1.

(a)

(i)

Ammonia is a base. What is meant by the term base?

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(ii)

What feature of the ammonia molecule enables it to react as a base?

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(iii)

[OH ][ NH 4 ]
[ NH 3 ]
Given that Kb =
calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm3 solution
of ammonia.
The values of Kb and Kw are 1.80 105 mol dm3 and 1.00 1014 mol2 dm6
respectively.

(5)

(b)

(i)

Sketch on the axes below the pH curve for the titration of 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3
HCl with 0.1 mol dm3 ammonia.
pH
14

0
(ii)

10

20

30

40

50

0 .1 m o l d m

N H 3 /c m

What indicator would you use for this titration?

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(3)

(c)

There is no suitable indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid with ammonia.
Why is this?
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(2)

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(d)

Suggest the conditions under which ammonia could be used to convert CH 3CHClCO2H to
CH3CH(NH2)CO2H.
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(2)

(e)

Explain how a solution of 2-aminopropanoic acid, CH3CH(NH2)CO2H, can act

as a buffer.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)

2.

(a)

Sketch on the axes below the pH curve for the titration of 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 HCl
with 0.1 mol dm3 ammonia.
pH
14

0
(b)

10

20

30

40

50

0 .1 m o l d m

N H 3 /c m

What indicator would you use for this titration?

....................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

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3.

When hydrochloric or nitric acid is reacted with sodium hydroxide solution, the enthalpy change
is 57.1 kJ mol1. If propanoic acid is used instead of the other acids, the enthalpy change is less
negative.
(a)

Suggest why this is so.

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........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

What would be the effect on the value of H for the reaction of using ammonia solution
instead of sodium hydroxide with propanoic acid?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

4.

Acid-base indicators are weak acids, which can be represented as HIn. In aqueous solution the
following equilibrium is set up:
HIn(aq)

H+(aq) + In(aq)

HIn and In have different colours. The dissociation constant for the indicator equilibrium is
called in.
pH is related to pKin by the equation
[ In ]
pH = pKin + log [ HIn]
(a)

(i)

For bromophenol blue Kin = 1 104 mol dm3. Calculate the pH of a solution in
which [In] = [HIn] for this indicator.
(2)

(ii)

The colour of In is seen when [In] is roughly ten times [Hln], and the colour of
HIn when it is in tenfold excess over In. Use this information to show the
approximate range of pH over which indicator changes can be detected visually.
(2)

(b)

The selection of a correct indicator for a reaction depends on the nature of the reaction and
the concentrations of the substances used. The neutralisation curves for the addition of
sodium hydroxide solution to 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of the same concentration are
shown for two different concentrations of acid and alkali.

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(i)

It is often said that the titration of a strong acid with a strong alkali can be
performed with any indicator. In the light of the table and titration curves given,
comment on this statement.
(2)

In d ic a to r

pK

M e th y l o ra n g e

3 .7

B ro m o p h e n o l b lu e

4 .0

M e th y l re d

5 .1

B ro m o th y m o l b lu e

7 .0

P h e n o lp h th a le in

9 .3

T h y m o lp h th a le in

9 .7

In

14

1 .0 0 m o l d m

12

0 .0 1 m o l d m

10
pH

8
6
4
0 .0 1 m o l d m

1 .0 0 m o l d m

2
0
0

50
100
150
v o lu m e o f a lk a li a d d e d / c m

200
3

Titration of 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid with

sodium hydroxide of the same concentration
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

5.

The values of Ka for a series of organic acids at 25 C are shown in the table below:
Acid

(a)

(i)

Formula

Ka/mol dm

ethanoic acid

CH3COOH

1.75 10

chloroethanoic acid

CH2(Cl)COOH

1.38 10

bromoethanoic acid

CH2(Br)COOH

1.26 10

iodoethanoic acid

CH2(I)COOH

6.76 10

Give the expression for Ka for ethanoic acid.

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(1)

(ii)

Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm ethanoic acid.

(3)

(iii)

Calculate the pH of a mixture which is 0.100 mol dm with respect to ethanoic

3
acid and 0.125 mol dm with respect to sodium ethanoate.

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(iv)

What property is shown by such a mixture?

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(2)

(b)

(i)

By consideration of bond polarity, suggest why 1-chloroethanoic acid is a stronger

acid than ethanoic acid.
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....
....
(2)

(ii)

Suggest a reason for the trend Ka values shown in the table above.
....
....
(1)

(iii)

Suggest, with an explanation, whether 1 -fluoroethanoic acid is likely to be a

stronger or a weaker acid than 1-chloroethanoic acid.
....
....
....
(2)

(c)

Ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl, reacts violently with water, whereas chloroethanoic acid
reacts much more slowly in order to substitute the chlorine atom. Suggest why this is so.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

Gateway International School (PVT) Limited