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Tutor:
Ricardo Alberto Saenz Casas
Introduction
Preliminaries
2.1
k
[
fi (A)
i=1
.
We call a self-similar set defined by linear contractions a self-affine set.
Now, given a set of contractions, does it always exist a set that is self-similar
under them? The answer is given by the next theorem:
Theorem 2.1. Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and X be a finite set
of contractions on X. Then there exists a unique non-empty compact set
A X such that
[
A=
f (A).
f M
Notice that the converse its not true. A self-similar set can be defined
by more than one family of contractions.
Definition 2.2. We say that the contractions f1 , f2 , ..., fN Rn satisfy
the open set condition if there exists an open set U 6= such that
- fi (U ) U ;
- fi (U ) fj (U ) = for every i 6= j.
Now, the most basic question with regard to self-similar sets is about
their connectivity. Here we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a
self-similar set to be connected.
Theorem 2.2. The self-similar set V is connected if and only if the set
family {f1 (V ), f2 (V ), ..., fm (V )} is such that each of the sets
f1 (V ) f2 (V ), f2 (V ) f3 (V ), ..., fm1 (V ) fm (V )
is non-empty.
The proofs of the results of this section can be seen on [2].
In this project, we study a self-affine set determined by two linear contractions f1 and f2 with fixed points 0, 1, respectively, and with the same connectivity condition Hata tree [f1 (f1 (F (f2 ))) = f1 (f1 (1)) = f2 (F (f1 )) = f2 (0)].
First, we need the following definitions.
Definition 3.1. Given the contractions f1 , f2 , ..., fN of the self-similar V
and S = {1, 2, ..., N }, we define the critical set C as
[
C=
(fi (K) fj (V ))
i,jS,i6=j
fi1
fi1
(C).
m
1
i1 ,...,im S
Definition 3.2. For m a non negative integer and let V0 be the post critical
set or the boundary of V , then, we define
Vm+1 = f1 (Vm ) f2 (Vm ).
x
y
x
y
and
Now, we see the Hata tree. Let f1 ((x, y)) =
+ ,
2 2 3
2
2 3
2
1
1
f2 ((x, y)) = (x, y) +
, 0 its contractions, then C =
,0
and
3
3
3
V0 = {p1 , p2 , p3 } where
p1 = (0, 0)
p2 = (1, 0)
!
1 3
.
p3 =
,
2 6
Here we are going to introduce the main objects of our study in the Tyre
killer fractal, harmonic functions. Before state some notation:
Notation 4.1. For w Wm , where Wm = {w1 w2 ...wm : wi {1, 2} f or i =
1, 2, ..., m 1 and wm {1, 2, 3}}, we denote:
pw = fw1 fw2 ... fwm1 (pwm )
Instead of p(1,2,3) we will write p123 (in general, for any multi-index we are
going to write it like this) as there cant be confusion on the multi-index and
we notice that if w is the length m, pw Vm .
First, we need to define the laplacians:
Notation 4.2. For a set V , we define l (V ) = {f : f maps V into R}.
Definition 4.1. (Laplacians) A symmetric linear operator H : l (V )
l (V ) is called a laplacian on V if it satisfies
L1) H is non-positive definite
L2) Hu = 0 if and only if u is a constant on V , and
L3) Hpq 0 for all p 6= q V .
We use LA(V ) to denote the collection of Laplacians on V .
Definition 4.2. Let V be a finite set. A symmetric bilinear form E : l (V )
l (V ) R is a Dirichlet form if
1) E(u, u) 0 for any u l (V ),
2) E(u, u) = 0 if and only if u is constant on V ,
and
3) it has the Markov property: for any u l (V ), E(u, u) E(u, u), where u
is defined by
1 if u(p) 1,
0 if u(p) 0.
6
X 1
Em (u fi , v fi )
ri
iS
wWm
Definition 4.4. (Harmonic structure) (D, r) is called a harmonic structure if and only if {(Vm , Hm )}m0 is such that (Vm , Hm ) is a self-similar
sequence of r networks and
min{Em+1 (v, v) : v Vm+1 , v|Vm = u} = Em (u, u)
for all m 0. Also, a harmonic structure is regular if 0 < ri < 1 for all
i S.
For the Tyre killer fractal, we have that V0 = {p1 , p2 , p3 }. Define D
LA(V0 ) by the matrix
b 1 1
b
1
1 0
b
0 b
and r by (r, 1 r2 ) for r (0, 1). If we take a regular harmonic structure,
rb = 1.
Now, for the last definitions, we can argument the following proposition:
Proposition 4.1. For any l (V0 ), there exist a unique u l (Vm ) such
that u|V0 = and E(u, u) = min{E(v, v) : v l (Vm ), v|V0 = }. Furthermore, u is the unique solution of
(
(Hm v)|Vm \V0 = 0
(1)
v|V0 =
for all m 1.
If u satisfy the last proposition, then u is called as a harmonic function.
This implies the follow:
Corollary 4.1. Let u be a harmonic function. Then, for any p V0 and
any m 0, (Hm u)(p) = (Du)(p).
7
Then, we want to apply this to Tyre killer fractal. Using its selfsimilarity, this will be sufficient with solving the case for m = 1, because it
can be constructed inductively. Suppose that:
u(p1 ) = u1
u(p2 ) = u2
u(p3 ) = u3
and V1 \V0 = {p21 , p23 }, u(pw ) = uw . Now, we can find the harmonic function using the proposition 4.1, where H1 , in the basis {p1 , p2 , p3 , p21 , p23 },
is
b
b+1
1
0
0
r
r
r
1
1
0
0
0
1 r2
1 r2
1
0
0
;
r
r
b
1
b
b+1
b
0
r
2
2
2
1
r
r
1
r
1
b
b
0
0
0
1 r2
1 r2
hence, we obtain that
u21 = u23 =
1
b2 1
u1 + 2 u2 .
2
b
b
b2 1
1
u(pw0 1 ) + 2 u(pw0 2 ).
2
b
b
Figure 9 shows the graphics of the harmonic function with different parameters:
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
u1 = u2 = 0, u3 = 1 and b = 2
0.5
1.0
u1 = u3 = 0, u2 = 1 and b = 2
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.20.10.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
u1 = u3 = 0, u2 = 1 and b = 3
u1 = u3 = 0, u2 = 1 and b =
0.2
0.1
0.0
Conclusions
We found as example of a fractal that satisfies [f1 (f1 (1)) = f2 (0)], its post
critical set is finite; it is analogous to the well known Hata tree set. Using
the multiple properties of our self-similar set V , we constructed the collection of harmonic functions on V with different initial conditions and defined
a harmonic structure on this.
There are still problems to study, regarding these harmonic functions, as if
the harmonic function restricted to a side is continuous, monotone, differentiable, or if there exist initial conditions such that the restricted function
is a line, and another questions about this.
References
[1] Kigami, J., Analysis on fractals, Cambridge University Press, United
Kingdom, 2001.
[2] Yamaguti, M., Hata, M. and Kigami, J., Mathematics of fractals,
American Mathematical Society, 1997.
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima,
Mexico
Email-address: blancarmurguia@gmail.com
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