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The role of scrap rubber particles on the drying shrinkage and mechanical
properties of self-consolidating mortars
_
Tayfun Uygunoglu a,*, Ilker
Bekir Topu b
a
b
Afyon Kocatepe University, Technical Education Faculty, Construction Department, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Civil Engineering Department, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 29 September 2009
Received in revised form 4 December 2009
Accepted 16 December 2009
Available online 13 January 2010
Keywords:
Self-consolidating mortar
Rubber particles
Drying shrinkage
Mechanical properties
a b s t r a c t
This study presents the results of an experimental investigation to study the effects of partial replacement of ne aggregate with scrap tire-rubber in self-consolidating mortar (SCM). Fresh and hardened
properties of SCMs produced at ve different replacement ratios of scrap rubber with sand, 0%, 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by weight of sand), were compared to those of without rubber. Mini slump ow
and mini V-box ow time values were determined experimentally in fresh SCM. Moreover, drying shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption by weight, compressive and exural strength, and dynamic
modulus of elasticity were measured. While comparing the control SCMs, the partial replacement of
scrap rubber with sand resulted in degradation in fresh and hardened properties. On the other hand,
the addition of scrap rubber, from 10% to 40%, had a benecial effect in decreasing the drying shrinkage
of SCMs produced at low w/p (water-powder) ratios.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Solid waste disposal is a major environmental issue on cities
around the world. Rubber from scrap tires is one of the most recent
waste materials investigated for its potential use in the construction eld. In general, it is reported that a reduction in mechanical
properties of concrete occurs when the rubber content increases
[13]. However, the use of waste tire rubber as a concrete additive
is a possible disposal solution due to the elastic properties of rubber. The evaluation of tire rubber particles in cement-based materials generally focuses on using tire rubber particles as coarse or
ne aggregate in concrete. Furthermore, it was used with portland
cement for masonry applications [4]. Results indicate that the rubberized concrete mixtures possess lower density, increased toughness and ductility, lower compressive and tensile strength and
more efcient sound insulation. Because of the low specic gravity
of rubber particles, the unit weight of the mixture containing rubber decreases with the increase in the rubber content.
Most studies on rubberized concrete focused on the strength or
elastic properties of rubberized concrete mixtures. Topu [1] performed a study on the properties of rubberized concrete and reported the plastic energy capacity of concrete increased, while
the elastic energy of concrete was decreased by addition of scrap
rubber. It was also dened that rubberized concretes have high
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 272 228 1311; fax: +90 272 228 1319.
E-mail address: uygunoglu@aku.edu.tr (T. Uygunoglu).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.027
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1142
Table 2
Properties of natural sand and rubber particles.
2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials used and mix proportions
In the experimental study, ordinary Portland cement, CEM I 42.5R, which complies with the requirement of European Standards EN 197-1 [19], 04 mm graded
river sand, y-ash (F class) from Tunbilek/Turkey Thermal Power, tap water and
rubber particles (14 mm) were used (Fig. 1). The cement and y ash content
was maintained constant at 450 kg and 150 kg per cubic meter of mortar, respectively, for all the mixtures. Therefore, total powder content was 600 kg/m3 for all
the mixtures. The physical and chemical properties of the cement and y ash are
presented in Table 1. The river sand has a specic gravity, neness modulus, and
water absorption, by weight, of 2.59, 2.07, and 3.73%, respectively. The loose unit
weight of the rubber particles was 520 kg/m3. However, the specic gravity and
neness modulus of rubber particles was 0.65 and 1.5, respectively (Table 2). The
mixtures used in the study were proportioned in water to powder (w/p) ratios of
0.40, 0.43, 0.47 and 0.51. A polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (SP) was added
to the mixtures at the rate of 2% by mass of the cementitious materials. The specic
gravity and solid content of the SP was 1.1% and 20%, respectively. The rubberized
SCMs were proportioned by replacing sand aggregate by rubber in ratios of 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by weight of river sand). Mix proportions for rubberized
SCM were given in Table 3.
A 1500 ml batch was prepared for all mixtures using a mixer with a rotational
velocity of 1000 rpm. The mixing sequence consisted of homogenizing the sand and
powder for 1 min in the dry state, and then the SP diluted with the mixing water
was added to the mixing container. The mortar mixture was mixed for 3 min to obtain a consistent mixture.
Sand
Rubber particles
Table 1
Physical and chemical properties of cement and y ash.
Physical properties
Specic gravity
Fineness (blaine) (cm2/g)
2.59
0.65
1520
520
2.07
1.5
Cement
(kg/m3)
Water
(lt/m3)
Sand
(kg/m3)
Rubber
(kg/m3)
Fly ash
(kg/m3)
0.4
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
240
240
240
240
240
240
258
258
258
258
258
258
282
282
282
282
282
282
306
306
306
306
306
306
1419
1277
1136
992
851
710
1371
1234
1096
960
822
686
1307
1176
1045
915
785
654
1244
1119
995
871
746
622
0.0
141.9
283.8
425.7
567.6
709.5
0.0
137.1
274.2
411.3
548.4
685.5
0.0
130.7
261.4
392.1
522.8
653.5
0.0
124.4
248.8
373.2
497.6
622.0
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
0.43
0.51
ment consisted of lling a cylindrical frustum with the SCM to be tested in the specied way, slowly lifting the frustum off and allowing the SCM to collapse under its
weight. In order to prevent any thixotropic effect, the frustum mold was lifted
immediately after having been lled with the SCM [21]. For all cone tests, in order
to reduce the surface friction, the inside of the mould and the base surface were
moistened at the beginning of every test, and surface effects were ignored because
the same plate and frustum were used in all tests [22].
Two types of specimens were cast: one set of prisms of size 40 40 160 mm
and second set of prisms of size 25 25 285 mm. The rst set was used for measuring compressive strength, exural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water
absorption, apparent porosity and dry unit weight. The second set was used for
measuring drying shrinkage as a function of time. The specimens were de-moulded
after 24 h and cured in water for 7 and 28 days. Compressive and exural strength
tests were performed at 7 and 28 days in conformance with TS EN 196-1 [23]. Drying shrinkage of SCMs cured under laboratory conditions (room temperature and
65% relative humidity) was determined by length change of specimens aged till
180 days according to ASTM C 596-07 [24]. The unit weight, specic porosity and
water absorption were determined at 28 days. The modulus of elasticity was calculated using the ultrasonic pulse velocity determined on mortar specimens at an age
of 28 days as per Eq. (1).
Chemical properties
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
SO3
K2O
Na2O
LOI
Fineness
w/p
Cement
Density
Table 3
Mix proportions of SCMs with and without scrap rubber aggregate.
0.47
Following mortar mixing, the uidity of the mixtures was evaluated by measuring the mini slump-ow and mini V-funnel ow time (Fig. 2). A mini V-funnel cone
for mortar was used [20]. The efux time for the SCM to ow out was noted. The
slump-ow was measured using a mini cylindrical frustum. The tested volume in
the frustum was 0.287 l and the frustum height was 50 mm. The slump measure-
Specic gravity
E U 2 q=g 102
Fly ash
63.56
19.3
5.57
3.46
0.86
2.96
0.8
0.13
1.15
11.34
51.5
23.08
6.07
2.42
1.32
2.54
0.77
1.06
3.07
3212
2.13
6445
where, E is the modulus of elasticity (GPa), U is the ultrasonic velocity (km/s), q is the
density (kg/m3) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) [25].
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1143
300
Slump-flow, mm.
250
200
150
100
0.4
0.47
50
0.43
0.51
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
35
30
0.47
0.51
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
Fig. 4. Mini V-box ow time of SCM with and without rubber aggregate.
tios of 0.400.43. For other w/p ratios, the SF values decreased with
increasing rubber content. This may be due to the rough surfaces of
rubber particles [12,26,27]. Thus, increasing the rubber content resulted in a reduction in the SF of the mixtures.
For w/p = 0.47, the V-box ow time increased signicantly with
an increasing rubber content. When w/p ratio was increased (i.e.,
w/p = 0.51), the V-box ow time increased with rubber content
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1144
lower w/p leads to a lower apparent porosity, due to pore densication. On the other hand, the partial replacement of natural sand
with rubber increases absorption. This behavior is attributed to
better compaction obtained due to the increased self-weight of
the sand mortars.
From Fig. 7, it can be noted that the absorption of SCMs without
rubber was lower than that of SCM with rubber. For w/p = 0.40
0.51, while the absorption of the control mortar (i.e., without rubber) varied between about 711%, the absorption values of SCMs
containing 50% rubber ranged between 1218%. This is likely due
to the entrapment of air by the rubber aggregates at the particlepaste and particleparticle interfaces, and the increase in the
porosity of the paste with decreasing powder content.
3.2.3. Drying shrinkage
The typical drying shrinkagetime curves for all the SCMs are
illustrated in Fig. 8ad, for w/p = 0.400.51 respectively. From measurements of SCMs with 0.47 and 0.51 w/p ratios, it can be deduced
that shrinkage increased with an increase in rubber content. As
mentioned before, rubber particles increased the porosity of SCM.
The increase in total shrinkage with water content is a consequence of the increase in open porosity and thus shrinkage increases. The maximum shrinkage strains were observed in the
highest w/p ratio, the minimum shrinkage was obtained in SCMs
with the lowest w/p ratio. Evaporation of free water from macro
pores causes the increase of shrinkage. However, increase of drying
shrinkage of all the SCMs slowed down after 100 days. This result
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
0.4
10
20
30
Rubber content,%
0.43
0.47
40
0.51
50
Fig. 5. Dry unit weight of SCM with and without rubber aggregate.
Apparent porosity, %
30
25
0.4
0.43
0.47
0.51
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
Water absorption, %.
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.4
0.43
10
0.47
1145
0.51
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
0%
20%
40%
500
10%
30%
50%
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Age, days
Drying shrinkage x 10
-6
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0%
20%
40%
20
40
60
80
100
Age, days
120
140
10%
30%
50%
160
180
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1146
6000
0%
20%
40%
5000
10%
30%
50%
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Age, days
120
140
160
180
160
180
Drying shrinkage x 10
-6
12000
0%
20%
40%
10000
10%
30%
50%
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Age, days
120
140
-6
6000
0.4
5000
0.43
0.47
0.51
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
The corresponding typical drying shrinkage-scrap rubber percentage for 28 and 180 days aged SCMs are illustrated in Figs. 9
and 10, respectively. Drying shrinkage increased signicantly in
SCMs with high rubber content (40% and 50%) and in w/p ratio of
0.51 at 28 ages (Fig. 9). This is due to the increase of porous structure in SCM with high water content. An interesting feature of this
-6
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0.4
0.43
0.47
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
1147
0.51
40
50
Fig. 10. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCMs at 180 days depending on w/p ratio.
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
7 day-0.4
7 day-0.47
28 day-0.4
28 day-0.47
10
7 day-0.43
7 day-0.51
28 day-0.43
28 day-0.51
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1148
27
7 day-0.4
7 day-0.47
28 day-0.4
28 day-0.47
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
7 day-0.43
7 day-0.51
28 day-0.43
28 day-0.51
40
50
to difculties in compacting the mixtures containing higher volume of rubber particles, thus, resulting in higher porosity. It can
be seen from the Fig. 14 that UPVs of SCMs with rubber content
of 50% are lower about 2734% than that of the control mixture
depending on w/p ratio. UPV changes with ingredients and conditions of concrete, specically the volume of pores and moisture
content within the pores. Rubber particles affected the ultrasonic
pulse velocity of SCM negatively.
Moreover, as the ratio of w/p increases, ultrasonic pulse velocity
values decrease, too. In conventional concrete, the relation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and apparent porosity of concrete
exists. UPV of SCMs increased with decreasing apparent porosity.
In other words, UPV increased with decreasing pore volume of
SCMs. When w/p ratio of mixtures increases, porous structures
are increased due to evaporation of free water. Thus ultrasonic
velocity is reduced depending on porosity.
4.1
3.8
3.5
3.2
2.9
2.6
0.4
0.47
2.3
0.43
0.51
2
0
10
20
30
40
Rubber content, %
Fig. 13. Changing of ultrasonic velocity of SCM depending on w/p and rubber content.
50
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
1149
30
25
20
15
10
0.4
0.47
0.43
0.51
0
0
10
20
30
Rubber content, %
40
50
Fig. 14. Changing of dynamic modulus of elasticity of SCM depending on w/p and rubber content.
References
4. Conclusions
Workability of SCM mixtures was decreased by using the scrap
rubber particles with low and high volumes in this study.
Especially, workability of rubberized SCM mixture is dramatically decreased for rubber contain with ratio of 50%.
Unit weight of concrete is decreased with using waste rubber
particles. This decrease varies with the w/p ratio and volume
of rubbers. Scrap rubber aggregates caused the air entrapped
the SCM, and thus, rubber aggregates caused the increase of
pore structure in SCM.
The addition of scrap rubber, from 10% to 50%, has an effect in
decreasing of drying shrinkage of SCMs that produced with w/
p ratio of 0.40, 0.43 and 0.47 during 180 days. On the other
hand, highest drying shrinkage values were observed in SCMs
with the high scrap rubber content (40% and 50%) in the highest w/p ratio.
A partial replacement of rubber particles with natural aggregate in concrete caused the decrease in compressive strength
of SCM by 4858% at 28-day.
Flexural strength of SCM is decreased with use of rubber particles. Flexural strengths of SCMs with 50% rubber content are
lower by about 3155% than control mixture. On the other
hand, the decrease in the exural strength of SCMs is not
important with increasing rubber content from 0% to 30% in
0.40 and 0.43 w/p ratios because of crack development was
prevented by rubber particles in the bending.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity of SCMs decreased with rubber content. UPVs of SCMs with rubber content of 50% are lower about
2734% than that of the control mixture depending on w/p
ratio.
Usage of rubber particles decreases the dynamic modulus of
elasticity of SCM. Dynamic moduli of elasticity of SCMs with
1150
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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150
[24] ASTM C 596-07. Standard test method for drying shrinkage of mortar
containing hydraulic cement. doi: 10.1520/C0596-07.
[25] Neville AM, Brooks JJ. Concrete technology. Longman; 1987. p. 188, 349.
[26] Siddique R, Naik TR. Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber an
overview. Waste Manage 2004;24(6):5639.
[27] Fedroff D, Ahmad S, Savas BZ. Mechanical properties of concrete with ground
waste tire rubber. Transportation research board, report no. 1532. Washington
DC: Transportation Research Board; 1996. p. 6672.
_ Assessment of the brittleness index of rubberized concretes. Cem
[28] Topu IB.
Concr Res 1997;27(2):17783.