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The angle of path of insertion is maintained by maintaining the tilt determined for the
primary cast. To achieve this degree of tilt for the master cast, tripoding the primary
cast is done. If the path of insertion of the primary cast is not used for the master cast,
all the prosthetic mouth preparation procedures (rest seat preparation, guide plane
preparation dimpling, etc discussed later) done in relation to the path of insertion of
the primary cast will become useless. Hence, it is very important for us to preserve the
tilt of the primary cast. The orientation of the cast is recorded during surveying.
Recording the spatial orientation of the cast is done by a procedure called tripoding.
Tripoding is a very simple procedure, wherein three different widely spaced out points
of a single plane are marked on the cast (Fig. 18.23). These tripod points are reference
points and should not be altered till the end of treatment. The uses of tripoding include
positioning the master cast and remounting the diagnostic casts (if needed later) on
the surveying table.
Procedure
Tripoding is done after surveying the primary cast
The primary cast is mounted according to the determined tilt on the surveying
table.
A carbon marker trimmed to an angle of 45 is fixed to the mandrel of the
surveying arm.
The height of the horizontal arm is adjusted such that the carbon marker
touches the tissue lingual to the teeth on the cast.
As the surveying arm is moved, two additional points in the cast that come in
contact with the carbon marker, are marked. Since carbon marker is in the
same horizontal plane, all the three points marked using it will also lie in the
same plane (Fig. 18.25).
One technical consideration to be remembered is that the side and not the tip
of the carbon marker should be used to mark the tripoding points. This is
because if the tip is used, it may abrade and provide a faulty reading.
As an alternative to tripoding, the orientation of the cast can also be recorded
by scribing a vertical line on the base of the cast (Fig. 18.25b).
After marking the reference points, the primary cast is removed and the master cast is
placed on the surveying table. Since the additional reference points are located on
distinctive anatomical landmarks, it is easy to locate them on the master cast. The
master cast is adjusted in the surveying table such that the carbon marker in the
surveying arm contacts the additional reference points in the same manner as it did
with the primary cast (Fig. 18.27).
Continuous clasp
Cast circumferential clasp: A clasp that encircles a tooth by more than 180
degrees, including opposite angles, and which usually has total contact with the tooth
(throughout the extent of the clasp), with atleast one terminal being in the infrabulge
(gingival convergence) area - GPT.
Vertical projection clasp / Bar clasp / Roach clasp: A clasp having arms which
are bar type extensions from major connectors or from within the denture base; the
arms pass adjacent to the soft tissues and approach the point or area of contact on the
tooth in a gingivo-occlusal direction - GPT.
Continuous clasp: A metal bar usually resting on the lingual surface of teeth
to aid in their stabilization and to act as an indirect retainer-GPT.
Cast Circumferential Clasp
They are popularly known as Akers clasps. These clasps embrace more than half of
the abutment tooth. They may show a continuous or a limited three-point contact with
the tooth. This architecture helps the clasp to hold the abutment firmly enough to
prevent the rotation of the denture. They approach the undercut from an occlusal
direction.
Advantages:
Easiest clasp to make and repair.
Less food retention
Best when applied in a tooth supported partial denture.
Derives excellent support, bracing and retention.
Disadvantages:
It covers a large tooth surface area. It also alters the Buccolingual width of the
crown (Fig. 18.166). This affects the normal food flow pattern leading to food
accumulation. This causes decalcification of the tooth structure. Damage to
soft tissue will occur due to lack of physiological stimulation.
Difficult to adjust with pliers because of its half-round configuration.
If these clasps are placed high (more occlusally) on the tooth, the width of the
food table increases leading to generation of greater occlusal forces.
All cast circumferential clasps should never be used to engage the
mesiobuccal undercut of an abutment adjacent to the distal edentulous space
(Fig. 18.167). Hence, they cannot be used for cases with an undercut away
from the edentulous space.
Disadvantages:
If sufficient occlusal clearance is not present, the thickness of the clasp
has to be reduced. This will affect the strength of the clasp.
The occlusal rest away from the edentulous space does not protect the
marginal ridge of the abutment tooth adjacent to the edentulous space.
Hence, an additional rest must be placed to provide the necessary
protection.
Poor aesthetics as the clasp runs from the mesial to the distal end of the
facial surface.
Wedging may occur between the abutment and its adjacent tooth if the
occlusal rest is not well prepared.
3. Multiple circlet clasp (Fig. 18.170)
It is a combination of two simple circlet clasps joined at the terminal
end of the reciprocal arms.
It is used for sharing the retention with additional teeth on the same
side of the arch when the principal abutment tooth has poor periodontal
support.
It is a mode of splinting weakened teeth.
Its disadvantages are similar to that of simple and reverse circlet
clasps.
Advantages:
The round configuration of the wrought wire gives two advantages
It has a thin line contact, which collects less debris and is easy to
maintain.
It can flex in all planes.
Disadvantages:
Tedious lab procedures.
Easily breaks or distorts.
Poor stability.
It is a minor connector that connects the retentive tip to the denture base minor
connector. It is semi circular in cross section and should cross the gingival margin at a
right angle. The approach should closely adapt over the soft tissues and cannot be
fabricated over soft tissue undercuts. This is the only flexible minor connector
designed in a RPD.
The approach arm is a minor connector arising from the denture base. It arises
from the edentulous area near the undercut. It runs vertically upwards to the
height of contour of the abutment where it splits into its terminal ends.
The tip of the retentive terminal should always point to the occlusal surface.
The bar clasp should be placed as low as possible on the tooth.
Disadvantages
It does not have 180 encirclement.
Y clasp (Fig. 18.184)
Y clasp is basically a T clasp modified to suit certain abutments where height
of contour is high at faciomesial and faciodistal line angles but low at the
center of the facial surface.
The retentive arm can also be made of wrought wire, which has higher
flexibility. The wire may be soldered to the metal base or embedded in the
resin base.
Advantages:
More aesthetic as it is placed more interproximally.
Increased retention without any tipping action on the abutment.
Resists distortion during handling.
I-bar
It is a modified I type roach clasp introduced by Kratochvil. It has a mesial rest
arising from a major connector, an I-bar retentive arm and a long proximal plate.