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Hume
Empiricism
Skepticism
Empiricism
Empiricism (from Greek empeirikos, experienced)
Reliance on experience as the source of ideas and
knowledge. Information about the world must be
acquired by a posteriori means, so that nothing can be
thought without first being sensed.
Skepticism
Skepticism (skeptomai, to look about, to consider)
The doctrine that absolute knowledge or knowledge in
a particular area is uncertain or doubtful.
Protagoras
Pythagoras
Heraclitus
Parmenides
impression
impression
idea
Simple
impression
Complex
impression
Simple idea
Complex idea
Imaginary Objects
+
(Complex)
Impression of a Horse
(Complex)
Impression of a Horn
(Complex)
Idea of a Unicorn
impression
idea
Thesis
Thesis: All simple ideas are derived from,
correspondent to, and exactly represent
simple impressions.
Two Proofs
1) Constant conjunction shows the connection
is not from chance. The order of dependence
is found in the order of succession: the
impression always comes first, so the idea
depends on it.
Two Proofs
Exception?
Missing Shade of Blue Example
Metaphor of Theater
The mind is a kind of theatre, where several
perceptions successively make their
appearance; pass, re-pass, glide away, and
mingle in an infinite variety of postures and
situations. There is properly no simplicity in it
at one time, nor identity in different [times];
whatever natural propension we may have to
imagine that simplicity and identity. The
comparison of the theatre must not mislead
us. They are the successive perceptions
only, that constitute the mind; nor have we
the most distant notion of the place, where
these scenes are represented, or of the
materials, of which it is composed (IP 295).
Criticism 1
1. Responsibility: If the self is for always changing,
if I am not the same self now as I was ten years
ago, ten days ago, or even ten seconds ago,
what are we to make of the idea of
accountability, responsibility, and guilt? How are
we to go about deciding questions of right and
responsibility for crimes?
Criticism 2
2. Substance vs. Continuity Criterion: Yet, is it
really true to say that the self changes because
the body changes? Am I different because I
have shaved today? Is it not natural for
something like a tree or person to grow? Would
it not be precisely what it is (i.e. a tree) if it
didn't grow?
Same Tree?
A Final Reflection
Clearly, whatever happens to something has,
in some sense, to be allowed for in its very
concept.
For example, I can take the same bus, without it
actually being the same bus!