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Process Description
Impurities Removed
Filtration Mechanisms
Based upon:
Chemical characteristics of the water
Nature of suspended material
Types and degree of pretreatment
Filter type and operation
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Removal Processes
Sedimentation on media.
Adsorption The collection of a gas, liquid or dissolved substance on the surface and interface zone of another material.
Biological action.
Absorption The taking in or soaking up of one substance into the body of another by molecular or chemical action (e.g., tree roots
absorb dissolved nutrients in the soil).
Straining The removal of particulates by trapping in the open spaces between the grains of the media.
TYPES OF FILTERS
Gravity Filters
Filter control systems regulate flow rates by maintaining adequate head above the media surface. This prevents sudden flow increases, or
surges, which could dislodge trapped solids.
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Constant Rate
Each filter is equipped with a rate-of-flow control valve.
The valve maintains a constant rate of water flow through the filter.
As filter clogs the valve slowly opens to maintain the flow rate.
Declining Rate
The filter controller maintains a constant level of water above the media.
Filtration rate declines as filter clogs.
A loss of head gauge on a filter us used to measure the drop in pressure through a filter bed.
PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Media Characteristics
Good hydraulic characteristics (permeable bed)
Inert and easy to clean
Hard and durable
Free of impurities
Insoluble in water
Comply with AWWA B-100 Standard for Filtering Media
Media Classification
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Hardness
Resistance to erosion or wearing away of the particle
Filter Underdrains
Filter Underdrains collect filtered water during normal operation and distribute backwash water during backwash process.
Underdrain Types
Perforated Pipe System (Header/Lateral system)
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