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J. Sabath
W.N. Rothenbuhler
Southern California Edison Company
Los Angeles, California
E.J. Hubacher
J.A. Maneatis
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
San Francisco, California
ABSTRACT
Construction of the Pacific Intertie transmission system,
and other related EHV lines has included unprecedented
installations of 500 kV series capacitors. Twenty series
capacitor banks, totaling 4,465 mvar, and providing 70%
reactance compensation, have been installed in California by
Southern California Edison Company and Pacific Gas and
Electric Company.
Engineering considerations in the design, specification,
installation, and operation of these capacitor installations are
discussed. Information is presented which is generally useful
for utility planners and engineers considering similar
reactance compensation of transmission lines for improved
system stability.
INTRODUCTION
Pacific Intertie
The electric power transmission lines generally referred
to as the Pacific Intertie include two 500 kV AC lines from
the Columbia River to Souther California, and a 400 kV
DC line between these same general areas.
In addition to the high voltage lines directly associated
with the Intertie, other lines have been constructed for the
purpose of supplying power requirements in California.
There is now a total of 1866 circuit miles of 500 kV AC
lines in operation in the State. Owners of these lines in
California are:
MILES
94
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
47
Pacific Power & Light Co.
1025
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
700
Southern California Edison Co.
TOTAL
1866
Paper 70 TP 580-PWR, recommended and approved by the Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Group for presentation
at the IEEE Summer Power meeting and EHV Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., July 12-17, 1970. Manuscript submitted February
~~~1138
16,
PORTLAND0JH
230
DAY
KV- 6
JOHN DAY
CELILO
/if
ROUND BUTTE
Round Mtn.
II
Mtn.
Table
\i
I
SACRAMENTO .
VACA-
162
162
18.0
175
27.0
262
175
Tesla
Table Mtn.-Tesla
32.8
319
30 o9
30.9
237
237
33.28
33.28
23.6
323
323
181
Los
1I1.<
Midway
Banos-Midway Al
*t
"
22
Los Banos-Midway #1
i
it
42
23.6
181
Vincent
Midway-Vincent 41
V2
"
"
23.6
23.6
181
181
Lugo
Lugo-El
36.7
36.7
282
282
Dorado
" -Mohave
DIX(ON
TOTAL
METCAL F
4,465
%%
TESLAA
SAN FRANCISCO
16.64
18.0
"
TABLE ITNJ
243
Midway-Vincent $1
TABLE
243
24.96
Vaca-Dixon
Los Banos
24.96
16.64
-Tesla
\pMALI V
COTTONWOOD
158
Tt
158
20.6
it
{ /5 Yt
O R 11 E \
20.6
it
GRIZZLY
Rd., Mtn.-Malin 91
LOS BANOS/
FOUR
.-
?t
D
M
r
MID
)
~~~~OHAVER
VINCENT
LOS ANGELE
0I
25
50 75
230
MRA LOMWA
PiNALEVEA
5
M
%.
-_
0oo
SCALE IN MILES
1970
OL
SUBSTATION
SERIES CAPACITOR
0
/HOL
MOHAVE
LEGEND
~A
WAY~~~~~~'~~*
MOENIKOPI
\1
Current Ratings
Line Data
Ohms
Miles Per Phase
Malin-Round Mtn. #1
(U.S .B R.)
94
Malin-Round Mtn. #2
(P.G.and E.-P.P.& L.)
94
No. of Modules
Per Phase and
Ohms per Module
2-8.24, 1-4.12
41.0
20.5
20.5
20.6
20.6
61.7(l)
43.2
21.6
21.6
21.6
20.6
2-10.3
89
58.4
40.8
20.4
20.4
24.96
16.64
3-8.32
2-8.32
82
51.7
36.2
18.1
18.1
18.0
18.0
2-9.0
2-9.0
134
84.5
59. 1
Los Banos-Midway #1
and #2
29.6
29.6
27.0
32.8
3-9.0
4-8.32
144
90.6
63.4
31.7
31.7
30.9
33.28
3-10.3
4-8.32
Midway-Vincent #1 and #2
113
67.4
47.2
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
2-7.35, 1-8.85
2-7.35, 1-8.85
Lugo-Mohave
176
105
73.5
36. 7
36.7
4-9.18
Lugo-El Dorado
177
105.5
73.8
36.9
36.7
4-9.18
(1)
58.5
1140
2-10.3
3-7.2
TABLE II
CAPACITOR BANK VOLTAGE RATING
AND INSULATION REQUIREMENTS
Voltage Ratings:
PG&E
SCE
500
550
500
550
1800
1800
1250
1150
840
775
975
880
432
360
Phase-to-Ground Insulation:
tIME
Impulse withstand,
1.5 X- 40 .'s, minimum crest kV
Wet switching surge withstand,
100-200 X 2000-4000 &s,crest kV
Wet low frequency withstand,
60 Hz, 10 second, rms, kV
Dry low frequency withstand,
60 Hz, 1 minute, rms, kV
Support insulator,
minimum leakage distance, inches
Clearances:
Minimum live part clearance,
phase-to-ground, feet
Minimum live part clearance,
phase-to-phase, feet
Minimum centerline distance,
phase-to-phase, feet
16
--
22
20
50
45
--I
n--
r-
-1
-r-
A-PASE
. .
.,
MWU?-A9IW)DMOOULLIi-AS
S-POUN
z
1-
I--
9 - PHASE
I MODULE
A 0--
OJ
I7
C -PHASE
j
ULlCIj
LsEGmEN-T
ITOR GROUND
LCAPAC
DISCONNECT SWITCH
-CAPACITOR STATIONH
DI SCONNECT SW ITC
Ij
MootL
L
I -C 0 1 MWAN- C 0 1
sNESm
EyTERNAL BY-PASS
LSEGMENT 3
1
L-LIE GROUND
DISOONNECT SWITCH
LINE
DISCONNECT SWITCH
- CAPACITOR
Interlocking Schemes
It was not practical to elevate the capacitor platforms
above grade to provide sufficient 500 kV safety clearances
for personnel walking under the energized platforms.
Instead, a personnel safety fence was provided completely
enclosing each capacitor bank. The 4 ft. entrance gate is
equipped with a removable key interlock system which is
linked with the external isolating bypass and ground
switches. The key interlock system is initiated by removing
the first key from the main control switch located in the
ground control station just outside the safety fence.
To enter the capacitor area, the main control switch
must first be operated to close all platform mounted bypass
switches (shorting all the unit capacitors on the rack). This
permits the manual sequence of external isolation, bypass
and grounding through the key interlock system, before the
gate can be opened.
a!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
0
Swe
0~~~~~~~~~~~
es
U_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_
0 0 S S~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~4\ :0 :0 0/ 0 01F
fl 1# S Wo~m
0 ';?S 115 W~~~:3
t fffj/X:
44
U,0
.0
Id
':e.
>.U,
-'-
'0
1143
CO
Fig.
Elevation.
2.
3.
4850 A1M PS
GAP POTENTIAL
CAP CURRENT
11]
OPEN
C LOSE
ItI
I11
23
xi
If
is
7
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Single line to ground short circuit initiated. Initial current and voltage waveshapes are distorted due to closing resistors
in 500-kV PCB.
Gap flashes over limiting short circuit current to the uncompensated value. Capacitors are discharged through reactors,
with a discharge frequency of 510 Hz.
By-pass switch starts to close. Current transformers in discharge circuit initiate control signal to the switch.
By-pass switch closes. The discharge and short circuit current transfers from the gap to the switch.
Short circuit current is reduced to a load current level by system switching.
By-pass switch starts to open. This is timed to open approximately 3 cycles after the current drops below 2600 amperes.
By-pass switch current interrupted and capacitors are reinserted into line.
Peak voltage of the reinsertion transient.
4.
1146
5.
6.
Table I
Milestones in U.S.A. Series Capacitors
Discussion
tI
BAN_
~~~~~~~
I~ ~
C.>.
_____
13%r-.
3%-
WTING
AXIMUM
WOLD-WIDE
P_
V
C-
cc
XL:
-,`SERE 00
100
ooo&'
INTERTE
-28-68'
.9
I,WOpO
FROM GE
UTIUTY
SURVEY -
10,000
e7
C.,
en
cU,
La
1-J
NC
w1-
,000_
_,_
USA
SHUNT
U,
z1
/21
;z
VI..
10
Unit4,5
-C
USA
QRFIFC
LtKut
-.
Ii>
L~~~J~fa
gxo~~~eNM SRE
A5IL
1880
1900
1920
1940
YEAR
1960
1980
2000
Fig. 1. (a) Trends in installed capacitor banks MVAR in the utility industry for shunt and series capacitors. (b) Trend in MVAR rating
of capacitor bank.
SECONDS
_L
M INUTES
TI ME
Fig. 2. Intertie swing currents and abnormal current periods after fault
clearing.
1147
REFERENCES
Capability"
1148
E. J. Hubacher
cisco, Calif.,
on
(M'58)
was
California.
was born in Lawrence,
Mass., on May 2, 1921. He received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from Northeastern University, Boston, Mass., in 1943 and graduated fromthe Advanced Power Systems Engineer
-i
---
gaussing techniques. In 1967 he retired from the Navy with the rank of
Commander. In 1947 he joined the Pacific Gas and Electric Company,
San Francisco, Calif., as an Engineering Designer for thermal and hydroelectric generating stations and substations. In 195 1 he was advanced to
Assistant-Engineer in the Department of Generation and Transmission
Engineering with responsibilities for design of transmission substations.
1149