Internet Technologies

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2.

Tutorials 3

Imagine a flow specification that has a maximum packet size of 1000 bytes, a
token bucket rate of 10 million bytes/sec, a token bucket size of 1 million
bytes, and a maximum transmission rate of 50 million bytes/sec. How long
can a burst at maximum speed last?
Describe what kind of routing protocols can be used for the IntraAutonomous System routing; what kind of routing protocol can be used for
Inter-Autonomous System routing. What kind of routing algorithm do each
of these protocols use?
a) RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol. It is a distance vector
routing protocol. It is used for intra-AS routing.
b) OPSF stands for Open Path Shortest First protocol. It is a link state
routing protocol. It is used for intra-AS routing.
c) BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol. It is a distance vector
routing algorithm. It is used for intra-AS routing.

3.

Describe the working principle of the congestion control algorithms; choke

packet and hop-by-hop choke packets.
For example:
For the choke packet algorithm, when congestion happen at a router, it
sends a choke packet back to the source host, giving it the detonation found
in the packet. The original packet is tagged so that it will not generate any
more choke packets farther along the path and is then forwarded in the
usual way.
When the source host gets the choke packet, it is required to reduce the
traffic send to the specified destination by X percent. The host ignore choke
packets referring to that destination for a fixed time interval. After certain
period, the host listens for more choke packets for another interval. If one
arrives, the line is still congested, so the host reduce the flow still more.
Until there is no more choke packet received. Increases are done in the
similar way.

4.
5.

Describe the main components inside a router and their functions.

What kind of requirements can be used to determine the Quality of Service?

6.

How to encode an IPv4 address in an IPv6 address?

0000 . . . 0000

FFFF IPv4 Address

80 bits

16 bits 32 bits

7.

Describe, with suitable diagrams, the general form of an IPv6 datagram with
multiple headers, the format of the IPv6 base header. What are the main
changes introduced by IPv6 comparing with IPv4?

Internet Technologies

Tutorials 3

Main changes:
Larger addresses. The addresses size changes from 32 bits to 128 bits
Extended Address Hierarchy. IPv6 uses the larger address space to
create additional levels of addressing hierarchy.
Flexible Header Format.
Improved Options.
Provision for protocol extension
Support for auto-configuration and renumbering
Support for Resource allocation.