Part E - answers

Read the text below and think of the word which best ts each space. Use only ONE word in each
space. There is an example at the beginning.

Version 1
TWO CREATURES OF THE PAST MAMMOTHS AND MASTODONS
The elephant has
SOME
distant relatives called mammoths, which lived in the Stone 1) Age .
More than 15,000 years 2) ago people painted pictures of them on cave walls. Then, astonishingly, in
1799, a man walking along the banks of the River Lena in Siberia 3) made a startling discovery. Peering
into a wall of ice, he could just see the shape of a massive, hairy mammoth, apparently looking out 4) at
him. He immediately ran 5) away in terror, but several days later he found the courage to return and cut
the mammoths tusks its two enormous teeth out of the ice to sell 6) them . Mammoth tusks are the
biggest teeth of any known creature, some reaching a length of ve metres. These tusks were put to good
use, protecting the mammoths young from other animals, and brushing away snow.
To most of us, mammoths are probably the 7) most familiar of the elephants extinct relatives, but thousands
of years earlier, in the woodlands of eastern North America, lived another of the elephants relatives called
the mastodon. Like mammoths, mastodons may also have had a hairy coat, but 8) while/whilst mammoths
mainly ate grass on the plains, mastodons preferred to eat twigs and leaves.
mastodons became extinct. However, computer studies of the decrease in
We do not know 9) why
mammoth numbers suggest that it was a particular combination of over-hunting by humans, and changes in
the climate at that time 10) which/that led to their disappearance.

Version 2
DEVELOPMENTS IN UNDERWATER DIVING
People have been diving without mechanical aids
SINCE
ancient times. In those days, divers mainly
went underwater to search 1) for pearls or sponges. Various ways of supplying divers with air, and so
permitting them to stay underwater for long periods of time, have been tried for well 2) over two thousand
years. Alexander the Great is said to have gone underwater in an early 3) kind/sort/type/model of diving
machine, and Aristotle talked about apparatus 4) that/which permitted divers to breathe underwater.
It was not until the beginning of the 18th century that more advanced equipment was developed. In 1717,
the rst practical diving machine, or diving bell 5) as it was called, was invented. This was a small wooden
room with an open bottom, glass windows at the top to 6) let/allow in light, and a supply of air coming
through leather tubes. Something similar, made of steel, is in use today for underwater work, 7) such as
building the foundations of bridges.
However, 8) if divers want to move freely underwater, they require a suit. Early suits were made up of a
leather jacket with a metal helmet over the head into which air was pumped down from the surface through
tubes. Divers gained even 9) more/greater freedom of movement when they could 10) get rid of these
tubes and carry their own air with them in cylinders.

Version 3
BEARS
Scientists in the United States
HAVE
found that hibernating bears manage to keep t in 1) their
sleep. The discovery that over 130 days of winter hibernation bears lose 2) only/just a quarter of their
muscle power 3) was made by researchers from the University of Wyoming. The scientists took samples
from black bears at the start and nish of the hibernation. The researchers 4) had/wanted to carefully
attach devices to the bears and this meant creeping into the caves in the autumn and spring. They attached
a machine to the bears legs for measuring muscle strength. The device was connected to a computer
5) and very small electric shocks were sent to the bears nerves causing the legs to move suddenly and
the measurement was then taken.
The scientists are optimistic that their research will enable them to help humans 6) that/who are conned
to bed for a long 7) time . Human beings that are inactive for 130 days lose an estimated 90% 8) of___
their body strength. Furthermore, in the future 9) there might be long-distance space travel and the effects
of 10) lack of muscle movement will need to be considered.

Version 4
THE MODEL T FORD
The age of the car started
ON
the 12th August 1908, when the rst Model T Ford rolled off 1) the
worlds rst assembly line. From the beginning demand was high and orders came in from all over the world.
Henry Ford quickly realized that the company 2) would have to expand quickly to meet demand. As a
result, he introduced the idea of the mass production line.
However, the company still 3) had/faced problems meeting the orders so he decided to open another
branch in Kansas City. Two years later, the company 4) started/began/was/were producing cars on
a moving assembly line. An ofcial history of Ford says In October 1913 mass production 5) of
the
automobile began. Before this, Ford 6) had only been able to organize men and components in order
7) to improve the efciency of the Model, but the moving assembly line improved the speed of chassis
assembly from 12 hours to only 1 hour 33 minutes.
In 1914 Ford produced 308,162 cars in his factories, 8) which was more than all the other manufacturers
combined. The age of 9) the car had denitely arrived and the car would become the most 10) important/
popular/common means of transport in the 20th century.

Version 5
VISIT ANGKOR WAT
From the 9th to the 14th centuries,
WHEN
Europe was still struggling out of the Dark Ages,
the Cambodian Empire of Angkor covered most of present-day Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand.
The heart of this empire during the 12th century was the ancient capital of Angkor Thom, near present day
Siem Reap, the site of the worlds largest temple complexes, 1) which were rediscovered in 1861. This
spectacular city 2) was built over 30 years under the reign of King Suryavarman II (1113-1150). The area
covers about 400 square kilometres and is full of 3) the nest examples of Khmer art and architecture.
Tourists are always amazed at the scale of the place.
In Angkor Wat you will nd more 4) than 100 stone monuments and temple buildings, each of 5) which
contains countless statues, sculptures and reliefs that have weathered extremely little over the 6) last/past
800 years. To see the whole thing can 7) take several days. The most important temples 8) to visit in the
area are Angkor Wat, especially 9) at sunrise or sunset; Angkor Thom, the remains of the capital; Ta Prohm,
a palace overgrown 10) by jungle; and Bayon.

Version 6
BULLY FOR YOU
The makers
OF
a controversial computer game about bullying 1) have decided to go ahead and
launch it despite calls for it to be banned. In the game, players take on the role of a new student at a school and
have to ght the bullies, by punching them or hitting them 2) with/using a baseball bat.
Critics have said that the game encourages violence, but the makers deny this and say that, while there is
violence in the game, it is just an amusing look at school life, besides which, the violence in the game is
directed 3) against the bullies to protect pupils who are 4) being bullied. The makers also say that
players will learn to stand 5) up to bullies.
A British politician, a former minister, has called for it 6) to be banned as it might affect the 7) way
people perceive violence.

young

Anti-bullying charities have said 8) that the game might make people respond violently to bullies, 9) which
might make things more complicated and result 10) in injuries.

Version 7
THE DIGITAL DIVIDE
A recent survey
HAS
shown that the number of people in 1) the United Kingdom who do not
intend to get internet access has risen. These people, who are known as net refuseniks, make up 44% of
UK households, or 11.2 million people 2) in total.
The research also showed that more 3) than 70 percent of these people said that they were not interested
in 4) getting/being connected to the internet. This number has risen from just over 50% in 2005, with
most giving lack of computer skills 5) as a reason for not getting internet access, though some also said
it was 6) because of the cost.
More and more people are getting broadband and high speed net is available almost 7) everywhere/anywhere
in the UK, but there are still a 8) signicant/large/great/(big - slang)
number of people 9) who/that
refuse to take the rst step.
The cost of getting online is going down and internet speeds are increasing, so many see the main challenge
to be explaining the relevance of the internet to this group. This would encourage them to get connected
before they are left too far behind. The gap between those who have access to and use the internet is the
digital divide, and if the gap continues to widen, 10) those without access will get left behind and miss out
on many opportunities, especially in their careers.

Version 8

THE FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

Ada Lovelace was the daughter
OF
the poet Lord Byron. She 1) was taught by Mary Somerville,
a well-known researcher and scientic author, 2) who introduced her to Charles Babbage in June 1833.
Babbage was an English mathematician, who rst had the idea for a programmable computer.
In 1842 and 1843, Ada translated the work 3) of an Italian mathematician, Luigi Menabrea, on Babbages
Analytical Engine. Though mechanical, this machine was an important step in the history of computers; it
was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer. Babbage worked on it for many years 4) until
his death in 1871. However, 5) because of nancial, political, and legal issues, the engine was 6) never/
not built. The design of the machine was very modern; it anticipated the rst completed general-purpose
computers by about 100 years.
When Ada translated the article, she added a set of notes 7) which/that specied in complete detail a
method for calculating certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which have since been recognized 8)
by
historians as the worlds rst computer program. She also saw possibilities in it that Babbage hadnt:
she realised that the machine 9) could compose pieces of music. The computer programming language
Ada, used in some aviation and military programs, is named 10) after her.