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Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

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Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

The role of scrap rubber particles on the drying shrinkage and mechanical
properties of self-consolidating mortars
_
Tayfun Uygunoglu a,*, Ilker
Bekir Topu b
a
b

Afyon Kocatepe University, Technical Education Faculty, Construction Department, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Civil Engineering Department, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 29 September 2009
Received in revised form 4 December 2009
Accepted 16 December 2009
Available online 13 January 2010
Keywords:
Self-consolidating mortar
Rubber particles
Drying shrinkage
Mechanical properties

a b s t r a c t
This study presents the results of an experimental investigation to study the effects of partial replacement of ne aggregate with scrap tire-rubber in self-consolidating mortar (SCM). Fresh and hardened
properties of SCMs produced at ve different replacement ratios of scrap rubber with sand, 0%, 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by weight of sand), were compared to those of without rubber. Mini slump ow
and mini V-box ow time values were determined experimentally in fresh SCM. Moreover, drying shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption by weight, compressive and exural strength, and dynamic
modulus of elasticity were measured. While comparing the control SCMs, the partial replacement of
scrap rubber with sand resulted in degradation in fresh and hardened properties. On the other hand,
the addition of scrap rubber, from 10% to 40%, had a benecial effect in decreasing the drying shrinkage
of SCMs produced at low w/p (water-powder) ratios.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Solid waste disposal is a major environmental issue on cities
around the world. Rubber from scrap tires is one of the most recent
waste materials investigated for its potential use in the construction eld. In general, it is reported that a reduction in mechanical
properties of concrete occurs when the rubber content increases
[13]. However, the use of waste tire rubber as a concrete additive
is a possible disposal solution due to the elastic properties of rubber. The evaluation of tire rubber particles in cement-based materials generally focuses on using tire rubber particles as coarse or
ne aggregate in concrete. Furthermore, it was used with portland
cement for masonry applications [4]. Results indicate that the rubberized concrete mixtures possess lower density, increased toughness and ductility, lower compressive and tensile strength and
more efcient sound insulation. Because of the low specic gravity
of rubber particles, the unit weight of the mixture containing rubber decreases with the increase in the rubber content.
Most studies on rubberized concrete focused on the strength or
elastic properties of rubberized concrete mixtures. Topu [1] performed a study on the properties of rubberized concrete and reported the plastic energy capacity of concrete increased, while
the elastic energy of concrete was decreased by addition of scrap
rubber. It was also dened that rubberized concretes have high
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 272 228 1311; fax: +90 272 228 1319.
E-mail address: uygunoglu@aku.edu.tr (T. Uygunoglu).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.027

strain capability due to high plastic energy capacity. Furthermore,


Topu and Avcular [5], Zheng et al. [6], Toutanji [7], and Eldin [8]
reported that adding scrap rubber to plain concrete could increase
the deformability or ductility of concrete. On the other hand, it was
found that the addition of crumb tire rubber to high-strength concrete slabs improved re resistance and reduced the damage by
re [9]. Despite its advantages, few researchers have studied the
long-term performance and durability of rubberized concrete
[1015].
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is used for specic applications requiring high deformability, high ow-ability, and high
passing ability. If concrete is workable, it can be transported and
poured easily without leading to segregation. It can also be cast,
placed, compacted and nished easily without causing any void
in fresh concrete. SCC has high amount of mortar content than
plain concrete, and its quality is controlled by the ow behavior
of self-consolidating mortar (SCM) and cement paste, which is related to the dispersion of cement particles [16]. Increasing the volume of paste improves ow-ability but it may have unexpected
effects on mechanical properties and time-dependent deformations [18]. It is well known that shrinkage of concrete increases
with the increasing paste content in the mixture [17]. This study
investigates the inuence of scrap rubber particles, obtained from
used automobile tires, on the drying shrinkage of self-consolidating mortar (SCM). Further, the fresh properties and mechanical
and physical properties of self-consolidating mortar are also
investigated.

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1142

Table 2
Properties of natural sand and rubber particles.

2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials used and mix proportions
In the experimental study, ordinary Portland cement, CEM I 42.5R, which complies with the requirement of European Standards EN 197-1 [19], 04 mm graded
river sand, y-ash (F class) from Tunbilek/Turkey Thermal Power, tap water and
rubber particles (14 mm) were used (Fig. 1). The cement and y ash content
was maintained constant at 450 kg and 150 kg per cubic meter of mortar, respectively, for all the mixtures. Therefore, total powder content was 600 kg/m3 for all
the mixtures. The physical and chemical properties of the cement and y ash are
presented in Table 1. The river sand has a specic gravity, neness modulus, and
water absorption, by weight, of 2.59, 2.07, and 3.73%, respectively. The loose unit
weight of the rubber particles was 520 kg/m3. However, the specic gravity and
neness modulus of rubber particles was 0.65 and 1.5, respectively (Table 2). The
mixtures used in the study were proportioned in water to powder (w/p) ratios of
0.40, 0.43, 0.47 and 0.51. A polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (SP) was added
to the mixtures at the rate of 2% by mass of the cementitious materials. The specic
gravity and solid content of the SP was 1.1% and 20%, respectively. The rubberized
SCMs were proportioned by replacing sand aggregate by rubber in ratios of 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (by weight of river sand). Mix proportions for rubberized
SCM were given in Table 3.
A 1500 ml batch was prepared for all mixtures using a mixer with a rotational
velocity of 1000 rpm. The mixing sequence consisted of homogenizing the sand and
powder for 1 min in the dry state, and then the SP diluted with the mixing water
was added to the mixing container. The mortar mixture was mixed for 3 min to obtain a consistent mixture.

Sand
Rubber particles

Table 1
Physical and chemical properties of cement and y ash.

Physical properties
Specic gravity
Fineness (blaine) (cm2/g)

2.59
0.65

1520
520

2.07
1.5

Cement
(kg/m3)

Water
(lt/m3)

Sand
(kg/m3)

Rubber
(kg/m3)

Fly ash
(kg/m3)

0.4

450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450

240
240
240
240
240
240
258
258
258
258
258
258
282
282
282
282
282
282
306
306
306
306
306
306

1419
1277
1136
992
851
710
1371
1234
1096
960
822
686
1307
1176
1045
915
785
654
1244
1119
995
871
746
622

0.0
141.9
283.8
425.7
567.6
709.5
0.0
137.1
274.2
411.3
548.4
685.5
0.0
130.7
261.4
392.1
522.8
653.5
0.0
124.4
248.8
373.2
497.6
622.0

150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150

0.43

0.51

ment consisted of lling a cylindrical frustum with the SCM to be tested in the specied way, slowly lifting the frustum off and allowing the SCM to collapse under its
weight. In order to prevent any thixotropic effect, the frustum mold was lifted
immediately after having been lled with the SCM [21]. For all cone tests, in order
to reduce the surface friction, the inside of the mould and the base surface were
moistened at the beginning of every test, and surface effects were ignored because
the same plate and frustum were used in all tests [22].
Two types of specimens were cast: one set of prisms of size 40  40  160 mm
and second set of prisms of size 25  25  285 mm. The rst set was used for measuring compressive strength, exural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water
absorption, apparent porosity and dry unit weight. The second set was used for
measuring drying shrinkage as a function of time. The specimens were de-moulded
after 24 h and cured in water for 7 and 28 days. Compressive and exural strength
tests were performed at 7 and 28 days in conformance with TS EN 196-1 [23]. Drying shrinkage of SCMs cured under laboratory conditions (room temperature and
65% relative humidity) was determined by length change of specimens aged till
180 days according to ASTM C 596-07 [24]. The unit weight, specic porosity and
water absorption were determined at 28 days. The modulus of elasticity was calculated using the ultrasonic pulse velocity determined on mortar specimens at an age
of 28 days as per Eq. (1).

Fig. 1. Rubberized SCM ingredients.

Chemical properties
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
SO3
K2O
Na2O
LOI

Fineness

w/p

2.2. Test program

Cement

Density

Table 3
Mix proportions of SCMs with and without scrap rubber aggregate.

0.47

Following mortar mixing, the uidity of the mixtures was evaluated by measuring the mini slump-ow and mini V-funnel ow time (Fig. 2). A mini V-funnel cone
for mortar was used [20]. The efux time for the SCM to ow out was noted. The
slump-ow was measured using a mini cylindrical frustum. The tested volume in
the frustum was 0.287 l and the frustum height was 50 mm. The slump measure-

Specic gravity

E U 2 q=g  102
Fly ash

63.56
19.3
5.57
3.46
0.86
2.96
0.8
0.13
1.15

11.34
51.5
23.08
6.07
2.42
1.32
2.54
0.77
1.06

3.07
3212

2.13
6445

where, E is the modulus of elasticity (GPa), U is the ultrasonic velocity (km/s), q is the
density (kg/m3) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) [25].

3. Results and discussions


3.1. Fresh mortar properties
The ow properties of SCMs incorporating rubber are dened by
the slump-ow (SF) and V-box ow time. The SF and V-box ow
time results are presented in Fig. 3 and 4 relating to the w/p and
rubber content. It is clearly seen that the SF diameter increases
and the V-box owing time decreases as the w/p ratio for each series is increased, regardless of the rubber content. The V-box ow

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1143

Fig. 2. Mini slump-ow and mini V-box experiments.

300

Slump-flow, mm.

250
200
150
100

0.4
0.47

50

0.43
0.51

0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

50

Fig. 3. Slump-ow of SCM with and without rubber aggregate.

Mini V-box flow time, s .

35
30

0.47

0.51

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

50

Fig. 4. Mini V-box ow time of SCM with and without rubber aggregate.

time could not be measured in some SCMs, especially in mixtures


with w/p = 0.40 and 0.43, for all rubber contents because of very
high viscosity. While the SF values of SCMs without rubber varied
between 100 and 275 mm, the SF values ranged between 110 and
230 mm in mortar having a rubber content of 50% depending on
the w/p. Because of the lack of lubrication between the cement
and aggregate particles, the SF values were unchanged for w/p ra-

tios of 0.400.43. For other w/p ratios, the SF values decreased with
increasing rubber content. This may be due to the rough surfaces of
rubber particles [12,26,27]. Thus, increasing the rubber content resulted in a reduction in the SF of the mixtures.
For w/p = 0.47, the V-box ow time increased signicantly with
an increasing rubber content. When w/p ratio was increased (i.e.,
w/p = 0.51), the V-box ow time increased with rubber content

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1144

but at a much smaller rate as compared to w/p = 0.47 (increase in


the ow time ranged from 4 to 6 s depending on rubber content).
3.2. Hardened mortar properties
3.2.1. Dry unit weight
The unit weights of SCMs with and without scrap rubber were
measured at 28 days. As expected (see Fig. 5), the unit weight of
the mortar decreases with an increase in the water content (w/p).
In the case of the w/p = 0.40 samples the unit weight varied between 16001900 kg/m3, the unit weight of SCMs of w/p = 0.51
ranged between 13251800 kg/m3, depending on the rubber content. In general, the unit weight decreased with an increasing content of rubber aggregate due to its low unit weight (i.e., density or
specic gravity).

Unit weight, kg/m3

3.2.2. Apparent porosity and water absorption


The w/p ratio and the rubber content inuenced the apparent
porosity (AP) of the mortars. It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the
AP increased with increasing w/p ratio for all mixtures. The maximum AP was obtained at w/p = 0.51 at the highest rubber content
(AP = 27%). This is as expected (at higher w/p and rubber contents)
due to the increased porosity of the paste and the entrapment of air
by the rubber particles.
The inuence of varying rubber content on water absorption is
shown in Fig. 7. There is a substantial increase in absorption with
an increase in the w/p. It is evident, for a given rubber content, a

lower w/p leads to a lower apparent porosity, due to pore densication. On the other hand, the partial replacement of natural sand
with rubber increases absorption. This behavior is attributed to
better compaction obtained due to the increased self-weight of
the sand mortars.
From Fig. 7, it can be noted that the absorption of SCMs without
rubber was lower than that of SCM with rubber. For w/p = 0.40
0.51, while the absorption of the control mortar (i.e., without rubber) varied between about 711%, the absorption values of SCMs
containing 50% rubber ranged between 1218%. This is likely due
to the entrapment of air by the rubber aggregates at the particlepaste and particleparticle interfaces, and the increase in the
porosity of the paste with decreasing powder content.
3.2.3. Drying shrinkage
The typical drying shrinkagetime curves for all the SCMs are
illustrated in Fig. 8ad, for w/p = 0.400.51 respectively. From measurements of SCMs with 0.47 and 0.51 w/p ratios, it can be deduced
that shrinkage increased with an increase in rubber content. As
mentioned before, rubber particles increased the porosity of SCM.
The increase in total shrinkage with water content is a consequence of the increase in open porosity and thus shrinkage increases. The maximum shrinkage strains were observed in the
highest w/p ratio, the minimum shrinkage was obtained in SCMs
with the lowest w/p ratio. Evaporation of free water from macro
pores causes the increase of shrinkage. However, increase of drying
shrinkage of all the SCMs slowed down after 100 days. This result

2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000

0.4

10

20
30
Rubber content,%

0.43

0.47

40

0.51

50

Fig. 5. Dry unit weight of SCM with and without rubber aggregate.

Apparent porosity, %

30
25

0.4

0.43

0.47

0.51

20
15
10
5
0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

Fig. 6. Effect of rubber aggregate content on apparent porosity of SCM.

50

Water absorption, %.

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

0.4

0.43

10

0.47

1145

0.51

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

50

Fig. 7. Effect of rubber aggregate content on water absorption of SCM.

Drying shrinkage x 10-6

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

0%
20%
40%

500

10%
30%
50%

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Age, days

Drying shrinkage x 10

-6

Fig. 8a. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCM (w/p is 0.40).

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

0%
20%
40%

20

40

60

80
100
Age, days

120

140

10%
30%
50%

160

180

Fig. 8b. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCM (w/p is 0.43).

was expected since paste shrinks until dry entirely in laboratory


condition. Shrinkage phenomenon is proportional to the volume
of paste. The volume of paste has a noticeable effect on shrinkage
[18]. The expected results may be: (1) shrinkage increases with
increasing w/p due to the increase in the nano/meso porosity
(water content) of the paste and (2) In the case of increasing rubber
content this may be complicated. Specically, the rubber may

change moisture diffusion through the material and the restraining


effect of the rubber particles. However, given that the stiffness of
the rubber is much less than the paste (and the sand aggregate),
the rubber may not decrease shrinkage due to restraint, rather an
increase in shrinkage may be noted (as noted for w/p > 0.43). As
a rst thought, it is expected this should be consistent for all the
materials evaluated with increasing rubber content.

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1146

Drying shrinkage x 10-6

6000
0%
20%
40%

5000

10%
30%
50%

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80
100
Age, days

120

140

160

180

160

180

Fig. 8c. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCM (w/p is 0.47).

Drying shrinkage x 10

-6

12000
0%
20%
40%

10000

10%
30%
50%

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

20

40

60

80
100
Age, days

120

140

Fig. 8d. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCM (w/p is 0.51).

-6

Drying shrinkage x10 .

6000
0.4

5000

0.43

0.47

0.51

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

50

Fig. 9. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCMs at 28 days depending on w/p ratio.

The corresponding typical drying shrinkage-scrap rubber percentage for 28 and 180 days aged SCMs are illustrated in Figs. 9
and 10, respectively. Drying shrinkage increased signicantly in
SCMs with high rubber content (40% and 50%) and in w/p ratio of
0.51 at 28 ages (Fig. 9). This is due to the increase of porous structure in SCM with high water content. An interesting feature of this

study is increasingly decreases of drying shrinkage of SCMs with


up to 30% scrap rubber content as the w/p ratio of SCMs increases.
Drying shrinkage of SCMs with 10%, 20% and 30% scrap rubber content is lower than that of control SCMs. It is well known from the
literature that drying shrinkage of concrete increases with increase
of porosity. However, the addition of scrap rubber had a signicant

-6

Drying shrinkage x10 .

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

0.4

0.43

0.47

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

1147

0.51

40

50

Fig. 10. Drying shrinkage of rubberized SCMs at 180 days depending on w/p ratio.

effect in reducing of drying shrinkage of SCMs during the rst


month. On the other hand, the maximum shrinkage was usually
obtained for those SCMs produced in the highest w/p ratios at
180 ages. As seen in Fig. 10, drying shrinkage of SCMs was signicantly restricted by scrap rubbers up to 50% in 0.40, 0.43 and 0.47
w/p ratios. The inuence of scrap rubber in reducing drying shrinkage is very signicant in lower w/p ratios. The addition of scrap
rubber, specically from 10% to 50%, had a signicant effect in
increasing of drying shrinkage of SCMs that produced with w/p ratio of 0.51 after 180 days. This is due to the increase of porous
structure in SCM with high w/p ratio and scrap rubber content. Furthermore, in SCMs with high w/p ratios, free water evaporates with
environment temperature and thus, porosity increases after six
months. Consequently, the highest drying shrinkage values were
observed in SCMs with the high scrap rubber content (40% and
50%) and with the highest w/p ratio.

Flexure strength, MPa

3.2.4. Flexural strength


Fig. 11 shows the inuence of rubber content on the exural
strength of mortars for several w/p. It is noted, the exural strength
of the control mortars varied between 1.251.47 MPa, and between 1.451.76 MPa, at 7 and 28 days respectively, in order of
decreasing w/p. This is as expected due to the effects of hydration
and a tighter pore structure with decreasing w/p. In general, it was
noted, the exural strength reduced with increasing rubber con-

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

7 day-0.4
7 day-0.47
28 day-0.4
28 day-0.47

10

tent. For example: at a rubber content of 50% for w/p = 0.470.51,


the exural strength reduced to 0.65 and 1.20 MPa respectively,
at 28 days. This indicates a general reduction of between 55%
and 31% depending on w/p ratio in the exural strength of SCMs.
Even though rubber particles decreased the exural strength of
SCM; it was observed that specimens were not collapsed suddenly
under bending load during the exural test. Besides, the exural
strength of SCMs at 28 ages were not decreased very much until
rubber content of 30% in low w/p ratios, specically, in 0.40 and
0.43. This was due to those rubber particles which were distributed
in the mixes prevent the crack development similar to steel bers.
Moreover, Topu [28] reported that the brittleness index decreased
with rubber additions after 15%, and it shows that there is a transition from the brittle material to the ductile material.

3.2.5. Compressive strength


The effect of different percentage of rubber particles and w/p on
SCM strength is shown in Fig. 12 at 7 and 28 ages, respectively.
Using rubber aggregate reduces the strength of SCMs. The SCMs
had compressive strength reducing from 17 to 10.4 MPa and from
14.5 to 5.3 MPa at 0.40 and 0.51 w/p ratios, respectively, at 7-day
with increasing rubber content from 0% to 50% by total aggregate
volume. Using rubber aggregate decreases the 7-day compressive
strength by 4064% and the 28-day compressive strength by 48
58%, at a w/p ranging from 0.400.51 respectively.

7 day-0.43
7 day-0.51
28 day-0.43
28 day-0.51

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

Fig. 11. Flexure strength of rubberized SCM at 7 and 28 ages.

50

_
T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1148

Compressive strength, MPa

27
7 day-0.4
7 day-0.47
28 day-0.4
28 day-0.47

24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

7 day-0.43
7 day-0.51
28 day-0.43
28 day-0.51

40

50

Fig. 12. Compressive strength of rubberized SCM at 7 and 28 ages.

For the same rubber content, the compressive strength mostly


decreased with the w/p ratio increasing from 0.40 to 0.51, as seen
in Fig. 12. An increase of w/p ratio from 0.40 to 0.51 causes the 7day compressive strength to decrease by up to 16% and the 28-day
compressive strength to 37%, respectively, in control SCMs. However, when compressive strength of SCMs in different w/p ratio
was considered for rubber content of 50%, it was observed that
there was about 49% reduction in the 7-day compressive strength
and 50% reduction in the 28-day compressive strength, respectively. The decrease in compressive strength with increasing w/p
ratio was the minimum at 20% of rubber content at 28 ages. This
was expected because of the porous effect of rubber particles due
to its surface shape, thus providing a decrease adherence between
the rubber and the cement matrix.

3.2.6. Ultrasonic pulse velocity


An ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is applied to the prismatic specimens on 28 day after their production. The average
ultrasonic pulse velocity in specimens at 28 days was 3.8, 3.6, 3.6
and 3.5 km/s for control mixtures in w/p ratio of 0.40, 0.43, 0.47
and 0.51, respectively (Fig. 13). The SCMs had ultrasonic velocity
reducing from 3.8 to 3 km/s and from 3.5 to 2.3 km/s at 0.40 and
0.51 w/p ratios, respectively, with increasing rubber content from
0% to 50%. As seen, ultrasonic pulse velocities of rubberized SCMs
were decreased with increasing rubber content. This may be due

to difculties in compacting the mixtures containing higher volume of rubber particles, thus, resulting in higher porosity. It can
be seen from the Fig. 14 that UPVs of SCMs with rubber content
of 50% are lower about 2734% than that of the control mixture
depending on w/p ratio. UPV changes with ingredients and conditions of concrete, specically the volume of pores and moisture
content within the pores. Rubber particles affected the ultrasonic
pulse velocity of SCM negatively.
Moreover, as the ratio of w/p increases, ultrasonic pulse velocity
values decrease, too. In conventional concrete, the relation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and apparent porosity of concrete
exists. UPV of SCMs increased with decreasing apparent porosity.
In other words, UPV increased with decreasing pore volume of
SCMs. When w/p ratio of mixtures increases, porous structures
are increased due to evaporation of free water. Thus ultrasonic
velocity is reduced depending on porosity.

3.2.7. Dynamic modulus of elasticity


The inuence of varying scrap rubber content on dynamic modulus of elasticity is shown in Fig. 14. There is a substantial decrease
in dynamic modulus of elasticity with the increase in w/p ratio
from 0.47 to 0.51 in a fashion similar to that observed in both compressive and exural strengths. However, it is evident that for a given rubber content, a lower w/p leads to a higher dynamic modulus
of elasticity. On the other hand, partial replacement of natural sand

Ultrasonic velocity, km/s

4.1
3.8
3.5
3.2
2.9
2.6

0.4
0.47

2.3

0.43
0.51

2
0

10

20

30

40

Rubber content, %
Fig. 13. Changing of ultrasonic velocity of SCM depending on w/p and rubber content.

50

Dynamic modulus of elasticity, GPa

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T. Uygunoglu, I.Bekir
Topu / Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 11411150

1149

30
25
20
15
10
0.4
0.47

0.43
0.51

0
0

10

20
30
Rubber content, %

40

50

Fig. 14. Changing of dynamic modulus of elasticity of SCM depending on w/p and rubber content.

with rubber causes a decrease in modulus of elasticity compared


with control SCM due to the increase of porous structure discussed
earlier.
While the dynamic moduli of elasticity of control SCMs without
rubber were 28, 24.8, 24.0 and 22.6 GPa, the modulus of elasticity
values of SCMs made up of 50% natural sand replacement with rubber aggregate were 14.7, 11.0, 10.6 and 7.1 GPa for 0.40, 0.43, 0.47
and 0.51 w/p ratios, respectively. When comparing the control
SCMs, decrease in the dynamic modulus of elasticity due to the
50% scrap rubber content was 47.4%, 55.8%, 55.7% and 68.4% for
w/p ratio of 0.40, 0.43, 0.47 and 0.51, respectively.

50% rubber content are lower by about 4768% than control


mixture.
Consequently, rubber particles content used about 1040% has
benecial effects on decreasing of drying shrinkage of SCM. Thus,
rubber particles can be recycled with natural sand in self-consolidating mortar and concrete at higher amounts, the environmental
pollution can be prevented and economical advantages can be
provided.

References
4. Conclusions
 Workability of SCM mixtures was decreased by using the scrap
rubber particles with low and high volumes in this study.
Especially, workability of rubberized SCM mixture is dramatically decreased for rubber contain with ratio of 50%.
 Unit weight of concrete is decreased with using waste rubber
particles. This decrease varies with the w/p ratio and volume
of rubbers. Scrap rubber aggregates caused the air entrapped
the SCM, and thus, rubber aggregates caused the increase of
pore structure in SCM.
 The addition of scrap rubber, from 10% to 50%, has an effect in
decreasing of drying shrinkage of SCMs that produced with w/
p ratio of 0.40, 0.43 and 0.47 during 180 days. On the other
hand, highest drying shrinkage values were observed in SCMs
with the high scrap rubber content (40% and 50%) in the highest w/p ratio.
 A partial replacement of rubber particles with natural aggregate in concrete caused the decrease in compressive strength
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 Ultrasonic pulse velocity of SCMs decreased with rubber content. UPVs of SCMs with rubber content of 50% are lower about
2734% than that of the control mixture depending on w/p
ratio.
 Usage of rubber particles decreases the dynamic modulus of
elasticity of SCM. Dynamic moduli of elasticity of SCMs with

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