Lecture Series No.

1
SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION

1. How may the study of sociology anthropology be of use to you as:

a. private citizen
Being a private citizen, we will understand why people are different and
how we are going to interact with them through the study of sociology
anthropology. It will lead us to become a well-developed individual that can
adapt to our society.
b. Student
Studying sociology - anthropology is very essential to students because it
will develop them to have a good relationship to different people around them.
It will help them acquire factual information about the society they live in.
Students will appreciate our society and culture better.
c. teacher
As a teacher, it is important to study sociology and anthropology for
we are dealing with diverse learners. We need to understand the different
ways of socializing with the pupils/students with different cultures and
personalities.
2. Distinguish/Differentiate the theories of Karl Max and Max Weber.
Karl Max stressed the ways material and economic factors were changing society.
He argued that changes in the means of production were affecting relations between
social classes. Marx argued that the economic conditions of the labouring classes were
growing worse and felt that a political revolution was needed to restore economic and
social equality.
Max Weber believed that economic factors play a key role in bringing about
social change of additional importance are the values imported to men by their society.
Karl Max believed that a social scientist should not only observe but also work in
order to change the inequalities between different social classes while Max Weber
believed that to comprehend social behaviour, people must understand the meanings
attached to their actions.
3. To which of the different theories studied would you relate the school as a system?
Explain the relationship by giving illustrative examples.
I would relate the school as a system to the Symbolic Interaction Theory. The core
of this theory is on how society affects individuals and vice versa. Socialization/social
interaction enables individuals to acquire beliefs, values language and learn what
appropriate or inappropriate, good and bad etc. is.

Just like in a school system, children are acquiring knowledge and values not
only from teachers day to day lesson but most especially with interactions with their
classmates and schoolmates. Understanding varied kinds of persons around them really
help them to become a better individual.
4. Think of a current social issue/problem taking place in the community/country.
Identify the underlying factors/reasons why it is happening. What
recommendations/solutions can you suggest? Justify your answer.
Dirty politics is one of the current social issues taking place in our country today.
Many of the candidates for election do everything just to win and take the position they
want. It is happening because many of them want to have this position in the society to
make them powerful and influential.
To address this issue, people should vote wisely. Choose the candidate that is
really in to public service. Politicians should be educated enough to do their duty in their
constituents.
5. Discuss the exchange theory as a theoretical perspective in the study of sociology.
Cite examples particularly those that take place in the conduct of teaching
learning activities.
Exchange theory has economic, anthropological, psychological and sociological
underpinnings. One of its basic assumptions is the new associations are started because
they are expected to be rewarding and old associations continue because they are
rewarding. In similar with the conduct of teaching learning activities, teachers give
rewards to its pupils to achieve a certain goal. Pupils will do their best to receive
rewards and when they receive rewards, they are obliged to reciprocate by supplying
benefits in return.
Lecture Series No. 2
EDUCATION AND SOCIETY
1. Understand the meaning of those terms and how they can be applied in the
educational setting.
a. Social group
Social group refers to any system of social relationship in which members have a
culture that defines the roles and statuses from which members are differentiated from
non-members.
Our experts have analyzed the social groups that form at school to help us
understand how each child functions as a social person in the school environment.
Everyone who has ever gone to school is aware that there is a social status
hierarchy in school. It is very painful to think that our own children are being ranked
in some way by the group, but it happens. However, these groupings should not be
used as measurements for comparing or changing kids to make them more popular.

b. Social status
Social status refers to the position or rank of the individual in a group in relation
to others. It includes the set of privileges one enjoys and the duties expected of the
status occupied by the individual.
It can be applied in educational setting particularly in electing officers. Here,
pupils will realize that social status is not the requirement in selecting classroom
officers but based on the ability of a child.
c. Social class
Social class is the division of people in society by their relationship to the means
of production those who own a large portion of societys wealth and those who
exercise control over other people who have less in life.
Social class is a persistent reality that defines the way any one of us approaches
life. A teacher may set out to make students learn the study skills needed for math in a
given class but if the classroom is an economically weak neighborhood and the
worksheets refer to problems with people spending enormous amounts on luxury
goods, one can readily see the disconnect between student and lesson here. In this
case, the worksheet may well distract a student from learning the intended skill for
that day.
d. Social mobility
It refers to movement up or down the socio-economic ladder that changes a
persons status in society. It can be used to explain to learners that life is uncertain.
Someones on top will not always be on top, likewise those persons at the bottom will
not always be in the same status.
e. Relationships
A social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more
individuals. Social relations derived from individual agency form the basis of social structure
and the basic object for analysis by social scientists.
It may be used in the educational setting in building good relationships among pupils,
teachers and administrators.

f. Formal organization
Most of the organizations of this nature may have a set of officer and a
constitution and by laws in which are highly flexible. It can be used in making
different organizations in school.
g. Social standing
Social standing is one's position in society. This will help to educate pupils that
there are persons in the school that are in authority; therefore, they should have
respect to them. For instance, in a school, they should respect teachers.

h. Social organization
Social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals
and groups. It can be used in building a god relationship among learners.
i. Informal organization
Informal organization refers to a small group the members of which are tied to
one another as persons. The group is characterized by informal and face to face
relations, mutual aid, cooperation and companionship. The members of informal
organizations work together not in their official capacities but as persons. They share
their hopes and fears, their joys and sorrows. The informal organizations consist of
only rules and not statuses. Here there is no authority but only leadership.
j. In-group
In this group, an individual identifies himself and is given a sense of belonging.
We can use in-group in making all the learners have a feeling of belongingness.
2. What are the kinds of groups that you commonly observe in school? Describe their
properties and how you can use them to enhance teaching learning activities.
Kinds of groups that I commonly observe in school are the in-group and the peer
group. An in-group is characterized by a feeling of solidarity, camaraderie and a
protective or sympathetic attitude toward the other members. The peer group is a group
where the members are approximately equal in age and social economic status.
I can use in-group and peer group in group activities. I will let them form their
own group. After that, they are going to show what their groups are. They will compare
their group to other groups and vice versa. The teacher will make them understand and
respect each group.
3. Why are collective behaviour and social movements important for making people
aware of economic, political and environment values?
Collective behaviour and social movements are important for making people
aware of economic, political and environment values because these will enable people to
interact with each other. There will be changing of ideas regarding the said matters and
issues. We will be able to gather ideas from different point of views that will help us come
up with one and desirable economic, political and environment values.
4. How are people in a given society ranked? Why do you think so? Give specific
example to show that these rankings are true in your family, community and the
school where you are teaching.
People in a given society were ranked according to their position in the society
and with their wealth. This is happening because these people are very influential. In a
family, father and mother are the heads which means that they are the persons in

authority. Children should obey them because what they have is from their parents. In a
community, those elected officers are regards for having the highest rank because they
are chosen by people. They are the persons to whom people go through whenever they
need something. In a school, the principal holds the highest rank and next are teachers.
The pupils/students should follow and respect them because they are the ones who impart
knowledge to them. Teachers and principals are the persons in authority.
5. Do you consider Filipinos as status-conscious? Cite specific instances to support
your view.
I consider Filipinos as status-conscious because many of us do our best to have a
good status in our society. We want to earn money because we know that those who have
wealth are respected and admired. One thing is, we like to go with people who are in
high status because they can provide our needs and they can protect us. Just like in what
is happening today in our society, persons that are related to influential people can do
their intent in an easier way. Its sad to say that those who are close to the officials will
be the one to first get blessings from the government. Thats a values that a Filipinos
should eliminate.
Lecture Series No. 3
EDUCATION AND SOCIALIZATION
1. Explain the term looking glass self.
The concept of the looking glass self emphasizes that the self is a product of
our social interaction with other people. According to Cooley, a person understands
himself through the eyes of others. He learns to judge himself based on how he thinks
others judge him.
2. Differentiate the theories of socialization. Which one would you support as the most
functional theory in the development of the social self of an individual? Why?
The theories of socialization are the following: Reinforcement Theory, The
Cognitive Theory, The Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Theory.
Reinforcement Theory claims that an individual can be conditioned to act in any
way if the appropriate rewards and punishments are repeatedly applied. The Cognitive
Theory is concerned with the internal state of the individual, his perception and his
increasing abstract reasoning ability as he continue to learn at his various stage of
development. According to Symbolic Interaction Theory, language is important to bring
about a development of the self. Interpersonal Theory emphasizes that human beings are
the product of their relationships with others who have significant influences.
Among these theories, I think the most functional theory in the development of the
social self of an individual is the Interpersonal Theory. It is because this theory,

individuals develop many ways of relating to others which are designed to reduce tension
and conflict and will lead to social development.
3. Discuss the progress of socialization. What are the functions of the following agents
of socialization in bringing about the social development of the individual,
particularly the learner?
a. Family
Family is considered as the basic unit in the society. The family is the
main link between the individual and society. This is where the child gains the
first experiences in love, affection, kindness, sympathy and the life. The child gets
oriented into the culture of the group, its norms, goals and types of consensus and
sanctions. The parents exert a great influence on the childs attitude and
standards of what is right and wrong.
b. Peer group
The peer group is one of the most important agents of socialization. There
are some things that they can acquire in their peer group that they cannot get
from their families especially as they grow older. This is where the child gains
freedom, learns experiences, influences norms, values, interests and activities of
its members, and develops a stable personality identity.
c. The Church
The Church provides for the spiritual and moral needs of the child.
Children learn the norms of conduct and codes of behaviour set forth by religious
organizations as guides for behaviour. In the church, what is right and wrong are
delineated and rewards and punishments are established.
4. Whose function is it to bring about primary socialization process? Explain your
answer and cite specific examples.
Primary socialization process should bring about by the family. Family is the
basic unit and the building block of social life. It is the foundation of socialization
process. Family is also the people to whom we interact most of the time. They are very
influential to us.
Lecture Series No. 4
EDUCATION: STATUS, SOCIAL ORDER, CONCERN AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

1. Using the subjective approach, how do you rank yourself or your family? Do you
belong to the upper, middle or lower class? Why? Explain your answer on the basis
of status, role, power, privileges and other indications you think will support your
answer.

My family belongs to middle class society. We dont belong to wealthy families

and we are not also those people who are in lower class. We are just in the middle class,
we are in the middle status, we do our role and we are not that powerful.
2. How are people in a given society ranked? Why? Give specific examples to show
that these rankings are true in your family, community or school.
People in a given society come to be ranked with respect to one another in terms
of the contributions of the individuals who occupy certain positions to the welfare of the
group, community or organization. Consider for example in a school setting, the
principal, the teacher and the students. Inevitably three different statuses arise which will
be treated and evaluated differently. Some will be considered more important than the
others.
3. What is social control? How does social control bring about stability and social
order in a given society? In a school setting what measures/policies can you
implement that will bring about social control? Justify your answer.
Social control is the techniques and strategies for regulating human behaviour in
any society. It is the means by which members of the society attempt to induce each other
to comply with the societys norms.
In a school setting, I will let the class to elect their officers. One type of social
control is involved which is the formal control that involves the sanction from officials.
Force is used in the form of laws and formal punishment to compel a required minimum
obedience and conformity.
4. Differentiate the following and show how they are related to one another.
a. Social Class Social Status
Social class is the division of people in society by their relationship to the means
of production those who own a large portion of societys wealth and those who
exercise control over other people who have less in life.
Social status is the position that one occupies in the society.
Social class is related to social status as people do different things engage in
different activities and pursue different vocations. These different statuses come to be
ranked with respect to one another in terms of the contributions of the individuals
who occupy certain positions to the welfare of the group, community or organization.
b. Social Status Social Role
Social status is the position that one occupies in the society while social role is
the behaviour of one who hold a particular status.
c. Social Control Social Order
Social control is the technique and strategies for regulating human behaviour in
any society.

Social order refers to a particular set or system of linked social structures,

institutions, relations, customs, values and practices, which conserve, maintain and
enforce certain patterns of relating and behaving.
5. Identify and differentiate the forms of deviant behaviour. Cite specific examples in
your family, community or school where deviant behaviour is observed. What are
the causes and what solutions were made to bring about behavioural change and
conformity?
The different forms of deviant behaviour are innovation, ritualism, retreatism and
rebellion. Innovation refers to the use of illicit techniques to achieve desired ends.
Ritualism results when one who cannot achieve individual goals gives up but continues to
conform to prevailing rules in order to cover up the anxieties created by the reduced level
of aspirations. Retreatism means an individual who tries to escape from a situation and
gives up all sanctioned means to reach them. Rebellion results from the frustration
generated by very limited opportunities to reach goals and leads to alienation from the
norms, standards and institutions by which the goals are achieved.
6. What is the role of the school in bringing about conformity to acceptable norms and
justifiable in all social classes? Why?
School is the formal agency of socializing children into the society. It is in the
school where the emotional and intellectual growth of the child is forged. The school
prepares the child to take in various roles in society by equipping the child with
knowledge, discipline and training in their responsibilities. The school teaches them to
accept and understand the norms of diverse classes.

Lecture Series No. 5

EDUCATION AND THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE
1. Explain the statement What is good and moral in one culture may be wrong and
immoral in another. Cite specific situation to elucidate your answer further.
Culture is diverse. Each culture is different. Ones way of life or ones way of
doing things is not the only right or practical way. The concept of what is right and what
is wrong is based on cherished ideals which we refer to as values. For instance, in
Cordilleran culture, they place the dead body of their love ones in their backyard but for
us here in Pangasinan, it is wrong and nobody does that. We have different culture, so all
we have to do is to respect.

2. Identify the different material and non-material culture in your environment, in

your school, or classroom.
The material culture found in my environment, in my school and classroom
includes books, machines, tools, clothing and other equipment. Knowledge, social norms,
laws, fashions and ideas are the non-material culture in my society where I belong.
3. Discuss in your own words the meaning of the following concepts:
a. Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the view to regard ones culture as the best and better
than others.
b. Folkways
Folkways are customary behaviour patterns of society that are organized
and repetitive.
c. Cultural relativity
Cultural relativity is an alternative to ethnocentrism. It is an approach
which posits that all cultures are of equal value and need to be studied from a
neutral point of view. It is where ones beliefs and activities should be
interpreted in terms of ones own culture.
d. Accommodation
Accommodation refers to the conscious efforts of human being to develop
such working arrangements among themselves so as to suspend conflict and
make their relations more tolerable and less wasteful energy.

e. Culture shock
Culture shock is a feeling of confusion, doubt, nervousness and
uncertainty sometimes with feelings of anxiety that may affect people exposed
to an alien culture or environment without adequate preparation.
4. In what ways are the following characteristics of culture carried out in our schools:
a. Culture is learned and acquired
An individual acquires culture through learning via language and writing,
enabling him or her to pass this succeeding generation. Culture is also
learned by conforming with socially accepted and established traditional
norms of conduct.
In a school, teachers are responsible to teach different cultures to their
pupils. In the teaching-learning process, culture is learned and acquired by
the learners and even by the teachers.
b. Culture is shared and transmitted

Social interaction is made meaningful by the shared beliefs, values and

expectations of people. In a classroom setting, pupils have diverse culture.
Because of the fact that most of the time they are with their classmate, theres
a possibility of sharing and transmitting of culture.
c. Culture is cumulative
Knowledge is stored and passed on to the succeeding generation and new
knowledge is added to what is existing, while information which are no longer
useful are slowly discarded.
Culture is cumulative as in the school setting. Teachers teach culture and
this will add to the existing knowledge that the learners already have.
d. Culture is adaptive and dynamic
Culture is continually changing because new ideas and new techniques
are added and old ways are constantly modified and discarded.
e. Culture is social
Culture is the result of a groups habits and experiences that are passed on
from generation to the next for posterity.

Lecture Series No. 6

CULTURE IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. Do you believe that culture is important in the development of any human being and
a society as a whole? Why? Elucidate your answer by citing specific situations that
manifests the importance of culture to human development.
I believe that culture is important in the development of any human being and
society as a whole because culture is a powerful force in the life of all people. Culture
influences who we love and hate and it determines how these and other emotions can be
expressed. It provides rules of conduct for living in society and it answers questions
about human existence beyond this world. Like for instance, in our community, if there is
no culture, there are no laws that we are following to have peace and order. Our society
will suffer a lot if there is no culture.
2. There are important elements that characterize a culture from one another or from
one society to another which includes language, arts, and religion. How does each

one transmit, preserve and influence the practice and continuation of a given
culture. How did it influence the present culture that we have now as Filipinos?
Language is the central feature of all human cultures. It is one of the important
sources of permanence for the culture. Only man has language and only through
language can we transmit culture. Language has the capability of undergoing the leaning
process. Because of language we are still embracing the culture they had before and still
influencing the present culture that we have now.
Art is defined as the process and product of human skills, imagination and
invention. Arts can communicate ideas, attitudes and values. It preserves, reinforces and
transmits beliefs, customs and traditions. This is true especially those with historical
value. This is contained in poetry, Bible, etc. that we still have now. It is one proof that
through arts, nature is transmitted, reserved and influenced the practice and continuation
of a given culture.
Religion means to bind together, the bond with God and man. It is recognized
as one of the societys important institutions. It is part of mans cultural system and plays
a very significant role in the lives of people. Religion influences the present culture that
we have now through its teachings.
3. What advantages and disadvantages does religion have in the development of
individuals particularly to teachers, students/pupils and administrators?
As manifested in religions, they function to: a)give people peace of mind;
b)preserve and solidify society; c)create a community of believers; d)reinforce social
norms; e)regulate the value system of society; f)provide answers to ultimate questions;
g)provides societies with rites of passage; h)reconcile people to hardships; and
i)cultivate social change
In contrast, there are disadvantages of religions. These are to: a) legitimize
inequities; b) stifle social change; c) inhibit the search for new truths and ideas; d) cause
conflict and stimulate warfare; and e) divide society.
4. Elucidate on the statement, language is an instrument that brings about the
accumulation of knowledge.
Language is an important tool for communication. It is the systematized use of
speech and hearing to communicate feelings and ideas. The main function of language is
to transmit knowledge, experiences values, belief, way of life, old and new inventions and
discoveries. It has enabled man to systematize a system of norms which regulates his
interrelationship with others.
5. Do you believe that teaching is an art? If yes, why and how can you apply art in
your day to day teaching?
Yes I believed that teaching is an art because teaching is a product and process of
human skills, imagination and invention. Art transmits culture and teaching also does the
same. I will use art in my day to day teaching using different techniques and strategies

that will enhance the teaching-learning process. Students will learn not in the usual way
like lectures but in an extraordinary way where they can learn and at the same time
enjoy.
Lecture Series No. 7
VALUES AND VALUES EDUCATION
1. Describe the process of valuing. Cite specific example.
The process of valuing through Values Education uses five approaches. Each of
the approaches has a view of human nature, as well as purposes and methods used in the
approach. For example, the inculcation approach has a basic view of human nature as a
reactive organism. The analysis and values clarification approaches, on the other hand,
view human being as primarily active. The moral development approach views human
nature as going back and forth between active and reactive, whereas the action learning
approach views human nature as interactive.
2. As a teacher, what are the important values you should possess, justify the need for
the values you mentioned.
As a teacher, I should possess positive values. These values produce good effects
upon the recipients when practiced but place the supposed recipients of the action at the
disadvantage when not. It is needed because we have our pupils that rely on us. They are
good imitators, so we have to be a good role model.
3. It has been said that there is a continuing deterioration in the values of a greater
majority of Filipinos. Do you agree with this assumption? Why and why not? What
can you do as a teacher to strengthen values integration and development especially
among students?
I strongly agree with the assumption that there is a continuing deterioration in the
values of a greater majority of Filipinos. We can observe that nowadays as we watch and
read news in the television and in other kinds of media. It is sad to say that people
already forgot the values that our forefathers taught us.
To strengthen values integration and development especially among my
students/pupils, I will make them realize that bad values cause bad and good values
cause good. I will let them observe what is happening in our society and let them realize
that they should be good persons that will change the world that they have now. They will
together make a change.
4. Make an assessment of the Values Education Program of the Makabayan
Curriculum and make corresponding recommendation you may have to make it
responsive to the urgent needs for moral recovery.

It was emphasized that Makabayan will be the laboratory of life or a practice

environment for holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identity.
Therefore, to attain the goal, the students should have a good understanding of the
Philippine history, the political and economic system, local cultures, crafts, literature,
arts, music and games.
5. Define the meaning of values to you as a teacher, as a citizen and as a student for
life.
As a teacher, I define values as the things that we should possess and should
impart to our learners. For me, good values are more important than knowledge. So as a
teacher, we should teach not only with mind, but also with a heart.
As a citizen, values are the bases for living. We should act acceptable values for
us to be accepted by the society.
As a student, values are acts that ones should possess to be accepted by peers.

Lecture Series No. 8

EDUCATION AND PHILIPPINE CULTURAL VALUES
1. How can you inculcate and shape values in your school? Cite specific examples.
I will inculcate and shape values in my school by being a good role model of good
values. Pupils are good imitators, so we must act what a teacher should act. Lets make
our pupils a better and mature individual that has values acceptable to his/her society.
2. What are the values of Filipinos you consider your strengths? Your weaknesses?
Explain your answer.
Filipino values like faith and religiosity, hospitality, and debt of gratitude are my
strengths. These values give a positive impact to me and show good and acceptable
values. My weaknesses are having extreme personalism and extreme family-centeredness.
In extreme personalism, a typical Filipino views the social environment in terms of
personal relationships. Extreme family-centeredness results in the lack of concern for the
common good for there is a use of ones office and power to promote the interests of ones
family. Moreover, too much dependence of members on the family deprives them of
enough leeway to be able to know themselves better and understand others.
3. Given the present social predicament in our country characterized by many social
ills/problems, what recommendations can you make to bring about moral recovery?

Moral recovery should begin from the top. Leaders should start the change and
be a good role to model to the people because they are influential. Education is also
helpful in the recovery of moral. Teachers should educate the young about these social
ill/problems.
4. Why do we need values in life?
We need values in life because these are used as points of reference or criteria for
recognizing, expressing and evaluating social realities in the environment in terms of
their desirability, importance, significance, worth, quality, merit, price and usefulness.