8.
9.
1998.
http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr
98/clouds.html. "Water, Water Everywhere:
Radio telescope finds water is common in
universe". The Harvard University Gazette.
February 25, 1999.
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.25/teles
cope.html.(linked 4/2007)
19. ^ "MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to
Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere".
Planetary Society. 2008-07-03.
http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MES
SENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html.
Retrieved 2008-07-05.
20. ^ Water Found on Distant Planet July 12,
2007 By Laura Blue, Time
21. ^ Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's
Atmosphere Space.com
22. ^ a b Sparrow, Giles (2006). The Solar
System. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1592235794.
23. ^ Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond
gibt es Wasser Wissenschaft Der Spiegel
Nachrichten
projects:
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News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
OECD Water statistics
International Water Management Institute
(IWMI)
[show]v d eFood chemistry
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About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Properties of water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"H2O" and "HOH" redirect here. For other uses,
see H2O (disambiguation) and HOH
(disambiguation).
This article is about the physical and chemical
properties of pure water. For general discussion
and its distribution and importance in life,
see Water. For other uses, see Water
(disambiguation).
Water (H2O)
IUPAC name[hide]
Water
Oxidane
Other names[hide]
Hydrogen oxide
Dihydrogen monoxide
Hydrogen monoxide
Hydrogen hydroxide
Identifiers
CAS
number
7732-18-5
PubChem
962
ChemSpider 937
UNII
059QF0KO0R
ChEBI
CHEBI:15377
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1098
659
RTECS
ZC0110000
number
Jmol-3D
images
Image 1
SMILES
[show]
InChI
[show]
Properties
Molecular
formula
H2O
or liquid [1]
Density
1000 kg/m3,
liquid (4 C)
(62.4 lb/cu. ft)
917 kg/m3,
solid
Melting
point
0 C,
32 F(273.15 K
)[2]
Boiling
point
99.98 C,
211.97 F
(373.13 K)[2]
Acidity (pKa
)
Basicity (pK
b)
Refractive
index (nD)
Viscosity
15.74
~3536
15.74
1.3330
0.001 Pas at
20 C
Structure
Crystal
Hexagonal
structure
Molecular Bent
shape
Dipole
1.85 D
moment
Hazards
Main hazard Drowning (see
s
alsoDihydrogen
monoxide
hoax)
NFPA 704
0
0
0
Related compounds
Other cation Hydrogen
s
sulfide
Hydrogen
selenide
Hydrogen
telluride
Hydrogen
polonide
Hydrogen
peroxide
Related solv acetone
ents
methanol
Related
water vapor
compounds ice
heavy water
(what is this?) (verify)
Except where noted
otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard
state (at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound
on Earth's surface, covering about 70%. In
nature, it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous
states. It is in dynamic equilibrium between
the liquid andgas states at standard
temperature and pressure. At room
temperature, it is a tasteless andodorless liquid,
nearly colorless with a hint of blue. Many
substances dissolve in water and it is
1 Forms of water
2 Physics and chemistry
o
2.1 Water, ice and vapor
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
zone
2.1.6 Compressibility
2.1.7 Triple point
2.2 Electrical properties
2.2.1 Electrical conductivity
2.2.2 Electrolysis
2.3 Static dielectric constant
2.4 Polarity and hydrogen bonding
2.4.1 Cohesion and adhesion
2.4.2 Surface tension
2.4.3 Capillary action
2.4.4 Water as a solvent
2.5 Water in acid-base reactions
2.5.1 Ligand chemistry
2.5.2 Organic chemistry
2.5.3 Acidity in nature
2.6 Water in redox reactions
2.7 Geochemistry
2.8 Transparency
2.9 Heavy water and isotopologues
2.10 Liquid crystal state in the exclusion
3 History
4 Systematic naming
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
[edit]Forms of water
Like many substances, water can take
numerous forms that are broadly categorized
by phase of matter. The liquid phase is the most
common among water's phases (within the
Earth's atmosphere and surface) and is the
form that is generally denoted by the word
"water." The solid phase of water is known
as ice and commonly takes the structure of
hard, amalgamatedcrystals, such as ice cubes,
or loosely accumulated granular crystals,
like snow. For a list of the many different
crystalline and amorphous forms of solid H2O,
see the article ice. Thegaseous phase of water
is known as water vapor (or steam), and is
characterized by water assuming the
configuration of a transparent cloud. (Note that
the visible steam and clouds are, in fact, water
Heat of vaporization
Hv (kJ/mol)[14]
45.054
25
43.99
40
43.35
60
42.482
80
41.585
100
40.657
120
39.684
140
38.643
160
37.518
180
36.304
200
34.962
220
33.468
240
31.809
260
29.93
280
27.795
300
25.3
320
22.297
340
18.502
360
12.966
374
2.066
Constant-pressure heat
capacity
4.2176
10
4.1921
20
4.1818
30
4.1784
40
4.1785
50
4.1806
60
4.1843
70
4.1895
80
4.1963
90
4.205
100
4.2159
Temperature
C
Pa
atm
torr in Hg
psi
273 32
278 41
10
12
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Pressure
Temperature
611.73 Pa
273.16 K (0.01
C)
209.9
MPa
251 K (22 C)
350.1
MPa
17.0 C
632.4
MPa
0.16 C
213 MPa 35 C
[edit]Electrical properties
[edit]Electrical conductivity
Pure water containing no ions is
an excellent insulator, but not
Model of hydrogen
bonds between molecules of
water
An important feature of water is
its polar nature. The water
molecule forms an angle, with
hydrogen atoms at the tips and
oxygen at the vertex. Since
oxygen has a
higher electronegativitythan
hydrogen, the side of the
molecule with the oxygen atom
has a partial negative charge. An
object with such a charge
difference is called
a dipole meaning two poles. The
oxygen end is partially negative
Temperature dependence of
the surface tension of pure
water
Water has a high surface
tension of 72.8 mN/m at room
temperature, caused by the
strong cohesion between water
molecules, the highest of the
non-metallic liquids. This can be
seen when small quantities of
water are placed onto a sorptionfree (non-adsorbent and non-
Presence of colloidalcalcium
carbonate from high
concentrations of
dissolvedlime turns the water
ofHavasu Falls turquoise.
Water is also a good solvent due
to its polarity. Substances that
will mix well and dissolve in
water (e.g. salts) are known
as hydrophilic ("water-loving")
substances, while those that do
not mix well with water (e.g. fats
and oils), are known
as hydrophobic ("water-fearing")
substances. The ability of a
substance to dissolve in water is
solution. An example of a
nonionic solute is table sugar.
The water dipoles make
hydrogen bonds with the polar
regions of the sugar molecule
(OH groups) and allow it to be
carried away into solution.
[edit]Water in acid-base
reactions
Chemically, water is amphoteric:
it can act as either an acid or
a base in chemical reactions.
According to the BrnstedLowry definition, an acid is
defined as a species which
donates a proton (a H+ ion) in a
reaction, and a base as one
which receives a proton. When
reacting with a stronger acid,
water acts as a base; when
reacting with a stronger base, it
acts as an acid. For instance,
water receives an H+ ion from
HCl when hydrochloric acid is
formed:
Water's Lewis
base character
makes it a
common ligand in
transition
metal complexes,
examples of
which range from
solvated ions,
such
asFe(H2O)3+
6, to perrhenic
acid, which
contains two
water molecules
coordinated to
a rhenium atom,
to various
solid hydrates,
such
asCoCl26H2O.
Water is typically
a monodentate lig
and, it forms only
two, hydrolysis is
said to occur.
Notable examples
of hydrolysis
are saponification
of fats
and digestion of
proteins
and polysaccharid
es. Water can
also be a leaving
group in SN2
substitution and E
2
elimination reactio
ns, the latter is
then known
as dehydration
reaction.
[edit]Acidity in
nature
Pure water has
the concentration
of hydroxide ions
(OH) equal to
that of
the hydronium (H3
O+) or hydrogen
(H+) ions, which
gives pH of 7 at
298 K. In practice,
pure water is very
difficult to
produce. Water
left exposed to air
for any length of
time will
dissolve carbon
dioxide, forming a
dilute solution
of carbonic acid,
with a limiting pH
of about 5.7. As
cloud droplets
form in the
atmosphere and
as raindrops fall
through the air
minor amounts
of CO2 are
absorbed and
thus most rain is
slightly acidic. If
high amounts
of nitrogen and su
lfur oxides are
present in the air,
they too will
dissolve into the
cloud and rain
drops
producing acid
rain.
[edit]Water in
redox reactions
Water contains
hydrogen
in oxidation
state +1 and
oxygen in
oxidation state 2.
Because of that,
water oxidizes
chemicals
with reduction
potential below
the potential
of H+/H2, such
as hydrides, alkali
and alkaline
earth metals
(except
for beryllium), etc.
Some other
reactive metals,
such
as aluminum, are
oxidized by water
as well, but their
oxides are not
soluble, and the
reaction stops
because
of passivation.
Note, however,
that rusting of iron
is a reaction
between iron and
oxygen, dissolved
in water, not
Action of
water on
rock over
long periods
of time
typically
leads
to weatherin
g and water
erosion,
physical
processes
that convert
solid rocks
and minerals
into soil and
sediment,
but under
some
conditions
chemical
reactions
with water
occur as
well,
resulting
in metasoma
tism orminer
al hydration,
a type of
chemical
alteration of
a rock which
produces cla
y minerals in
nature and
also occurs
when Portlan
d
cementharde
ns.
Water ice
can
form clathrat
e
compounds,
known
as clathrate
hydrates,
with a variety
of small
molecules
that can be
embedded in
its spacious
crystal
lattice. The
most notable
of these
is methane
clathrate,
4CH423H2O,
naturally
found in
large
quantities on
the ocean
floor.
[edit]Transp
arency
Main
article: Water
absorption
Water is
relatively
transparent
to visible
light, near
ultraviolet lig
ht, and farred light, but
it absorbs
most ultraviol
et
light, infrared
light,
andmicrowav
es.
Most photore
ceptors and
photosyntheti
c
pigments utili
ze the
portion of the
light
spectrum
that is
transmitted
well through
water.Microw
ave
ovens take
advantage of
water's
opacity to
microwave
radiation to
heat the
water inside
of foods. The
very weak
onset of
absorption in
the red end
of the visible
spectrum
lends water
its intrinsic
blue hue
(see Color of
water).
[edit]Heavy
water and
isotopologu
es
Several isoto
pes of both
hydrogen
and oxygen
exist, giving
rise to
several
known isotop
ologues of
water.
Hydrogen
occurs
naturally in
three
isotopes. The
most
common (1H)
accounting
for more than
99.98% of
hydrogen in
water,
consists of
only a single
proton in its
nucleus. A
second,
stable
isotope, deut
erium (chemi
cal
symbol D or 2
H), has an
additional
neutron.
Deuterium
oxide,D2O, is
also known
as heavy
water becaus
e of its
higher
density. It is
used
in nuclear
reactors as
a neutron
moderator.
The third
isotope,tritiu
m, has 1
proton and 2
neutrons,
and
is radioactive
, decaying
with a halflife of 4500
days. T2O exi
sts in nature
only in
minute
quantities,
being
produced
primarily via
cosmic rayinduced
nuclear
reactions in
the
atmosphere.
Water with
one
deuterium
atom HDO o
ccurs
naturally in
ordinary
water in low
concentratio
ns (~0.03%)
and D2O in
far lower
amounts
(0.000003%)
.
The most
notable
physical
differences
between H2O
and D2O,
other than
the simple
difference in
specific
mass,
involve
properties
that are
affected by
hydrogen
bonding,
such as
freezing and
boiling, and
other kinetic
effects. The
difference in
boiling points
allows the
isotopologue
s to be
separated.
Consumption
of pure
isolated D2O
may affect
biochemical
processes -
ingestion of
large
amounts
impairs
kidney and
central
nervous
system
function.
Small
quantities
can be
consumed
without any
ill-effects,
and even
very large
amounts of
heavy water
must be
consumed
for any
toxicity to
become
apparent.
Oxygen also
has three
stable
isotopes,
with 16O pres
ent in
99.76%, 17O i
n 0.04%,
and 18O in
0.2% of
water
molecules.[37]
[edit]Liquid
crystal state
in the
exclusion
zone
Near hydrop
hilic surfaces
, water exists
in a liquid
crystal state.
[38][39]
This
liquid crystal
state has the
following
properties:[40]
the water
molecules
are
constrained
in
movement
(as shown
by nuclear
magnetic
resonance
imagery)
it is more
stable (as
shown by
infrared
radiation
imagery)
it has a
negative
charge (as
shown by a
test of its
electric
potential)
it absorbs
at 270 nm
(as shown
by light
absorption
imagery)
it is more
viscous
than liquid
water (as
shown by
falling ball
viscometry)
the
molecules
are aligned
(as shown
by
polarizing
microscopy
)
Gerald
Pollack
speculated
that this
liquid crystal
zone
remained
relatively
unexplored
recently,
despite
extensive
writing on
this topic up
through
1949,
because of
the polywater
and water
memory deb
acles.[40]
[edit]History
The first
decompositio
n of water
into
hydrogen
and oxygen,
by electrolysi
s, was done
in 1800 by
an English
chemist Willi
am
Nicholson. In
1805, Josep
h Louis GayLussac and
Alexander
von
Humboldt sh
owed that
water is
composed of
two parts
hydrogen
and one part
oxygen.
Gilbert
Newton
Lewis isolate
d the first
sample of
pure heavy
water in
1933.
The
properties of
water have
historically
been used to
define
various temp
erature
scales.
Notably,
the Kelvin, C
elsius, Ranki
ne,
andFahrenhe
it scales
were, or
currently are,
defined by
the freezing
and boiling
points of
water. The
less common
scales
of Delisle, Ne
wton,Raum
ur and Rme
r were
defined
similarly.
The triple
point of
water is a
more
commonly
used
standard
point today.
[41]
[edit]System
atic naming
The
accepted IUP
AC name of
water
is oxidane[42]
or
simply water,
or its
equivalent in
different
languages,
although
there are
other
systematic
names which
can be used
to describe
the molecule.
[43]
The simplest
systematic
name of
water
is hydrogen
oxide. This is
analogous to
related
compounds
such
as hydrogen
peroxide, hy
drogen
sulfide,
and deuteriu
m
oxide (heavy
water).
Another
systematic
name, oxida
ne, is
accepted by
IUPAC as a
parent name
for the
systematic
naming of
oxygenbased substit
uent groups,
[44]
although
even these
commonly
have other
recommende
d names. For
example, the
namehydrox
yl is
recommende
d
over oxidanyl
for the OH
group. The
name oxane
is explicitly
mentioned
by the IUPAC
as being
unsuitable
for this
purpose,
since it is
already the
name of a
cyclic ether
also known
as tetrahydro
pyran.
The
polarized
form of the
water
molecule,
H+OH, is
also called
hydron
hydroxide by
IUPAC
nomenclatur
e.[45]
Dihydrogen
monoxide (D
HMO) is a
rarely used
name of
water. This
term has
been used in
various
hoaxes that
call for this
"lethal
chemical" to
be banned,
such as in
the dihydrog
en monoxide
hoax. Other
systematic
names for
water
include hydr
oxic
acid, hydroxy
lic acid,
andhydrogen
hydroxide.
Both acid
and alkali
names exist
for water
because it
is amphoteric
(able to react
both as an
acid or an
alkali). None
of these
exotic names
are used
widely.
[edit]See
also
Wikimedia
Commons
has media
related
to: Water
molecule
Water portal
Double
distilled
water
Flexible
SPC water
model
Hydrodyna
mics
Optical
properties
of water
and ice
Superheate
d water
Vienna
Standard
Mean
Ocean
Water
Viscosity of
Water
Water
(data page)
Water
absorption
ofelectrom
agnetic
radiation
Water
cluster
Water
dimer
Water
model
[edit]Referen
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ed070p6
12.
2. ^ a b Vi
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Mean
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Water (V
SMOW),
used for
calibratio
n, melts
at
273.1500
089(10)
K
(0.00008
9(10) C,
and boils
at
373.1339
K
(99.9839
C).
Other
isotopic
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or boil at
slightly
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3. ^ Unite
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02-05.
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[edit]External
links
Release on
the IAPWS
Industrial
Formulatio
n 1997 for
the
Thermodyn
amic
Properties
of Water
and
Steam (fast
computatio
n speed)
Release on
the IAPWS
Formulatio
n 1995 for
the
Thermodyn
amic
Properties
of Ordinary
Water
Substance
for General
and
Scientific
Use (simpl
er
formulation
)
Online
calculator
using the
IAPWS
Supplemen
tary
Release on
Properties
of Liquid
Water at
0.1 MPa,
September
2008
Sigma Xi
The
Scientific
Research
Society,
Year of
Water 2008
Stockholm
Internation
al Water
Institute (SI
WI)
Chaplin,
Martin. "Wa
ter
Structure
and
Science". L
ondon
South Bank
University.
Retrieved
2009-0707.
Calculation
of vapor
pressure, li
quid
density, dy
namic
liquid
viscosity, s
urface
tension of
water
Water
Density
Calculator
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my
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