KeyFeatures

DefiningRFComponents
WorkingwithSparameters
DesigningRFNetworks

ModelingwithRationalFunctions

KeyFeatures
RFfilters,transmissionlines,amplifiers,andmixersspecifiedbymeasurementdata,
networkparameters,orphysicalproperties
SparametercalculationforRFcomponentnetworks
RFBudgetAnalyzerappforcalculatingnoisefigure,gain,andIP3ofRFtransceiversand
forgeneratingSimRFtestbenches
RationalfunctionfittingmethodforbuildingmodelsandexportingthemasSimulinkblocks
orVerilogAmodules
DeembeddingofNportSparametersmeasurementdata
ConversionamongS,Y,Z,ABCD,h,g,andTnetworkparameters
RFdatavisualizationusingrectangularandpolarplotsandSmithCharts

SmithChart
showinginput
(blue)and
output(red)
stability
circlesofan
amplifier
characterized
byitsS

parameters.
Thecircles
withconstant
availablegain
(yellow)and
constant
noisefigure
(purple)can
beusedto
findtheinput
andoutput
matching
conditionsfor
minimizing
thenoise
figureand
maximizing
gain.

DefiningRFComponents
AkeychallengeinRFengineeringisaccountingforimpedancedifferenceandreflection
effectsthatoccurwhencomponentsareconfiguredintoanetwork.RFToolboxrepresents
anRFcomponentbyitsnetworkparameters,whicharesufficienttodetermineitssmallsignal
response.RFToolboxcandeterminethenetworkparametersandsmallsignalresponseof
anyconfigurationcontainingRFcomponents.Youcanusethiscapabilityinthedesignof
matchingnetworks.
RFToolboxenablesyoutospecifyRFfilters,transmissionlines,amplifiers,andmixers,either
directlyorbytheirphysicalproperties.Networkparameterscanbegeneratedfromwithin
MATLAB(http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/)orreadinfromexternaldata.
Youcanreadandwriteindustrystandarddatafileformats,suchasTouchstone.Youcanalso
specifycomponents,suchaslumpedRLCelementsandtransmissionlines,bytheirphysical
properties.RFToolboxcalculatesthecorrespondingnetworkparameters.
UsingRFToolbox,youcandefinecomponentsinthefollowingways:
GeneralcircuitelementsusingdatafromTouchstone.snp,.ynp,.znp,and.hnpfiles
RLCelementsusingtheirnominalvalues
Transmissionlines,usingthelines'geometriesandelectricalproperties

Reading
measurement
dataforthe
linear
responseof
anamplifier
froma2port
Touchstone
fileand
visualizing
thedatawith
aplotofS
parameter
magnitude.

WorkingwithSparameters
RFToolboxprovidesfunctionstotransformandmanipulateSparameterdatasoyoucangain
insightsintoit.Measured2NportSparameterdatacanbedeembedded
(http://www.mathworks.com/help/rf/ug/deembedsparams.html)byremovingtheeffectsof
testfixturesandaccessstructures.Singleendedmeasurementscanbetransformedinto
differentialorothermixedmodeformats(http://www.mathworks.com/help/rf/ug/process
filedataforanalysis.html).Youcanalsoconvertandreorder
(http://www.mathworks.com/help/rf/ug/snp2smp.html)singleendedNportSparameters
tosingleendedMportSparameters.

Ascriptforde
embeddingthe
effectsof

measurements
padsfromthe
Sparameters
ofanamplifier
(left).Smith
chartshowing
theS11
parameterof
themeasured
(blue)andde
embedded
(red)network
(right).

WithRFToolboxyoucanchoosetheappropriateformatforyourtaskbyconvertingamongS,
Y,Z,ABCD,h,g,andTnetworkparameterformats.Forexample,youcanchooseY
parametersforcalculatingnetworkparametersofRLCcircuits,Tparametersfortheanalysis
ofcascadedelements,andSparametersforvisualizingfrequencyresponses.Inaddition,you
canconvertSparameterstoSparameterswithdifferentreferenceimpedances.

Network
parameter
conversions
supported
byRF
Toolbox.

DesigningRFNetworks
RFToolboxhelpsyoubuildnetworksofRFcomponents.Inadditiontocalculatingthesmall
signalfrequencyresponse,RFToolboxcalculatesinputandoutputreflectioncoefficients,
stabilityfactors,noisefigures,andthirdorderinterceptpoints(IP3)forcascadedcomponents.
WiththeRFBudgetAnalyzerapp
(http://www.mathworks.com/help/rf/examples/superheterodynereceiverusingrf
budgetanalyzerapp.html)youcanbuildandanalyzeacascadeofRFcomponentsand
automaticallygenerateaSimRF(http://www.mathworks.com/products/simrf/)modeland
testbenchforcircuitenvelopesimulation.TheRFBudgetAnalyzerappletsyourapidlystart
modelingRFtransmittersandreceiversforwirelessapplicationsandvalidatesimulation
resultsindifferentoperatingconditionsbycomparingthemwithanalyticalpredictions.

Exampleof
anRFchain
analyzed
withtheRF
Budget
Analyzer
app.Filters
described
usingS
parameters,
mixers,and
amplifiers
are
cascaded
andthe
resulting
power,gain,
noisefigure,
IP3,and
SNRare
computedat
eachstage,
takinginto
accountthe
operating
frequency
and
impedance
mismatches.

ModelingwithRationalFunctions
YoucanuseRFToolboxtofitdatadefinedinthefrequencydomain(suchasSparameters)
withanequivalentLaplacetransferfunction
(http://www.mathworks.com/help/rf/ug/rationalfit.html).Forexample,youcanmodel
singleendedanddifferentialhighspeedtransmissionlinesusingrationalfunctions.Thistype
ofmodelisusefulinsignalintegrityengineering,wherethegoalisthereliableconnectionof
highspeedsemiconductordevicesusing,forexample,backplanesandprintedcircuitboards.

Rationalfunctionfittingprovidesthefollowingadvantagesovertraditionaltechniques,suchas
inversefastFouriertransform:
Simplermodelsforagivenaccuracy
Modelorderreduction,lettingyoutradeoffcomplexityandaccuracy
ZerophaseonextrapolationtoDC,avoidingtheneedtowriteelaborateconstraint
algorithms
Physicalcorrespondencebetweenthemodelandtransmissionlinecharacteristics,
providinggreaterinsight
Causalmodelingofthesystem
Inthetypicalsignalintegrityworkflow(http://www.mathworks.com/solutions/mixed
signalsystems/devices.html),youuseRFToolboxafteryoucharacterizethebackplane
withNportnetworkparametersandbeforeyoubeginthedesignofthehighspeed
semiconductorI/Ocircuitry.Specifically,you:
Measurethenetworkparameterswithavectornetworkanalyzer
ImporttheTouchstonedatafile
Convertthesingleended2NportSparameterstoNportdifferentialSparameters
Computethetransferfunctionofthedesiredandinterferingchannel
Fitthetransferfunctiontoaclosedformrationalfunctionmodel,reducingtheorderas
needed
ExportthemodeltoSimulink(http://www.mathworks.com/products/simulink/)orin
VerilogAformatforuseasatestenvironmentinaSPICElikeanalogcircuitsimulator,
whichyouusetodesigntheI/Ocircuitry

Frequency
response(left)of
arational
functionmodel
(blue)created
frommeasured
Sparameters
(red).Themodel
wasusedto
modela
backplane
operatingat2
Gbps(center)
andtocreatean
eyediagram
(right)with
Communications
SystemToolbox
foranalyzing
intersymbol

interference.

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