Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Nonobstetric Trauma
Accidental anal sphincter injuries are uncommon. The gluteal
muscles and ischiorectal soft tissues protect the anal sphincter muscles and pelvic
nerves from significant blunt
and penetrating trauma.2 Because sphincter injuries may be
associated with life-threatening pelvic or abdominal injuries,
patients require careful evaluation and treatment of priorities
in accordance with the principles outlined in the American
College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support Course.3
When pelvic stability will allow it, severe perineal wounds
are best assessed in the operating room in the lithotomy
position. Positioning may be delayed when laparotomy is
indicated and a need to access the groins or extremities is
anticipated. In these cases, the patient can be repositioned
after major vascular injuries have been addressed and external
fixation devices have been placed on unstable pelvic fractures.
After repositioning, a more thorough evaluation of the perineum
is made as to the extent of tissue destruction, contamination,
and involvement of surrounding structures. Priority
is given to establishment of hemostasis. If not performed
previously, rigid proctosigmoidoscopy is used to assess for
rectal laceration. When a significant rectal injury is identified,
fecal diversion is indicated; it is accompanied by distal rectal
washout and presacral drainage.4-6 Tube cystostomy is placed
when necessary for lower urinary tract disruption.7 Sharp
debridement of devitalized perineal tissue and copious irrigation
is then performed. Wounds are left widely open.
Broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage is begun for anticipated
pathogens and altered based on subsequent wound culture
results. Repeat assessment and surgical debridement is
planned at 24- to 72-hour intervals until all devitalized tissue
has been removed. Definitive reconstructive surgery is deferred.
5,8
Following these recommendations, Birolini et al,5 in their report of 48 cases of open pelvic
perineal trauma, managed
seven cases of rectal and anal canal trauma. Two of these
required repair of the anal sphincters, which was performed
in a delayed overlapping fashion with satisfactory results. A
Bowel Confinement
Resumption of bowel function after sphincter reconstruction
poses a potential threat to the integrity of the repair because of mechanical trauma and
infectious risks inherent in the
passage of stool. For this reason, some have established protocols
of bowel confinement in which dietary restriction is
coupled with pharmacologic inhibition of the bowels to delay
the passage of stool until a time perceived as safer for the new
repair.13,14 Although there is a general lack of evidence regarding
this, some version of bowel confinement is prescribed
for most patients after sphincter reconstruction. Currently,
the authors use no specific regimen but expect
appropriate slowing of gastrointestinal motility through the
Iatrogenic Injuries
Obstetric Injuries
A third-degree tear is defined as a partial or complete disruption
of the anal sphincter at delivery. Incidence is between
0.6% and 9.0%, and it tends to be higher in practices where
midline episiotomy is routine.14,27,28 Other known risk factors
Bowel Confinement
As in nonobstetric sphincter trauma, opinions differ regarding
the need for bowel confinement after primary repair of
third-degree obstetric tears. Some obstetricians recommend a
laxative regimen in the early puerperium to prevent mechanical
trauma to the repair. Others use a bowel confinement
regimen of diet restriction and pharmacologic dysmotility
agents.33-35 In a randomized prospective trial of confinement
versus laxative use after primary repair of third-degree obstetric
anal sphincter tears in 105 women, Mahony et al36
found that patients in the laxative group had a significantly
earlier first bowel movement (mean 2.5 days, range 1-7 days
vs mean 4.5 days, range 1-9 days) that was less painful.
Patients in the laxative group also had an earlier postnatal
hospital discharge. Moreover, there was no difference in continence
scores, manometry, and endoanal ultrasound examinations
at 3 months postpartum. Rates of wound infections
and dehiscence were comparable, although the study lacked
power to demonstrate statistically significant differences in infection rate. This correlates
with the findings in nonobstetric
sphincter disruption with regard to bowel confinement.
Conclusions
Anal sphincter trauma results from a variety of both accidental
and iatrogenic mechanisms, and it can be associated with
a wide range of concomitant and often life-threatening injuries.
Regardless of mechanism, optimal management consists
of appropriate identification and prioritization of life-threatening
injuries, debridement of nonviable tissues, and where
appropriate, diversion of the fecal stream. In optimal circumstances,
consideration should be given to primary repair
without diversion. When repair is delayed, preoperative evaluation
of sphincter injury with anal endosonography was
consistently found to be a useful adjunct. Most surgeons
favor direct end-to-end apposition of the sphincter ends in a
primary repair and overlapping sphincteroplasty in a delayed
repair. Although these teachings have recently been challenged,
the present state of the literature lacks numbers and
adequate length of follow-up to support divergence from this
standard. Additionally, several well-designed randomized
studies have shown no advantage to bowel confinement regimens
in both delayed and acute obstetric repair settings.
dan flatus.
Pasien kedua dalam laporan adalah seorang pria 30-tahun
yang disajikan 10 jam setelah pertama episode intens menyakitkan
percabulan tinju. evaluasi intraoperatif mengungkapkan
8-cm laserasi memperluas 5 cm ke dalam dari ambang anal
dengan gangguan baik sfingter internal dan eksternal.
Hanya sebagian kecil dari sling puborectalis tetap utuh.
Sekali lagi, pengalihan tinja itu dilakukan dengan diikuti oleh
perbaikan primer anatomi. Setelah masa latihan, manometri
menunjukkan kembalinya istirahat normal dan sukarela
nada. kolostomi itu berhasil ditutup 3 bulan setelah
cedera.
usus Inap
Kembalinya fungsi usus setelah rekonstruksi sfingter
merupakan ancaman potensial terhadap integritas perbaikan karena trauma
mekanik dan risiko infeksi yang melekat di
berjalannya tinja. Untuk alasan ini, beberapa telah menetapkan protokol
usus kurungan di mana pembatasan diet adalah
ditambah dengan penghambatan farmakologis dari perut untuk menunda
bagian dari bangku sampai waktu yang dianggap lebih aman untuk baru
repair.13,14 Meskipun ada kurangnya bukti tentang
ini, beberapa versi usus kurungan diresepkan
untuk kebanyakan pasien setelah rekonstruksi sphincter. saat ini,
penulis tidak menggunakan rejimen tertentu tetapi mengharapkan
perlambatan tepat motilitas gastrointestinal melalui
penggunaan obat penghilang rasa sakit narkotika pasca operasi. meskipun tidak
spesifik, kita menemukan praktek ini menyebabkan penurunan sesuai
dalam fungsi, memungkinkan perbaikan otot untuk menyembuhkan tepat.
Dalam prospektif, uji coba secara acak oleh Nessim et al, 15 54
pasien tanpa stoma menjalani anorectal rekonstruksi
operasi ditugaskan ke salah satu diet biasa memulai
hari operasi atau diet cairan bening dengan loperamide 4 mg
melalui mulut 3 kali per hari dan kodein fosfat 30 mg oleh
mulut 4 kali sehari sampai hari pasca operasi ketiga. Itu
buang air besar pertama terjadi pada rata-rata 3,9 hari di
Kelompok kurungan dan 2,8 hari pada kelompok diet biasa.
impaksi tinja terjadi pada tujuh pasien (26%) dalam kurungan yang
kelompok dan dalam dua pasien (7%) dalam diet biasa
kelompok. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan yang ditemukan di komplikasi infeksi
atau hasil fungsional antara kedua
kelompok setelah rata-rata tindak lanjut dari 13 bulan. para penulis
menyimpulkan bahwa kelalaian dari hasil usus kurungan di lebih cepat
pemulihan fungsi usus normal dan peningkatan pasien
kenyamanan tanpa meningkatkan insiden sepsis atau memburuk
hasil fungsional.
Cedera iatrogenik
Inkontinensia setelah operasi anorectal umum dilakukan
merupakan komplikasi terdokumentasi dengan baik dalam literatur bedah.
16-18 Misalnya, kejadian inkontinensia tinja signifikan
setelah lateral yang sphincterotomy anal internal yang untuk
idiopatik fisura anal umumnya dilaporkan dalam kisaran 0%
untuk 3%, 19 meskipun beberapa penelitian telah menemukan kejadian untuk
setinggi 15% .20
Inkontinensia setelah sphincterotomy dan hemorrhoidectomy