KT

7rtr

+
H D

RUTES
FOR STIBIUARII{E
PPELINE SYSTEMS
1981
Thls edition replaces

Reprint with corrections 1982

REP

LA

CD '1

N E tYt

Tl o.J

DET NORSKE VERITAS

HEAD OFFICE: VERITASVEIEN l,1322 HVIK
P.O.BOX 3OO, N-I322 HVIK, NORWAY
TELEGRAMS : VERITAS, OSLO
TELEX:76192
FACSIMILE: (02) 47 98 7l
TELEPHONE (International Nos,): +47 2 4' 99 00
TELEPHONE (National Nos.): (02) 47 99 00

Historical document

oRules for the Deslgn, Constructlon nd Inspecon of

Submerlne Pipelines and Pipellne Risers,', 1976

APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

@Det norske Veritas

l98l

PriRted bv
Der noroke Veris. Oslo

5.81.3000
9.82.2000
7.85. 300
9,86. 300

Historical document

APRIL 30. I98I

-t

PREFACE
VERITAS has published Rules for offshore structures, off'
shore loading systems, process equipment, submarine pipeli
nes etc , and is prepared to issue a Certifcate of Approval for
such installations when found to be designed and constructed
in accordance with the appropriale Rules,

The procedure for obtaining and retaining a Certificate of

Approval is defined in these Rules
The purpose of the Rules is to:

Serve as basic philosophy and rule requirements when

apglyng for certification by VERITAS.
Recommend an international acceptable level of safety

garding strength, serviceability and maintenance.

Serve as a technical reference document in contractual
matters between Owner and Contractor.

and reliability by defining minimum requirements re-

The Rules open for a freedom in choice of technical solutions

to obtain an acceptable safety level. More detailed description
of possible methods satisfying the Rule's requirements, are given in the Appendices to the Rules, Other methods will be accepted provided the same safety level is obtained.
sues Technical Notes, ilhich give further guidelines on specihc problems related to the fulfilment of the Rule's require
ments,

Where VERITAS is recognized as a Certifying Agent by National Authorities. the Rules may serve as a supplement to
any National Regulations which are mandatory.
Although the Rules, the Appendices and the Techncal Notes,
are all prepared with VERITAS' Certificate of Approval in
mind, the publications may be used as guidelines for designers, owners and others not directly involved in the cetihcation process. Where parts of the Rules are copied or applied,
proper reference to the source should be made.

Historical document

In addition to the Rules and Appendices, VERITAS also is-

Historical document

CONTE{TS
Secon I
Generel regulations

t.t

Symbols.

,9

1.2

Technical terms. . .

l0

I.3

Definitions.......

t0

r.3.t

Pipeline system...
Submarine pipeline

l0
0
0

Risersystem.....
Pipelineriser.....
Externalriser....
Internalriser.....

\tr'aves

Current
Corrosivity

2.4
2.4.1

',

.')

2.5

I
I

2.5.t
2.5.2

Ice....

Air and sea temperatures.

Marine gowth

Design temperature.
General
Differentiated design temperatures

I
I

Section 3

Loads

.3.11
.3.12
.3.13
.3.14
.3.15
.3.16
.3.17
.3.18
.3.19
.3.20

I
I

I
I

I
I
I
I
I

.3.21 Gaseous hydrocarbons

.3,22 Fluid

ll
il

I.4.4

The Rules
Application
Amendments.
Alternative methods and procedures
Assumptions

1.5

Certificate of Approval

L5.1

Issuance ofthe Certificate . .

I .5.2
I .5.1

Recommendations. . .
Memoranda to Owner

r.5.4

Withdrawal of Certihcate.

1.6
1.6.

Concept evaluation

l2

General

t2

1.4.2

I.4.3

... . . ,

2
.

General

t2

1.8
1.8.1

Documentation,...,

t3

Submission of documentation . . . . ..
Design phase. .
Fabrication phase .
lnstallation phase .
Filing of documentation. . .. . .. . .. .

2.1

General

2.1 I
2.12

Environmental phenomena . . .
Acceptable environmental data

1.t

2.2

2.2 2
2.2 3
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.

2.3.2
2.3.3

Pipeline roule . .
Location
Route survey
Bottom topography
Seabed proporties

3.3

Environmentalloads.

l7

General
.

3.3.1 General
3.3.2 Wind loads
3.3.3 Hydrodynamc loads, general
3.3.4 Wave loads . .
1.3.5 Current loads .
3.3.6 <Indiect> environmental loads
3.3.7 Ice loads
3.3.8 Accidental loads .

t7

l7
l7
t7

l8
l8
l8
t8

l9
l9
l9

Sectlon 4
Strength and inplace steblllty
4

I General
.l Design analyses.
1.2 Design criteria. .
I .l Design conditions

4 I

4
4

20
20
20
20

-..

4.2

Pipeline/riser during operation .

4.2.t

General

tl

4.2.2
4.2,3

Yielding.

20
20
20

Buckling

2l

Fatigue.

2t

t3

4,2.4
4.2.5

IJ
l3
l3

4.2.6
1.2.7

On-bottom stability.
Propagating ductile fractures . . . ..
Riser supports

4,2.8

Spans.

4,J

Pipeline/risers during installation . .

4.3. t
4.3.2
4.3.3

General

23

Yielding.

4,3.4

Fatigue.

23
24
24

4.4

Piping components and accessories

General

4.4.t

Buckling

Section

22
23
23
23
23

24
24

Material requirements for pipes and piplng components

5

t7

Functional loads during operation. . . . . . .

Functional loads during installation, . . . .

General

r/ind.

Functional loads .

3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3

Environmental conditions . . . .

Tide,

Loading conditions
Design conditions

1.7.t

Section 2
Environment

l't
t7
t7
t7

l2

8.1
I .8.4
I .8.5

Loading conditions and design conditions.

General

Instrumentation for monitoring of the

pipeline system

3.t
l.l.l
3.1 .2
3,1 .3
3.2

I.'l

t.8.2

Installation conditions.
Operational conditions

.3,t0

t,4.1

Internal pipe conditions . . ..., ..

1.4

....

5
5

I General
l.l Vatidity
1.2 Selection of materials
I.3 Material specification

25
25
25
25

Historical document

1.3.2
I .3.3
.3.4
.3.5
.3.6
.3.7
.3.8
.3.9

2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.1
2.3.8
2.3.9

.4

Documentation and identification

line-pipes.
Steel making
Supply condition,
IIeat treatment .. ...
Chemical composition.
lvfechanicaltesting.
Tensile properties
Brittle fracture resistance
Steel for

5.2
5.2. I
5.2.2
5,2.3

5.2,4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7

s.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10

25

6. .5

Reinforcement......

33

......25
.25
.........25
.......25
. ....,25
..,.....25

6.6.6
6.6.7

Application and curing of concrete coating

Testing and inspection

34
34

..

,. . ..

..

.26

....26

Resistance against propagating ductilc fractures 26

Supplementary fracture toughness testing. . . ..27
Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking

5.r.t

joints..
..........27
blistering
..........2j
Resistance against sulphide stress corrosion
cracking(Ssc)..
....27
Resistance against chloride stress corrosion
cracking,
........,.27
Soundness
........2j
General
,..,27

5.4
5.4.1

General

5,5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3

consumables.
Genera.l
Chemical composition.
Mechanicalproperties.

5.5 .4

Handling and storage of welding consumables . 28

5,2.1I
5.2.12
5

,2.13

5.3

7.2

7.2.t

't.2.2

Steel

for piping components

Welding

Bolt assemblies

1.2.4
't.2.5
7.2.6
'7

7 .2.9

1.3
7.3.1
7 .3.2

......27
....21
......28
.....28

7.3
7

't.4
7 .4.1

Validity
Definitions.
General requrements to corrosion protection
systems

29

6.2

External coating

6.2.1

General

6.2.2

Coating materials .
Coating application

29
29
29
30
30

6.2.4

Field joint coating

6,3
6.3.1

Cathodic protection.

6.3.4
6.3 .5

6.4
6.4.1

30
30
30

General
Design of system.

Anode materials and fabrication

Installation of anodes
Testing of system
Internal corrosion control.

Protection of risers and pipelines in critical

6 5.1

Splash zone

6.s .2

Protection of risers in J-tubes. tunnels etc. . . . . 33

Protection of risers in internal transition zones. 33
Pipeline shore-approach. ....
....... 33

6.6.2
6

,6.3

6.6.4

..

Post weld heat treatment . .

General

protetion

.
.

General

Specifications.

8.2
8.2.1

Pipeline route .
Route survey
Seabed preparation

8.2.2
8.3
8.3.

8,3.2
8.3.3
.3.4
8 3.5
8

84
8,4.1
8.5

8.5.r
8.s,2
,5.3

.5,4
8 .5,5

6.5

6.6
6.6.1

8.1

3l

6.4.s

.5.3
6.5.4

Fabrication procedure specihcation ..

Qualification of fabrication procedures
Production testing.
Repair welding of piping components.

8.1.r

3t
3t

General

areas,.

39
39
39
39

Genera.l

Section

3t
3t

Internal corrosion control by inhibitors. , . .

Internal corrosion control by coating .,,, .
Internal corrosion control by corrosion
resistant alloys. .
Internal corrosion monitoring

6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4

Fabrication of.piping components . . .,

..

..

..

39

39
39

39

32
32

8.5 .6
8.5 .7

8.5.8
8.6

32
32

...,32
......32

Weightcoating
,....33
General
....33
Weightcoating specihcation. ........ 33
Concreteconstituents
.,.....33
Properties ofconcrete
.......31

Installation

29
29
29

6 .3.3

.3.4

l5

l5

Pipe fabrication.....
..... ..15
Ceneral
...,35
Fabrication procedure specification
. . 35
Qualitification o[ welding operators. welders
andarc-argougers
. .....35
Qualification of pipe fabricatjon procedure . . . , 35
Hydrostatictesting.
......,,16
Dimensionsand workmanship,.. ....37
Visual examination and non-destructive testing 38
Productiontesting.
.........38
Repairs
.., 38

28
28

General

6.3.2

28
28

Corrosion protection, general.

6.2.1

7 3.5

Section 6
Corrosion protection and weight coating
I

.2.7

7.2.8

27
27

Materials for support structures

6.
6.
6.
6.

Validity

7.2.3

General

.t

General

7.1.t

in welded

5.6

5,7

7.1

Resistance against environmental induced

5.6.t
5.1

Section

Fbication of pipes and plping components

Historical document

5.1

. . . :.:
.

Construction
Qualihcation
Handling and storing . . . . . .
Installation operations. ... ,
Pipeline and cable crossings,
Buckle detection ......, . -.
.

Anchoring and protection of pipeline systems . 42

General
Installation welding
General

..,,42

........42

,...42
Weldingprocedurespecihcation .....42

Qualihcation of the welding equipment and

weldingprocedure

....,....42

Essential parameters for welding procedures . . 43

Qualihcation of welders and welding operators 43

Welding and workmanship . .
Production test...
Repair of field joints

..........44
........44

Visual examination and non-destructive testing

of installation welds
45
.

8.6.1

General

8.6.2
8.6 .3

Visual examination. .
Non-destructive testing

8.7

Tie-ins

8.7

.1

8,7.2
8

.7.3

8,7 .4

45
45
45

General

Mechanical connectors
Welded tie-in on the lay vessel
Tie-in by underwater welding

8.8

Final surveys and tests

8.8.r
8.8.2
8.8,3

General

Survey of installed pipeline sysrem

Survey of corrosion protection system

45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46

.8.4

8.8.5
8.8.6

Pressuretest...
Buckledetection,..

46

Testing of alarm and shutdown systems

47

4'7

Section 9
Operation and maintenance

I
i.l
9 I .2
9

General

o*n"r',

9 2

Operation and majntenance of the pipeline.

9.2,2
9.3
9,3.1

9.3.2
9

.3.3

9.3.4
9.3 .5

9.3,6
9.3.7
9.4
9.4.1

9.4.2
9

.4.j

9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6

A.l

....48

system.
Operation.
In-serviceinspection
General
Start up inspection
Periodicalinspection

Operation, inspection and maintenance manual 48

...48
,..,.. '.48

....48
.48

... '..,.48
inspection, . . . . ... . . .48

Frequency ofperiodical
Extent of periodical inspection
Extent o[periodical inspection

inspection
Repairs
General
Grooves. gouges and notches.
Dents,
Leaks..
Repairbywelding
Temporaryrepairs.
Special

pipeline.

.. .48

- riser...... '49
- ........
' '49
...'49
....49
. .49
-.
....49
....49

........49
....,..50

Section l0
Non-destructive testin g
l0. t
t0. t .I

General

. ....

5l

:., :..

5l

Radiographic examination of welds. .

Radiographic procedure speciltcation.
t0.2.2 Radiographic procedure qualification,
t0.2.3 Qualifcation of radiographers ., ,...
10.2,4 Production radiography
Evaluation of welds and standards ol
1 0,2 .5
acceptability

5t
5t

Selection of method

::

t0,2
r0.2.1

52
52
52
52
52
52
52
5?
52

Ultrasonic examination of welds with

portable equipment.
10.4.1 Equipment.
t0.4.2 Ultrasonic procedure specihcation . . .
t0.4.3 Ultrasonic procedure qualification . . .
10.4.4 Calibration of equipment
r0.4 5 Qualihcations of operators
t0.4 6 Production ultrasonic examination .
10,4.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability
I

0.5

,l

r0.5 .2
10.5
10.5
10.5

0.6

.3
.4
,5

A.1.2

A.l

63
63

Static wind loads. .

Vortex shedding due to wind.

6l

Vortex shedding due to

A.2.1

General

4.2.3

Cross-fl

In-line oscillations. , .
ow oscillations

63
64
64

A.3

Recommended values of hydrodynamic

coefhcients,
General
Added mass coefflcient.
Drag coefficient. . . . . . . .
Lift coefltcient. . , ..

64
64
64
64
64

A))

A.3.1

A.3.2
A,3.3
A.3.4

4,4
A.4.t
A.4.2

Waveslamming...

Liquid penetrant examination of welds . '

63

64
64
65

Wave slamming loads

Fatigue due to wave slamming

Appendix B
Buckling calcultions
B.l

Local bucklinC.. . ..

8.2

Propagation buckling

8.3

Buckling of the pipe as a <barr

68

68

69

Appendix C
Quality control of materiels.

Qualification

of welding

procedures and rvelding per-

sonnel

c.l

General

c,t.2

Dehnitions.
Testing equipment.

c.r.3
c.2
c.2.1

:......,

scope..
Steel making
General

c.3.t

Steel casting.
General

C,4

Chemical analyses

c.4.1

General

C,3

Heattreatment.....

53

c.6

53
53

c.6.

Surface defects in base material .

General

c.7

Mechanical testing

c.7. I
c.7.2

Ceneral

55

c.7.4
c.7.s

55
55

c,7.6
c,7.7

55
55

c.7.8

Tensile testing
Bend testing.
Nick break testing.
Charpy V-notch impact testing , .
Macrosection of welded joints , . .
Hardness testing of welded joints.
Strain ageing testing.

c.8

Sampling of test specimens.

c.8.1

55
.

current.......

A.2

General

53

Magnetc particle examinatjon of welds

Magnetic particle procedure specihcation
Magnetic particle procedure qualication
Qualihcations ol operators . . .
Production magnetic particle testing , . . .
Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability

63

c.5.t

5l

Wind loads
General

c.5

52
52

r0.5

c.l.l

Ultrasonic examiration of welds with

stationary equipment
10.3.1 Equipment.
r 0.3.2 Ultrasonic procedure specihcation . . .
I 0.3,3 Ultrasonic procedure qualificarion . . .
I 0.3 .4 Calibration of equipment
1 0,3 .5
Qualifrcations of operators
l0.l.6 Production ultrasonic examination . .
10.3,7 Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability.
t0.3

r0.4

A.l

5l
52
52

55
J
56
5

Appendlx A
Environmental lods

48
48
48

.,:::..::::.:

duty. ....:
Retension of Certihcate of Approval

9.2,1

r
Liquid penetrant procedure specification
t0,6.2 Liquid penetrant procedure qualificaton
10.6.3 Qualifications of operators
10.6.4 Production liquid penetrant testing . . . .
10.6.5 Evaluation of welds and standards of
acceptability

10.6.

c.]

.....

55

c.8.2

Seamless pipes.
Welded pipe . .

55

c,8.3

Cold lormed or forged bends. . . .

Historical document

c.8.5

c.9
c.9.1

c.t

c.r 0.l
c.10.2
c.10.3

c.t0.4
c.10.5
c. t 0.6
c. r 0.7

Forged seamless pipng components other

than
., . .. . . .'1,2

bends.
Castpiping components
.....72
Welding procedure qualilication
. . .. . jz
General
....72
Qualilrcation of welding personnel ...... . . . .72
General
.. ..72
Test welding
.......73
Inspection and testing of qualihcation test welds 73
Welder qualification
.... ....73
Welding operator qualification for
mechanizedwelding
........73
Qualification of welding personnel for
underwater welding
........71
Extraordinary requalification of welding
personnel.
,. , ......74
Appendlx

I)

Guldelines on corroslon conttol

D.l
D. I .l

D.1.2

Design of cathodic protection systems

General
Des.ign basis .

82
82
82

1.3

D, 1,4
D. 1.5
D, 1,6
D.
D. 1.8

Current demands
Anode materials . . .
Current output capacity of anodes
Calculation of anode |ife........
Current distribution
Fabrication of anodes

D.2

Standards for coating . .

D.

I.7

82
83
84
84
84
84

D.2.t

General

..

84
84

D.2.2

Acceptable standards for coating properties

and test methods referring to generic type
Application and inspection of coatings.

84

general standards

85

D.2.3

.......

:.

.:::. :::.

Appendix E
Pressure testing of pipelines and pipeline sections

E.l
8.2
E.3
8.4
E.5
E,6

General

,...87

1..
........87
Pressuretestmethodno. 2..,,..,,..87
Acceptancecriteria
.........87
Witnessing.
.....,,.88
Hydrostatictestreport
.,....88
Pressuretestmethodno.

Historical document

c.8.4

SECTION 1
GENERAL REGULATIOT.IS
h)p

Symbols

cross sectional area o[ PiPe, also:

exposed area of anode
used in wave analyses' (Defined

i"i^ai,

in Fig'

A2). also:

acceleration
relative acceleration
buoyant force per unit length ofpipe' atso:
width of reference block
parameter used in wave analyses. (Given

in

Table

Ar)

shape(drap coeffrcient used in wind force formula

drag coeflicient

lift coeffrcient
added mass coeffrcient
slamming coeficient
water depth, also:
diameter
nominat outside diameter of PiPe
total outside diameter of pipeftncluding coating)
modulus of elasticitY, also:
consumotion rate of anode
total hoiuontal (hraD force per unit tength of a pipe due to dlag and inertia
drag force

=
= liftforce
= massGnertid force
= rvave slamming force
= total vertical force per unit length of a pipe

=
=

due to

drag and inertia

coefftcient of friction' also'
vortex shedding frequency

=
=
ow excitation
= natural frequency for cross'flexcitation
inline
= natrral frequency for
= clearance between pipe and fixed boundary' also:
= wave height
= signiftcant wave height
= <visual wave height
= the most probable largest wave height out of 10n
waves encountered
= reference value of Hn, i.e, for n = r
= mean current requirement per anode
= diameter factor, also:
= slopeofthes-N curve
= Keulegan-Carpenternumber
= stability parameter
= roughne.ss
= parmeter in wave analys (Table A I )
= temperature derating factoralso:
= lengfh ofreference block,
= effectivelife ofanode
= srspended length' an width
= bending moment in PiPe
= critical bending moment
= torsional moment in PiPe
(Dehned in Fig'
= parameter used in ware analyses.
A.2)

nal

=
=

and,/orexternalPressure

.,

((J) to
number of constrant amplitude stress cycles
failure
critical number of stress cycles
exponent when number of waves is expressed as a

power of l0

ctual number of stress cycles of a given stress ran'

number of waves within block

ge (J

prsure, diflerence between

two

absolute pres-

sures, external over-Pressure

= critical external over-pressure

= external pressure
= internal pressure
P
= propagationpressure
Pp.
= initiation pressure
Pin
dr) = frequency distribution of average
Pcr

Pt

a
q

Qw

R
R"

r
S

Sr.

(di,)
s "'

apparent wave

periods
ihear force nominal to pipe axis' also:
probability level
lateral force per unit lengfh ofP
wind force per unit length ofPiPe
reduction factor on number of waves
Reynold's number
reference value ofn
= safety factor in on-bottom stability analysis, also:
= Strouhal's number
= Mineis sum
= permissible value of Miner's sum
= numberof stressblocks

T = thicknessofreferenceblock,alsst
T = avet
finstallation
i'
= pipe
considered condif; = pii"
tion
T. = <visual> wave Period
t
= nominal wall thickness of PiPe
U = flowvelocityforanodes
u = utilizationfactor, also:
u = Iiquid particle velocity nomal to pipe axis
lul = absolute(Positivd value of u
uc=
andcurrent
=
um=
uw=
V=
vr=
vn=.
\4/ =
.Pt
w
w

section modulus of pipe cross section, also:

onap

int on

v
v
u
o

4h

permissible u sage factor

ermissible usage factor when is acting alone
permissible usage factor when oris acting alone

lp
*p
rlyp

'angular

position of a point ori a

definedradiusd = 0

= mode shapepararneter
= Poisson's ratio, also:
= kinematic viscocitY of a liquid
= msss density, also:
= resistivity
= element stress due to net buoyancy

6
o^
o"p
oF

(t-

GJ'

pipe, also:

usage factor
usage factor for equivaent stress
usage factor for hooP stress

n
.p

ob

mode shape
linea coeffrcient of thermal expansion, also:
symbol used in buckling formula
lgaithmic decrement of structural damping

= effective mass per unit length of pipe

T
= axial force in apiPe, also:
probability
consideration
= number ofyears in a
= critical axial force in a PiPe pipe subjected to inter- I
= <equivalentrr axial force in a
e

permissible value of n

=
=
=
=
=

Y:*,
ises

oermissible equivalent stress

specified(nominaD yield suength
stess range
stress range for stress <block> no i

relative to a

for com-

Historical document

1.1

t0

= element stress due to vertical wave force

= element stress due to net buoyancy force
= Iongitudinal stress
= critical longitudinal (compressive) stress
= longitudinal stress due to pipe bending,

ow
lslam

ox
6xcr

- lvf
vx

M/W

Maxmum operating pressure = maximum pressure to

which a piping system will be subjected in operaion, which

should include static pressure and pressure rquired to overcome friction.

defined as
Surge pressure

ovp
ovE

?*y
Txz

= pressure normally of a lower magnitude than test pressure and with at least the same duratioi.
Leak test pressure

radial shear stress

Longludinal sfress

axis'

Hoop s'.ess =

rection'

pressure of a higher magnitude than

with short duraion.

test pressure and

is acting alone

Technlcal

Strength lest pressure

hoop stress for completely elast-

1.2

total pressure caused by a change in ve-

Test pressure = pressure specified to be applied to a vessel.

pipe, component. etc.. on completion of mnufacture and/ or
on completion of construction. It may elso be the pressure
specified to be applied to a vessel. etc., after appropriate periods in operation.

= permissible hoop stress (in tension)

_ss

locity of flow within a pipeline sysrem.

= longitudinal stress due to axial force = N/A

u- lvl
xcr
= critical a* when M is acting alone
ll,
= critical o* when N is acting alone
o*p
= permissible rx
-b
= longitudinal stress due to shell bending
oy
= hoop stress
6y",
= critical compressive hoop stress
a)

ii.tr;

terms

opera-

normal stress acting parallel to pipe

rature = highest possible steady state

pipeline system may be exposed to
normal stress acting in the circumferential dioperation. Environmental as well as
operational temperatures are to be considered.

Tangental shear sttess = shear stress which in a cross.sec- Restrained lines

= pipelines which cannot expand or contion of the pipe acts in the tangential (cicumferentiaD diec- [' ilh. longitudnal
direction due to fixed supports or

friction between-pipe and soil-

Radial shear stress = shear stress which in a cross secton

the pipe acts in the radial direction'

of

= bending moment (M) in tire oio"

whole'

Ppe bending momen!

cross section as a

shell bending moment = bending moment (m*or mr) in trre

pipe wall per unit length.

Pipe bendng s,resse

bending

moment.

= l0nsitudinar

stresses due

to ,to"

Llnderstrained. Iines

t."it t
tiod'

il"ii-um

pipelines without substential axial resuppo and no substential fric-

iti

one

suspended length

rltlJhe

- --

length of a pipeline without contact

or other supports ( = unsuppofed

sea bottom

!{J#t{3{#,i:"ffid'l;?.:1ff:il,ffi'lfrll;':il-

ger curvature, etc.

Shell bendng sfresses = stresses due to shell bending mo- Nominal wall thickness
= the pipe wall thickness that is specified for supply of pipes.

ment.

Longitudinal shell bending srresses

(* b) due to

longitudinal shll bending

= longitudinal stresses Nominal pipe diameter = the outside pipe diameter to be us_
mo-erit(m).
ed in the design calculation.

Hoop bending sfresses - hoop stresses (,b) due to cicumferential shell bending moment ftoop beirding moment
mJ.
stresses = stressqs of which the resultant acts in the
middle surface of the pipe wa[ ( = membrane stresses).

I.3

Direc!

1.3.1 Pipeline system

= prssure inside the pipe. N{ay be given as

absolute pressure or gauge pressure.
Internal pressilre

External pressure

of
all in-

stem

system

piessure mmediately) outside the pipe.

or gauge pressure.

May be gven

as absolute pressure

Overpressure

difference between tw-o absolute pressures,

Definitions

1,3,2

Submarlne pipeline

Intiation pressure = external overpressure required to initiate a propagating buckle from an existing local buckle or
dent.

Propagation pressure = external overpressure required to

proqagate a buckle that has been initiated ( at a higher pressure),

Design pressure

= maximum internal operating pressure.

1,3.3 Riser system

By riser system is meant the riser, its supports, all integfated
piping components and corrosion protectn system.

Historical document

tion.

lr
1.3.4 Pipeline rlser
A pipeline riser, later referred to as riser, is defined

as the
connecting piping or flexible hose between a submarine pi'
peline on the sea floor and the processing equipment on a
platform. Exact points of riser termination are to be agreed
upon in each case.

1.3.5 External riser

By externat risers is meant risers which are mounted in such
a way that no effective shelter against the action of wind, waves, and currents is provided.

1.3.6 Internal riser

By internal risers is meant risers which are effectil'ely sheltered against the action of wind, waves and currents.
1.3.7

1,3,17 To survey
By to sun'ey is normally meant to carry out surveillance on
behalf of Veritas.

f.3.18 A survey
By a sun'ey is meant the general inspection carried out by the
Owner, by his contractor or by Veritas.

1.3.19 Surveyor
By a Surveyor is meant a person carrying out surveillance on
behalf of Veritas.

1.3,20 Liquid

hldrocerbons

By liquid hydrocarbons is meant crude oil, condensate' natu'

ral gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas' pet'
roleum products and their fractions in their liquid phase.

Riser support

1.3.21

Gaseous hydrocarbons

By riser supports is meant structures intended for hxing the

riser to the platform or for local or continuous guidance of By gaseous hydrocarbons is meant hydrocarbons in a vapor
phase from wells drilled for the purpose of producing liquid
the riser.
hydrocarbons or natural gas.
Ptplngcomponents

f.3.9

1.3.22 Fluid
By fluid is meant a gas, iquid or slurry that is transpofed
through the pipeline system.

Splash zone

By the splash zone range is meant the astronomical tidal range plus the wave height having a probability of exceedance of
0.01. The upper limit of the splash zone is determined by as'
suming 65% ol this wave height above HAT and the lower
limit by assuming 35% belorv LAT.

1.3.10 Submerged

zone

By the submerged zone is meant the region below the splash

zone including sea water, sea bottom, and buried or mud zone.

1.3.11 Atmospheric zone

By the atmospheric zone is meant the region above the splash
zone.

1,3.12 Pltform
By a platform is meant a hxed or permanently anchored off'
shore installation onto which the riser is mounted'

1.3.13

7.one

By Zone I is meant the part of the seabed located more than

a certain distance away from any platform or building, nor'
mally to be taken as 500 m.

1.3.14

7,oe 2

By Zone 2 is meant the part of the seabed located close to any

platform or building, and normally to be taken as a distance

1.4

The Rules

1.4.1 Application
l 4.1 .1 These Rules apply to submarine
defined

liquid

pipeline systems as
1.3.1 intended for the transportation or transporting
and gaseous hydrocarbons as defined in 1.3'20 and

in

t.i.Zl. tile Rutes may also be applied, wholly or in part. to

pipeline systems carrying other products. This is to be decided
by Veritas in each separate case.
1,4,2 Amendments
1.4.2.\ Amendments to the Rulss may be

undertaken at

any time and may also be applicable for pipelines or risers

which have ake'dy been approved by Veritas.
Unless otherwise decided, the amendments are to come into
force 6 months after the date of issurance.

1.4.2.2 Application of amendments to pipelines or risers already approved, or in the process of approval, will be limited
to cases where it is judged essential to the structural integr.
If amended requirements to construction, materials, dimensions, etc. are to be made applicable to pipelines or risers already approved, necessitating e'analysis and re-evaluation of
strength requirements, this will be clearly stated in the
amendments.

of 500 m.

1.4.3

1.3.15 Sun'eillnce

1.4,3.1 Veritas is prepared to consider alternative methods

and procedures found to represent overall safety and strength
standards equivalent to those of the Rules.

By surveillance is meant the work carried out by Veitas in

order to assure that the pipeline or riser is built and operated
in accordance with the Rules. This work comprises approval
of drawings, procedures and specifications and inspection

and control during prefabrication and installation, It also in'

cludes the work carried out by Veritas in oder to assure that
the in-service inspecton and maintenance are carried out according to these Rules. This surveillance is not meant to re
place the quality control program ofthe contractor/operator.

1,3.16 Inspectlon
By inspection is meant the quality control carried out by the
Owner or his contractors.

1,4.4

lternatlve methods and procedures

Assumptions

These Rules are based on the assumption that pipeline or riser in question is designed. constructed and operated
by adequately skilled personel according to sound engineering practice.

1.4.4.1

1.4.4.2 The Owner and or his contractors are to estabtish

and implement a detailed, independent quality control system
covering all phases involved by the Certification' The qualiV
control functions are to be diected and performed by compe'
tent persons.

Historical document

1.3.8

By piping components is meant items integrated in the pipeline/riser such as flanges, tees, bends, educers and valves.

l2

1.4.4.3 It is assumed in

these Rules that external risers on

platforms and similar structures are adequately protected

from impacts from vessels and similar accidenal mechanical
influence. Hence it is assumed that the protecting structure.

and not the riser, is designed for such loads,

1.5
1.5.1

Issunce of the Certilcte

Section 9.

l.5.l.l

Upon request Veritas is prepared to issue a Certilr

cate of Compliance for pipeline systems when found to be deaccordance with these Rules.

.2

The client requesting certilication is to:

submit required documentation with complete and correct
information of significance for certihcation, see 1.8.1 .
pay all expenses which arise in connection with the submitted request.

1.5.1

in

the Certlfcate
of Approval if the Owner fails to comply with the directives of
operating the system within the specified limits.

1,5.4.2 Withdrawal may also take place when the Owner

fails to carry out regular in-service inspection and maintenance according to the specifications for such inspection and
maintenance. Such work is to be surveyed by Veritas, see

Certifcate of Compliance

signed and constructed

1.5.4 Withdrawal of Certiflcate

I .5.4.1 Veritas reserves the right to withdraw

1.5.4.3 Any of the events mentioned below may lead to

withdrawal:

The pipeline system is damaged, or is suspected of having

been damaged. in a manner likely to impair its safety,
strength or stability.
The pipeline system demonstrates signs of deterioration
likely to impair its safety, strength or srability.
The pipeline system is subjected to any alteration, repair
or replacement which will impair the operational safety.

1.5.1.3 The Certificate of Compliance will be issued after

Veritas' consideration of all relevant documents and declara- 1.5.4.4 The withdrawal may be made conditional, in that it
tions of survey concerning the pipeline system in question. will be executed only if the Owner has failed to carry out his

ne system.
a specihcation of the geographical location of the pipeline
system.
a statement that the pipeline system is designed and constructed in accordance with these Rules and under the surveillance of Veritas.

1.5.1.4 Individual Statement of Compliance may upon request be issued for design, fabrication, installation or testing.

1,5.2

Recommendtlons

1.5.2,1 On matters
hazard Veitas

will

considered to represent a possible safety

issue separate recommendaiions,

1.5.2.2
specified
carried o
may also be given regarding reduction of permissible loading.
|

.2.3

Once a recommendation is formally issued the validicompletion of the required work before the expiry date. The Owner is expected to lake the necessary steps to fulfil the condi.5

ty of the Certilcate of Cornpliance is conditional upon

tion without further action from Veris, Should circumstances occur that make the

obligations within a stipulated me period.

L5.4.5 If the situation leading to withdrawal of the Certificate of Compliance no longer exists. the Certificate may be
reinstated. As a condition hereto, Veritas can require that the
pipeline system will be subjected to certain specihed surveys
tests or improvements.

1.6
L.1

Concept evaluation

General

l,6,l.l Prior to the detailed design, the overall concept of

the pipeline system is to be checked in order to identify possible weak points or unacceptabte designs. This applies to
such as:
of pipeline route and protection methods
- selection
location and protection ol riser
- location and protection of landfall
- possibilities for pigging, inspection and monitoring of the
- pipeline
- choice ofCodes.
.2

Accidental situations should be taken into account

1.6,1.3

Special attention should be paid to protection of and

1.6.1

in the detailed design.

fulflment of the recommendation impractical befoe the expiry date, or that requires the recommendation to be altered, the Owneis request for a change of
extention of the recommendation should be made in good
time before the expiry date.

to the possibilities for inspection and maintenance of gas risers inside waterhlled or closed compartments, and to gas li-

1.5.2.4 The Owner should notify Veritas urhen a

I.6.1.4 For systems that involve new technology it may be

recommended to carry out an overall safety analysis.

recom-

mendation has been completed so that a completion survey

may be carried out before expiry of the time limit.

1.5.2.5 Updated lists of recommendations wiII be forward-

ed regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out

the surveillance.
f

,5.3

Memorcnd fo Owners

1,5.3.1 Memoranda for Owners

are information to the Owage, deterioration or other sigwhich does not justify the issut}te present time.

1.5.3.2 Updated lists of these memoranda will be forwarded regularly to the Owner and to the Surveyor carrying out
the surveillance.

nes near platforms and populated areas.

1,7 Instrumentation for monltoring of the plpeline

system

cordlon

1.7,1 Generl
1.7.1.1 By instrumentation is meant special devices for observation and monitoring of the loading. response and conditions of the pipeline system during fabrication, installation or
operation.
I.7 .l

.2

Instrumentation may be required when yisual in-

spection or simple measurements are not considered practicable or reliable, and available design methods and previous experience are not sufficient for a reliable prediction of the performance of the pipeline system.

Historical document

The Certificate will contain:

description of the pipeline system and its function.
- aa specification
of the operational limitations for the pipeli-

tl
1.8
1.8,1

Documentation

Submission of documenttion

.l

This section outlittes the documentation requircd in

order to obtain a Certificate of Compliance. Detailed requirements to the documentation is described in the respective main
1.8.1

1.8.2. Materials and fabrication of pipes and components.

The following is to be submitted for approval:
specifications for pipes, piping components, sup- Material
ports, bolts, nuts and welding consumable.
- Fabrication specifcation of pipes, piping components and
supports.

sectlons.

1.8.2.7 Corrosion ptotection. The tollowing information is

1,8.1.2 Documentation essential for the understanding of to be submitted for approval:
the pipeline system and necessary to prove its safety is to be
Specifrcation for coating and coating application, includ-

1.8.2

Deslgn phase

1.8.2.1 The Owner is normal.ly to submit to Veritas the design documentation before fabrication and insrallation commence.

1.8.2.2 Concept evaluation. The following is to be submitted for information:

Water depth along the pipeline route
Pipe dimensions
Fluid to be transPorted
Design life
Nlaximum and minimum design temperature
Design pressure

Project schedules
Plans for known future developments along the pipeline
route
Type and grade of material
Corrosion protection system

The following is to be submitted for approval:

drawing(d showing location of the pipelines rela- Overall
tive to platforms. buldings, populated areas, ship lanes
and harbours and other items or activities esental for
the safety of the pipeline'
layout with risers, riser protection system' cra- Platform
nes, living quarters, boat landing area as well as rescue
area clearlY marked.

1.8.2.1 Environment. The following is to be presented for

information and evaluation:

Soil properties relevant for foundation evaluation

Bottom topography
Wind and wave conditions
Current and tide conditions
Maximum and minimum seavater and air temperatures

Corrosivity
Ice conditions
Seismic activity
Marine growth

1.8.2.4 Loads. The following is to be presented for information:

loads during fabrication, installation and operation
- ny
which may govern the design.
The following is to be presented for approval:
Calculation of functional loads
- Calculation
of environmental loads
1.8.2.5 Strength and inplace stability. The following is to be
submitted for approval:
Structural drau'ings ofrisers and riser supports.
- Structural
of special pipeline geometries such as
- expansion drawings
1oops. crossings and laterals.
drawirrgs of non-standardized piping compo- Structual
nents such as lees. reducers. connectors etc.
- On bottom stability analysis'

Structura analysis. including control against excessive

yielding, fatigue failure, propagating ductile lracture and
brittle lracture as applicable.
Structurai stability analysis, including control against
buckling and excessive displacements.
Dynamic analysis, including vibration analysis. if relevant,

Foundation analysis. including sea boltom stability.

ing field joint coating

Specification for anodes
Specihcation of cathodic protection system including design calculations
Description of anode location
Drawing of anode. including rebar and earthing connection
Specification for protection of risers and pipelines in critical areas such as in splash zone, J-tubes. tunnels.
Specihcation for internal corrosion control.

1.8.2.8 Construclon. The following information is to be

submitted prior to start of construction.
procedure specifications including installa- Conshuction
tion, tie-ins and protection
of construction vessels and equipment
- Descrtion
for installation welding
Specihcation
of quality control system including specifica'
- Description
tion for non-destructive testing
Specihcation for final suryeys and tests

I.8.3

Fabricadon phrse

l.8.3.1 During and/o

afier fabrication the following doc-

umentation is to be submitted:
certihcates for pipes, piping components, riser
- Material
supports and anodes
procedure qualiftcation report including
- Fabrication
welding procedure qualification record
record for welders and weiding operators
- Qualification
testing reports
Hydrostatic
- Pioduction test records (visual, NDT. dimensionaD
- Reports on coating
-

1.8.3,2 Material

te.st certificates

for pressurized parts

are

normally to be endorsed by Veritas.

1.E,4 Insallatlon phase

I .8.4.1 During andl or after construction the following

doc-

umencation is to be submitted:
As-laid alignment sheets

As-built drawings of special pipeline geometries such

as

expansion loops and crossings

As-built drawings of riser systems
As-built isometric drawings of risers showing the location
of each item and weld and with reference to their item/
het/number/certificate and heat treatment report num'
ber if relevant
Non-destructive testing records
As-built drawings of non-standarded piping components such as tees and reducers
Post weld heat treatment report
Dimensional control report if relevant
Final inspection report
Hydrostatic test report
Rport on pigging and drying (if relevant)
Report on performance ofthe cathodic protection system
Report on trenching/protection

1.E.5 Fillng of documentetion

1.8.5.1 It is the Owner's responsibility to

keep complete files on all relevat documentation during the life of the pline system. Documentation to be hled is at least as defined in
1.8,2- 1.8.4. The fde should include the necessary reports
from operation. in-service inspection and maintenance.

Historical document

submitted Veritas.

l4

SECTION 2
ENVIRONMENT
2.1 General
EnYironmcntal phenomena

2.l.l,l All environmental

phenomena which may impair

the proper function of the system or cause a reduction of the

system reliability are to be considered. Such phenomena include wind, wal-es, currents, ice. seismic, geological, and geotechnical conditions, temperature, fouling, bio.logical activities. chemical components of water, and transported fluid etc.

2,1.2 Acceptable environmental data

2.1 .2.1 The environmental conditions are to be described
using adequate data for the areas in which the system is to be
instaled.
2.1 .2.2 Data supplied by generally recognized consultants
will normally be accepted as a basis lor design. Background
information on data collection and derivation is to be sub-

tion.

2.2.2.6 The results of the survey are to

be presented in an
accurate route map indicating the location ol the pipeline and
related lacilities and the seabed properties. See 2,2.4.

2.2.3

and installation of the pipeline are to be covered by the route

survey. The survey is at least to define:
in the form of rock outcrops. large boulders
- obstructions
etc. that could require levelling or removal operations

mitted on Veritas' reqrest.

2.1 .2.3 The various environmental factors are to be described by characteristic parameters based on statistical data or
long term observations. If sufficient data directly applicable
for location in question are not available, reasonably conservative estimates based on relevant data for other relevant locations may be used,

.2.4

Statistical data are to be utilized n describing envionmental parameters of a random nature (e.g. waves,
wind). Proper care is to be exercised in deriving iuch parameters in a statistically vald manner, and generally accepted
2.1

methods are to be used.

2.2
2.2.1

Locaton

.l

unstable seabed
- corrosivity
of the environment
Known future operations

in the vicinity of the route is to

be

taken into consideration.

2.2.2

prior to pipeline installation

topographical features that contains potentially unstable
slopes, sand waves, deep val.le1,s and erosion jn form of
scour patterns or material deposits.

2.2,4

Seabed properties

2.2.4.1

All the

geotechnical properties necessary for

evaluating the effects ol relevant loading conditions are to be

determined for the subfloor deposits. This shoutd include

possible unstable deposits in the vicinity of the pipelne.

2.2.4.2 The geotechnical properties may

be

obtained

through a combination of seismic survey, coring. in situ tests

and borings with sampling.

Supplementary informatons may be obtained from geological surveys, sea bottom topographical surveys, visual surveys, biological investigations, chemical examinations and laboratory tesling on samples from borings.
Guidelines for site and laboratory testing may be found in
Veritas' Technical Note TNA 302,

Pipeline route

The route should be selected with due regard to the

probability of darages to the pipe and the consequences of a
possible pipe rupture. Factors to take into consideration are:
- population density
- location of living quarters
- ship traffic
activity
- fishing
- offshore operations
2.2,1

Bottom topography

2.2.3.1 All topographical features influencing the stability

?.2.4.3 Special investigations of the subfloor

deposits may
be required to evaluate specific problems. Examples ol suc[l
problems are:
ease ofexcavation and/or burial operations,
- possibilities
ol fow slides or liquefaction as the result of
repeated loadings.

2.3
2.3.1

Environmental conditions

General

.l

Possible effects of the various environmental actions

are to be taken into account to the extent relevant to the si
tuation considered.
2.3.1

Route suney

2.2,2.1 A detailed route

surv'ey is to be performed to provide sulficient data for design and construction,

2.3.2

2.2 2.2 The route survey is to cover sufhcient width and accuracy to permit the safe and proper installtion and operation
ol the pipeline.

water depth is a signhcant parameter. such as when determining wave loads on a riser. planning laying operations, determining maximum or minimum water pressures erc.

2,2.2.3 The accuracy needed may vary along the proposed

route. A higher degree of accuracf is required in areas where
other activities, obstructions or highly varied seabed topography or subsurface conditions may dictate more detailed in-

2.3,2.2 The assumed maxmum tide is to include both astronomical tide and storm sufge. Vlinimum tide estimates
should be based on the astronomical tide and possible negative storm surge,

Tide

2.3.2.1 Tides are to be taken into consideration when

the

vestigations.

2.2.2.4 A proper investigation to reveal possible conflicts

2.3.3 rilind

with existing or planned instllations is to

2.3.1.1 Direct action of wind is to be taken into consideration lor slender risers. The possibility of vibrations ol such risers excited by wind s to be considered. Special attention is

be performed. Ex-

amples of such installations are other submarine pipelines and

communication cables.

Historical document

2.1.1

2.2.2.5 The inrcnded pipeline route is to be surveyed for

wrecks and obstructions do\.n to a depth exceeding that
reached by the pipeline during installation, burial or opera-

l5
tion

phases.

2,3.3.2 For risers the rvind data used are in principle to be

f.he sarne as those used

lor the design of the plalorm.

2.3.3.1 lf the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural

parts. possible eflects due to disturbance in the florv field
should be considered when deter.nining the wind loads Sucb
effects may,either be caused by all increase or redtrctiorr of
the wind speed. or by dynamic excitations caused by vonexes
shed from the ad_jacent structural parts.

2.3,4

Waves

2.3.4.1 The effect of waves is to be takeu into consideration

for both pipeline and riser. Exampies of such effects are the
action o[ wave lorces on riser or on pipeline during installation or when resting on bottom (not bured. Examples of indi'
rect effects are deformation of riser due to wave forces acting
on the platform, and delormatjon of'pipeline due to lay barge
motions in waves.
Possible liquifaction and transportation of sea bed material is
also to be considered.
2.3

42 Il

the riser is positioned adjacent to other structural

pans. possible effects due to disturbance of the flolv lield

should be considered rn,hen determining the wave loads.
Such effects may either be caused by changes in the wave
particle kinematics. or by dynamic excitation caused by vortexes shed lrom the adjacent structural parts.

2.3.4.3

F-or riser the wave data to be used are in principle to

be the same as those used lor the design of the platfornr.

2.3.4.4

For the assessment of wave conditions along the pi-

salinity
oxygen content
pH-value
resistivitY

current
biological activity (sullate reducing bacteria etc.)

2.3.7 lce
2.1 .7.1 ln case the installation

is to be located in an area
where ice may develope or drift. proper consideration ol ice
conditions and their possible effects on riser or pipetine is to
be made. The ice conditions should be sttdied with particular
attention to possible:
ice forces on riser and on pipeline
- potential
scour at pipeline location and contact with pipe'
- line by floating
ice
ice problems during the installation operations

ol ice conditons should preferably

be in accordance with the <World leterorological Organiza2.3.7.2 The description

tion Sea-lce Nomenclatule)).

2,3.8 Air and sea temlteratures

2.1.8.1 Reasonably accurate air and sea temperature statistics are to be provided, These data are important for proper
determination of design temperatures. possible thermal stresses. deformations. displacements. ctc.
2.3.8.2 The period of observations on which the maximum
and minimum air and sea temperature statistics are based.
shoud preferably be several years.

2.3.9 Marine grorvth

2.-1 .9.1 The effect of nrarine growth on riser and pipeline

peline route a timted number of intervals may be assumed.

each of which being characterized by water depth, bottom topography and other factors affectirlg the wave conditions,

loads is to be considered, taking into account all biological

and environmental factors relevant to the sile in question

2.3.5

cial attention is to be paid to the effective diameter increase

and the equivalent roughness of acctmulated marine growth
when determining the hydrodynarnic coefficients.

2.1

Current

2.-'-5.1 The eflect ol current is to be taken into consideraton for both pipelinc and rise

.9.2 For determination of the hydrodynamic

loads spe-

2.3.5,2 The assumed current velocities are to include possible contributions from tidal current, wind induced currents.
storn surge current. density curent and possible other current phenonrena. For near shore regions longshore current
due to war.e breaking should also be consdered.
2.3.5.-l The tidal current may normally

2.4

be deterurined lror

harmonic analyses of recorded data. while wind induced-.

storm surge and density currents may be determined either

from statistical aualyses of recorded data. or lronr numerical

sirnulations.

Nonnally a wind induced surface current speed corresponding to 2 per cent of the I hour nrean wlnd speed will be accepted

2.-1.5.4 ln regions where bottom material nray erode. special studies of the current conditions near the bottom including boundary layer effects rnay be required for onbotlonr

2.4.1 Instllation

Internal pipe conditions

conditions

.l

A description ol the internal conditions during storage, installation, and pressure testing is to be prepared, O[
special concern is the duration of exposure to sea water and
2 4.1

lnoist air, and rvhether inhibitors are to be used,

4. 5 and 6.

See section

2.4.2

Operational conditions

2.4.2.1 The physical and chemical composition of the

pro-

stability calculatior's ol pipelines.

duct and the pressures and tenlperatures aloug the pipeline

are to be specified.

2.-. 5.5 For risers and for pipelines during laying reasonable
assumptions should be made as to current velocity distribution over the depth. For risers this is normally to be tlre sarne
as used lor the platforn]

Limits ol temperatures and pressttres. and allowed

concentrations of corrosive components for the product to be
transported are to be specihed. Of special concern is the content of:

2.3.6 Corrosivi(v
21.6.1 For the evaluation of the corrosion

protection

s's-

tenr the lollowing properties. with seasonal variations ol the

sea water and soil aong the route are to be considered:

temperature

2.4.22

sulphur compounds
water
chlorides
oxygen
carbon dioxide
hydrogen sulphide.

Historical document

to be paid to wind loads in the construction and transporta-

t6

2.5.1

Deslgn temperature

General

2.5.1.1 Minimum and maximum design temperatures for

pipeline system is to be esrablished for selection ol adequate
materials for pipes and coating. See section 4. 5 and 6.

2,5,2 Differentiated deslgn temperatures

2.5.2.1 When estimated operational and

environmental
temperatures vary signihcantly along the pipeline. a differentiated design temperature for different intervals or sections
of the pipeline system may be specified.

Historical document

2.5

t1

SECTION
LOADS
3.1

Note that weight of transportd contents and buoyancy will

not have the salne effect on stresses as weight ol pipe il the
pipe is vertical or inclined. See also 3.2.3,2,

Loading conditions and design conditions

Geneel

stresses or strains to
the probabiliry ol the loading and the risks involved these Rules dehne trvo toa<ling conditions and tlyo design conditions.

3.1.1,1 [n order to relate permissible

3.22.3

3.1,2

---

Loading conditions

3.1.2.1 Any part of the pipeline system is to be designed for

the most unfavorable of the lollowing loading condiLions:

a) Functional loads

b) Design environmental loads and simultaneously

acting

lunctional loads
Functional loads ancl design environmental loads are defned

in

3.2 and 3.3

Pressure is to include:
internal fuid pressure.

external hydrostatic pressure,

soil pressure for buried pipes.

3.2.24 Thermal

expansion and contraction loads are primarily to include the effect of product temperature on matelial temperalure. Possible other causes of changes in material
temperature are also to be considered. The temperature difference to be considered is that between material temperature
during operation and material temperature during installation. (Loads due to thermal expansion ofan enclosed fluid are
to be included in <internal fluid pressure)) mentioned in
3.2.2.3)

3,1,2.2 For each ol the above loading conditions and for

each mernber or cross section to be considered. the most un-

favourable relevant combination. position and direction ol

forces which may act simultaneously are to be used in the analysis.

3.2.2.5 Thermal expansion or contraction loads do not have to be taken into account when they do not inlluence the
capacity to carry other loads. Fluctuation in temperature rnay
cause fatigue and be laken into account when checking fatigue strength.

l.l 2.1 All direction of wind, waves and current are to be

assumed equally probable. unless statistics show clearly that
wind. waves and surrent of the prescribed probability are dif'
lerent for diflerent directions.

3.2.2,6 Prestressing, such as permanent curvature or a permanent elongation introduced during installation, is to be taken into account to the extent the capacity to carry other
loads is alfected by the prestressing.

3.1,3

I 2.2.7

Design conditions

.l,I

Both loading conditions defined in 3.1 .2' I are to be

considered for all different conditions or phases relevant to
the pipeline or riser in question.
3.1

3.

L3.2 With

respect

to

levels

of

permissible

stresses

(strains) any situation or phase is to be referred to one of the

two following design conditions:

J.2.

3.2
3.2.1

3.2.3 Functional loads during installation

3.2 3.1 The lunctional loads during installation may be
grouped as
- weight

Pipeline system during operation

Pipeline system dufing installation

Closer dehnitions of the above design conditions are given in

4t

The lunctional loads are mainly static. Exception

may be internal lluid pressure, which may change with time

rapid enough to cause dynamic effects. Under normal conditions this effect may be considered allowed for by the permissible hoop stress in the static condition.

pressure

installation lorces.

3.2.3.2 If the buoyancy of the pipe is included in the term

aweightr. the longitudinal force due to pressure is to be added. Il weight in air is used together with the actual pressure
normd to the surface. the effect of pressure on the longitudinal force is automatically inciuded in the result.

Functional loads

General

3.2.1.1 Functional

loads are loads which are necessary consequences of the systern's existence, use and treatment in the

various situations under ideal conditions. Ideal conditions

means no wind, waves etc., i.e. no environmental loads act-

3.2.3.3 Installation forces are to include all forces acting on

the pipe due to the installation operations. Typical installation
forces are applied tension during laying and foces from the
trenching machjne if trenching is carried out after laying.

ing.
3.2.1 .2 Functional loads which normally are to be considered for the operation and installation phases are given in
3,2,2 and 3,2.3.

3,2,2

Functional loads during operation

1.2.2.1 Functional loads during operation will normally be

those due to
weight

pressure

thermal expansion and contraction

prestressing.

3.2.2.2 Weight is to includer

- weight of pipe. including coating and all attachments
the pipe,

weight of transported contents.

buoyancy.

3,3 Environmentl
3.3.1

General

3.l.l.l

Envionmental loads are loads due to wind. waves,

current and other environmental phenomena. Loads due to
human activities independent of the pipeline system are also
inclued, e.g. impact lrom trar'l boards.

.2

The environmental loads are random in nature and

be evaluated by means of probabilistic
methods. Natural. simultaneous occurence of different environmental phenomena is to be determined by proper superpostition of their individual effects. taking into account the
3.3.1

should
to

loads

in principle

probability of their simultaneous occurence.

Historical document

3.1.1

l8

a=

3.3.1.3 The environmental loads during normat operation

are not to be tken less than the most probable severest load
in a time period of 100 years.

ar=

relative acceleration between water particle and pipe normal to the pipe axis.

3.3,1.4
less than

e design period is to be taration of the phe. but not

ken as th

added mass coeflicient. In general C, is a lunction

of Reynolds number, Keulegan.Carpenter number,

um

pipe roughness. and the distance between the pipe

and a lxed boundary. This boundary may f.inst. be
the seabottom for a pipeline on or close to the seabottom, or the caisson wall for the outside riser on a
gravity structure. Proposed values of C. given in
Appendix A may be used.
total outside diameter of the p (including coating,

.5.

3.3.1,5 The environmental parameters for determination of

environmental loads in temporary phases lasting 5 days or
less, and which can be interrupted on a 48 hours warning.
can be based on reliable weather forecasts.

3.3.2 lYind

liquid particle acceleration normal to the pipe axis

(wave induced particle acceleratiod.

Dr=

loads

3.3.2.1 Wind loads,

based on given w.ind data, may be determined in accordance with a recognized code or in accordance with Appendix A. Direct application of data from adequate tests may also be used.

3.3.2.2 The wind data assumed for the determination of

loads are to be based on statistical infiormation. See also

2.3.3.2. When combined with maximum wave loads the one
minute sustained wind speed is to

rnarine growth etc.).

3.3.4.3 The drag force per unit length of the pipe is to

be

calculated asr

Fo= l/2pCpV,lV'lD
per unit length normal to the pipe axis.
lo - drag force
CD
= 4."9 coeflcient for the llow normal to the pipe axis.

In

general C is a function of Reynolds number,

Keulegan-Carpenter number. pipe roughness and
the distance between the pipe and a lxed boundary,
Proposed values of Cp are given in Appendix A.
water particle velocity relative to the pipe, normal

is more unfavourable than

sustai
with wave loads, the 3 seconds gus

V, =
to the pipe axis.
lvrl = absolute value of V, introduced to obtain proper
3.3.3

Hydrodynamic loads, general

3,3.3.1 Hydrodynamic loads are flow induced

loads caused

by the relative motions between the pipe and the surrounding

liquid. When determining the hydrodynamic loacls. the relal
tive liquid particle velocities and accelerations used in the calculations are to be established taking into account contributions from waves! current and pipe motions if signilicant.

3.3.3,2 The hydrodynamic loads on a pipe may

be divided

into the following fve categories:

and lift foces which are in phase with the absolute
- Drag
or relative water particle veocity.
- Inertia forces which are in phase with the absolute or
relative water particle acceleration.

Flow induced cyclic loads due to vortex shedding

other instability phenomena.

Impact loads due to waye slamming.
Buoyancy variations due to wave action.

D,

sign of F
3,3.4.2.

see

3.3.4.4 If the riser is built up of a number of closely spaced

pipes, interaction and solidihcation effects are to be taken into
account when determining the mass and drag coeflicient for
each individual pipe or for the whole bundle of pipes. If sufficient data is not available large scale model tests may be required.
3 3.4.5 For pipes on or close to a lxed boundary lift forces
perpendicular to the axis of the pipe, and perpendicular to the
velocity vector are to be taken into account. These forces are

to be calculated

as:

Fr=l12pCyD,.Vl
where

and
FL
CL

= lift force per unit length acting normal to the axis ol

pipe. and normal to the velocity vector.
_ the
function
number.

Flow induced cyclic loads and wave slamming loads are delt

the pipe

with in Appendx A.

3.3.4 \ave lods

3.3.4.1 Vy'ave-induced loads

Care gi-

acting on a submerged pipe are

to be calculated according to recognized methods, In the

de-

termination of the hydrodynamic coefhcients involved. rel-

evant model test data and published data may be used.

o,

V. Dt

3.3.4.6
and
the pha
3.3.4.7

3.3.4.2 The inertia force per unit length of the pipe is to

describecl
be

D,2
-hm= p ;D,2
-4-a+ OC. ot ^

1.3,4.2.

elfect of simultaneous drag.

be added vectorially, takin-g

lift

Forces obtained directly by reliable and adequate model tests

may alternatively be used in the prediction of wave loads.
calculated as:

see

be taken

to account.

Possible influence of adjacent structual parts should

into account when determining the wave loads as

in

2.3.4,2..

3.3.4.8 For exposed risers and suspended spans of pipelines, the possibility of vjbrations due to vortex shedding and

other instability phenomena due to wave action should be

considered.

where
F

the inertia force per unit length acting normal to the

pipe axis.
the mass density of the surrounding water.

3.3.5 Curent

loads

3.3.5.1 The current induced drag and lift lorces on a pipeli_

ne or riser are to be determined in combination with the wa-

Historical document

4and

t9
Weight of the ice.
Impact forces due to thaw of the ice,
Forces due to expansion of the ice.

ve forces. This may be done by a vector additon of the wave

and current induced water particle velocities. If available.
computations of the total particle velocities and accelerations
based on more exact theories of wave - current interaction,

1.3 5.2 Special attenlion is to be paid to possible current induced vibrations of exposed risers and free spans of pipelines
due to vortex shedding or other instability phenomena.

3.3.7.1

will

be preferred

For guidance

see

Appendix A,

3.3,6 .Indirect environmental loads

3.3.6.1 For a riser during operation possible significant so.il
deforma',ion. displacement of the platform due to soil deformation. and s.ignificant,platform delormation are to be ta'

Increased wind- and wave-forces due to increased exposed area or volume.

Forces from floating ice are to be calculated according to the best'available theory. Due attention is to be paid to
the mechanical propefies of the ice, contact area, shape of
structure. direction of ice movements etc. The oscillating nature of the ice forces (build'up of laleral force and lracture of
moving ice) is to be ken into account in the structural analysis When forces due to lateral ice motion will govern structural dimensions. model testing of the ice-structure interaction may be required.

ken into account. Some portion of the connected pipeline

may also be considered for such effect'

3.3.7 lce lods

3.3.7.1 In areas where

ice may develop or drift. the possibitity of loads on the pipetine system is to be considered. Such
lorces may partly be due to ice frozen on the pipeline system
itself, and partly due to foating ice. For shore approaches
and areas of shallow vater the possibility of ice scouring and
impacts from drifting ice is to be considered'

3.3.7.2 In case of ice frozen to above'water parts of the sys-

tem (e.g. due to sea spray) the following forces are to be considered:

3.3.8

Accidental lods'

3.3.8,1 Accidental loads are to be classified as enviohmental loads. and they are to be taken into consideration for
those parts of the system where such loads are likely to occur, Examples of accidental loads are impact from vessels.
trawlboards and dropped object as well as fire.

,2

The pipeline and its accessories are to be protcted

against accidental loads which are likely to occur. Such loads
are
3.3 .8

lrom vessels
- impacts
impacts from tawlboards
- impacts
from dropped objects
See also 1.4,4.3.

Historical document

3.3,6.2 For a pipeline during laying, the effect of lay-vessel

movements due to waves are to be considered. For a riser being installed from a vessel a similar effect my be considered'

20

SECTION 4
STRENGTH AND INPLACE STABILITY
Generl

are to be based on accepted

principles of statics, dynamics, strength of materials. and soil
mechanics, and are to be in accordance with these Rules. See
also 4.L2,3.
.l .2 Simplihed methods of analysis may be used if these
are reasonably conservative. Model tests may be used in
combination with or instead of theoretical calculations. In cases where theoretical methods are inadequate. model or full
4.1

scale tests may be required.

4.1.1.3 Vy'hen determining responses to dynamic loads, the

dynamic eflect is to be taken into account if deemed signi
hcant. Dynamic analyses or reasonably conservative qlasistatic considerations may be used.
,l .4 All forces and support displacements which may
influence the safety, are to be taken into account. For each
cross section or part of the system to be considered, and for
each possible form of failure to be analysed, the relevant
combination of forces which may act simultaneously are to
4.1

be considered.

.l

.5

These Rules do not include the problem of optimum

design, which would involve repeated design analyses, pipe
diameter, operating pressure and other vital parameters are
assumed to be known.

4.1,2 Design citeria

4.1 .2.1 Pipelines and risers

are to be designed against the

following possible modes of failure:
yielding
- Excessive
Buckling
- Fatue failure

Brittle fracture
Excessive damage

to or loss of weight coating (see

tion 6)
Loss of inplace stability (external equilibrium)

.2.
ing el
large
4.1

see Section 6.

any limitations regard, provided the effect of

dynamic behavior, in-

cluding fatigue effect of vibrations, are taken into account in

the strength analyses.

.2.3 Strength criteria are here primarily based on the

method of permissible stresses. The limit state method may
also be used, provided the load- and material factors used foi
the ultimate limit state will represent the safety required in
these Rules. See also 1.4.3.
4.1

.2.4 The safety against brittle fracture is normally considered satisfactory if the materiats are in accordanc with
Section 5 and the workmanship, welding, and testing are in
accordance with Section 7,8 and 10.
4.1

4.1,3

Pipetine systems during operation

Pipeline systems during installation

4.1 .3,3 The term <during operation)) refers to normal situations after completed installation whether the system is in
operation or not. Shutdown conditions and conditions during
maintenance operations are cluded. Repair situations are
normally not included.
4.1 .3.4 The term <during installation> refers to any situation (construction, installation, laying. buriaD before completed installation of the system. Repair situations will normally

also be included.

4.2 Pipeline/riser
4.2.1
4.2.1

during operation

General

.1

The pipeline/riser is

to

have

a minimum

against the modes of failure mentioned in 4.1 .2.1

safety

4.2.1 ,2 In order to avoid damage to the pipeline/risers they

should not be located too close to foreign structures, pipelines, wrecks boulders etc. If, however, this is unavoidable the
pipeline/riser should be kept in position by clamps, supports
etc, When one pipeline is crossing another the recommended
minimum clearance between the two pipelines is 0,1 m.

.1 External risers are to be adequately protected against

impact loads lrom vessels and other mechanical influence.
The protection may be obtained by:
with regard to boat landings, etc.,
- suitable location
of fendering structures.
- installation
- location of the risers within the platform structure itself.
The protection system is subject to approval. See 3.3.8.
4.2.1

against the modes of failure mentioned

in.1.1,2.1 is to be checked for the design condirions in which
the mode of failure in quesrion is possible
with due regard
to permissibte stress (or straid levels in the considered condi-

tion. A general definition of <design condition)) is given in

A more precise delinition of the design conditions, to

which different stress levels are connected, is given in 4,1.3.2.

.4 In zone 2 and where found necessary

pipelines are
against unacceptable mechanical influence.
Protection may be achieved by one or a combination ol the
4.2.1

to be protected

following means:

Concrete coating

Burial
Backlilling
Other mechanical protection.

42.1 .5 When a submerged pipeline is to be thermally insulated, special attention is to be paid to the watertightness
and shear strength of the insulation as well as to corrosion

monitoring.

4.2.2

Yielding

pipelines the tensile hoop stress (ay) due to a pressure differential between internal and externl pressures. is
not to exceed the permissible value crn given belo,'v.

4.2.2.1 For

yp= 4hdF'kr

Design condltions

4.1.3.1 The safety

3.1.3.

Sec-

Propagating ductile fractue

For design against corrosion,

these Rules two main design conditions are de-

fined;

4,1,1 Design rnelyxs

4.l.l.l The design analyses

4,1

In

4.1 .3 ,2

nh
oyp
op

kr

= usage factor (See Table 4. I )

= permissible hoop stress
= spifled minimum yield strength
= temperature derating factor.
For material

temperatures below l20oC.

kt=

1.0

may normally be used. For higher lemperatures a

reduction of k,, depending on type of material, is to
be considered.

Historical document

4.1

2t

4.1

is

L;sage factor

Zone

C"t,

Loading condition

+ riser

0,'12

0.96
0.67

0.50

4.2,2.2 [f not a more accurate method is used. the

P
pe
D
t

=
=

=
=

tensile

ifference (Pin,^, - P" .nl

ed to have cnstant D, t
to be pressure tested in
one and the same operation. pi*-.is tlot to be taken lcss than
the highest ol the foilowing prei'Sres at the considered point:
maximum steady state operating pressure
- static
head pressr,rre with the line in a static condition

pressure at the

point corresponding to low tide

risers and for pipeline sections where longitudi-

rual stresses are essential lor equilibrium,

ses are normally to be used as a criterion

d ' k

= usagefactorasdehnedinTable4.l
= longitudinal stress
= hoop stress
= tangential shear stress

and k, are defined in 4 2.2.1

4,2.2.9 For

suspended spans

in axially restrained lines

axial force developed due to the sag may be taken into

if the span acts as a cable. In such a case

- p) is to
along the por
and material

4.2.2.3 For

given below.

the
ac-

stresses due to ther-

mal expansion will only be those corresponding to the change in sag caused by the thermal expansion.

(p

co'iiSdered

?l.O

"0

count. If this effect will stop the bending strain (or flattening)
within the limit given in 4.2.2.5 and 4.2'2'6, the value of '
to be inserted in the lormula of 4.22.8 may be determined as

Internal Pressure
external pressure
nominal outside d.iameter ofpipe
nominal wall thickness of pipe (see 1 .2.6.5)

p"-.. is not to be taken higher than the water

"p
a\
ty
r*y

hoop stress, to be compared with aro of 4 2.2.1, is to be determined by the following formula:
qv = (p-oJ,

not to exceed the permissible value

the equivalent stres-

lor safety against ex-

4,2.2,10 Corrosion and erosion allowances are not to be

included in the nominal thickness used for the determination
of stresses

4.2.2.11

Possible strengthening effect of weight coating on

account in the
is

a steel p
design
ness

against

significant stiffthe PiPe at disthis effect is to

to the pip

continuities in
be taken into account.

4,2.3 Buckling
4.2 3.1 The possibility of buckling is to be considered,

De-

pending upon the load and support conditions of the pipe,

one or more of the fotlowing three buckling modes may be

cessive yielding. The cri(eia lor equivalent stresses are given

it't 4.2,2.8.

possible:

4.2.2.4

Local buckling of the pipe wall due to external pressure,

axial force and bending moment. See 4.2.3.2 through

Propagation buckling due to external pressure - when

first a local buckle or similar damage has occured. See

Buckling of the pipe as a bar in compression. See 4.2.3.6.

stress (

4.2,3.4,

yieldin
exceed

be used as a criterion for

safety
exce
stress

eldinS ln
train (dis'

cases where possible strain

placement). the equivalent

on.

he criteri-

see 4.2.2.8,

.5 The perrnissible strain depends on the ductility of the

material and on previously experienced plastic strain. The pipeline or riser is to have acceptable lracture toughness after
the deformation. For D/t ratios above a certain value. fattening may govern. see 4.2.2.6.

4.2.2

4.2.2.6 The flattening due to bending together with the out

of roundness tolerance from fabrication of the pipe (see
7 .2.6.2\ is not to exceed 27o:
D-r* - D,.'"
2
D."* * D.n
4.2.2.1 The requirements of 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6 apply to

*#

conditions of permanent strain, such as the permanent curvature of a buried pipeline. They also apply to exposed pipelines
in (ahosO continuous contact with the bottom. For exposed
pipelines not in continuous contact vrith the bottom the requirements o 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.6 will apply provided yield-

ing would lead to such contact that the strain would

4.2.3.5.

4.2.3.2 The pipeline is to have adequate safety against local

buckling under the most unfavourable combination of external overpressure, axial force and bending moment. The
applied combination of stresses is to be compared with the
critical combinations. The critical combinations may be determined fom available relevant test results. The empirical
formulas, methods and corresponding criteria given in Appendix B may be used.
4.2.3.3 Bending moment due to a curvature which cannot
change. e.g, a riser in a J-tube needs not be taken into account in the buckling analysis.

4.2.3.4 The effect of weight coating on pipe wall buckling

may be taken into account if satisfactory analytical or experimental documentation is provided.

4.2.3.5 Since propagation buckling cannot be initiated belore a local buckle has occured. no additional safety against
propagation buckling is required, For guidance see Appendix
B.

be

stopped before exceeding the permissible value.

4.2.2,8 Normally for risers and in

It

4,2.3.6 has to be documented either that the safety

against barbuckling is not less than what is normally accept-

if

cases where possible

strain exceeds the permissible strain, e.g' suspended spans
where new contact with rhe bottom is not obtained before

will not suffer any

the permissible strain is exceeded, the equivalent stress, dehn-

ed.

ed or,

barbuckling is unavoidable. that the pipeline/riser

damage in the postbuckled mode. For a
nonburried pipeline such proof will normally not be requir-

ed as
ic

- o^or'f j

xy

4.2.4
4.2,4.1

Fatlgue

All

stress fluctuations

of magnitude and

number

Historical document

Table

22

large enough to have a significant fatigue effect on the pipeline system are to be investigated.

4.2.4.2 Typical

causes

of

stress fluctuations

system are:

in a

where

Direct action of waves.

Vibrations

of the pipeline

system, e.g. due

to

vortex

shedding caused by current, waves. or wind.

Platform movements (displacements or deformations).
Fluctuations in operating pressure and temperature.

The above phenomena, together with possible other causes of

stress fluctuations, are to be considered to ihe extent relevant
ech case.

4,2.4.3 Fatigue

analyses are in particular to be made for

constructional details likely to cause stress consentrations.
The aim offatigue design is to ensure adequate safety against

fatigue failures within the planned life of the structure. The

specific criteria will depend on method of analysis, of which
two diflerent categories exlst:

=
=
=

number of stress blocks

number of stress cycles in stress block i
number of cycles to failure at constant skess range
( oJ'
usa8e

factor

The number of stess blocks, s, is to be large enough to ensure reasonalbe numerical accuracy,
The limit damage ration 17 will depend on the maintainabiliry.
i.e. possibility for inspection and repair.
Recommended values of r are given in Table 4.3.
Methods, other than Miner's rule, for accessing cumulative
damage

will

be considered

in each separate case.

Methods based on fracture mechanics. See 4.2.4.4

Methods based on fatigue tests. See 4,2.4.5.

b)

4.2.4.4 Where appropriate, a calculation procedure based

on fracture mechanics may be used. The specifrc criteria will
be considered

4.2.4.5 The

in each separate

methods based on latigue tests consists generalrange,

of appropriate S-N curve (characteristic

resist-

see 4.2.4.6.

Selection

ance), see 4.2.4.7.

Determination of the accumulated damage, see 4,2,4.8.

4.2.4.6 All

stress lluctuations imposed during the entire life,

included the installation phase of the pipeline system which

have magnitude and number large enough to cause fatigue
effects are to be taken into account when determining lhe
long term distribution of stress range.
As most of the loads which contribute to fatigue ar of ran-

i;#i,:
may be

us-

ed. The method of analysis used is subject to acceptance.

The effect of dynamic response are to be propeily accounted

for when determining the stress ranges unless it can be
shown that the dynamic efiects are negligible. Special care is
to be taken to determine the stress ranges adequately in pipelines or risers excited in the resonance range. The amount of
damping assumed in the analysis is to be conservatively estimated.

4.3

Ussge factor

Usage factor

4.2.5

No

access
0,1

Access

03

On-bottom stabtllty

4.2.5.1 The pipetine is to be supported. anchored or buried

in such a way that under the assumed conditions it will not
move from its as-installed position, apart from moyements

corresponding to permissible deformation. thermal expansion, and a limited amount of settlement after installation.

Criteria which will limit permissibie deforrnations are:

buckling and fatigue of pipe
- yielding,
deterioration/wear of coating
- geometrical
limitations of suppor
- distance to other
pipelines, structures or obstacles
The requirement to permissible deformation may thus vary
along the pipeline.

4.2.5.2 If the pipeline at any location along its route is on or

near slopes. the risk of slope failure is to be analysed. Regarding prccautions against slides, reference is made to 8.2,2.

4.2.5.3 BurieC lines are to be checked for possible sinking

or floatation. For both liquid and gas ines sinking is to be

considered assuming the pipe is waterhlled, and floatation is

to be considered assuming the pipe is gas- or air-filled.

4.2.4.7 Characteristic resistances are normally given

as S-N

curves, i.e. stress versus number ofcycles to failure.

The S-N curve used is to be applicable for the material, construction detail and state of stress considered as well as to the
surrounding environment.
The S-N curve is normally to be based on a 95% confidence

limit.

4.2.4.8 In the general case where stress fluctuations occur

with varying amplitude in randorn order. the linear damage
hypothesis (Miner's rule) may be used.

Application of Miner's rule imples that the long term dis-

tribution of stress range is replaced by a stress histogam.

consisting

Teble

Access for inspection

case.

ly of the following three main steps:

- Determination of long term distribution of stress

s
!t
Ni
1)

of a convenient nurnber of constant

amplitude

stress range blocks (,t and a number of repetitions n. The fatigue criteria then reads:

4.2,5.4 If the specific weight of the waterfilled pipe is less

than that of the soil (including water conrents), n lurther
analyses are needed to document the safety against sinking.
For lines to be placed.in soils having low shear strength, a
consideration of soil stresses may be required. If the soil is, or
is likeLy to be
at the depth of
sinking will be
the depth of li-

quefaction or

sinking.

4.2.5.5 If the specifc weight of the gas- or air-filled pipe is

less than that of the soil. it is to be proven that the shear
strength of the soil is suffcient to prevent floatation. Con-

sequently, in soils which ae or may be liquefied. the specific

weight of the gas- or air-hlled pipe
is not to be less that that
of the soil Gf burial is required.

4.2.5.6

Exposed lin resting directly on the bottom withouL

any special supporting elements or anchoring devices, except

Historical document

in

,i,t"n

pipeline

23

possible weight coating. are to be checked

for sinking in

the

same manner as explained above for buried lines. Further'

such lines are to have the below required safety against being
lifted offthe bottom or moved horizontally.

4.2.5.7 Liquid lines as well as gas lines are' in the air'or

eas-flled cndition, to have a specihc gravity higher than that
sea water. (<.Negative buoyancp), Required minimum va'
lues will depend on piPe size'

Fatigue (due to possible vortex sheddind see 4.2'4.

Interference with human activiteis e'9. fishing

Free spans are not acceptable if they may lead to failure of

the pipeline or put restrictions to human activities.

4.3

4.2.5.8 Horizontal

(transverse) stabiliry is to be checked for

wave and current conditions according to 3'3.1.3 and 3'3.1.4'

4.3.1

Pipeline/riser during tnstIldon

General

4.3.1.1 Strengh considerations for the pipeline/risers dur'

ing installation are to be made in order to deterrnine how the

suffering any damage
afety of the comPleted
installation or repair

The most unlavourable combination of simultaneously acting

vertical and horizontal forces on the pipeline is to be considered. When determining this unfavourable combination' it work. see also section g.
may be taken into account e.g. that the forces will vary along
the line, and directional distribution of waves and currents'
4.3.1 .2 If the installation analyses for a proposed pipetine/
riser show that an acceptable set of installation parameters
4.2.5.9 If the motions of the pipeline is to be restrained eith' cannot be obtained with the installation equipment to be ussea bottom or
er
pipeline/riser is to be modihed.
on of the suP- ed, the
by
is to be includpo
of 4.3 apply also, as far as applic'
4.3.1

ed

4.2.5.10 The coeflicient of friction may vary (within a wide

.3

The requirements

able, to repair operations'

range) with bottom material and surface roughness of the pi- 4.3.1.4 Only those sections under 4.3.2. 4.3.3 and 4.3'4
peline. The applied values are to be based on relevant in- found pertinent to the various installation techniques/phases
should be considered.
formation from the actual location,

checked- 4.3.1.5 Any installation phase/technique is to be checked.

Especially near platforms andl or places where the pipeline Such phases and techniques are:
changes direction, suffrcient flexibility and space for expan- - Start of laying operation
sion should be allowed for. The expansion calculation should - Normal continous laying
be based on conservative values for the axial friction between - Pipe abandon and retrieval
of laying operation
pipeline and soil.
- Termination
Tow out
4.2.5.12 In shallow water repeated loading effects due to - Bottom tow
wave action may lead to a reduction of the shear strength of - Bottom pull
the soil. This should be considered in the analysis' especially - Spool on
where the backhll consists of loose sands which is more sus- - Tiein

ceptible to liquefaction than looser graded deposits and clays.

4.2,6

Propagating ductile fractures

4.2.6.1
under h

d gas and liquids

resistance against

propaga

This may be obtained by using steel with a high upper shelf

Charpy V-notch toughness, lowering the stress level, mechanical crack arrestors, changing the fracture direction or by

combination of these solutions.

The design solution is to be supported by calculations based
on relevant experience and/ or suitable tests' See also 5.2.8.

4.2.7

Risers supporLs

.l Riser supports are to be so designed that a smooth

transmission of forces between riser and support is obtained.
As far as possible. introduction of bending in the pipe wall is
4.2.7

to be avoided,

4.2.7.2 The riser supports are normally to be designed

against the possibie forms of failure with at least the same

dgree of safety as that of the riser they support. However. if

an overall safety consideration indicates that the overall sa'
lety is increased by a reduction of the laiiure load of cetain
supports. such considerations may govern the support design.

(Weak link principle.)

4.2,8

Spans

4.2.8.1 Where there is no contact between the bottom

and

the pipeline (free spanJ the following problem areas are to be

investigated:
Excessive yielding. see 4.2,2,

Straightening
Trenching
Back fill

.6 For any ol the phases mentioned in 4.3 ' I '5 the pipe'
line/riser is to have the below required safety against the fol'
towing modes of failure and damage

4.3. I

Yielding. see 4.3,2,

Local buckling. see 4.3.3.
Fatigue effect. see 4.1.4.
Excessive damage to weight coating.

4,3.2

Ylelding

4.3.2.1 The primary requirement as to yielding during in-

stallation is that the residual longitudinal strain after installa'

tion is not to exceed 0.002 (0.2 per cend.
The above strain limitation does not apply to the bending and
straightening involved in the reel barge method or the pulling
through a J-tube or similar, see 4.3.2.3-4.3.2.5. When a pipe
has vaiable stiffness e.g. due to concrete coating. this will locally give high strain. Such local strain are no to exceed 0.02

(2.0 per cend.

4,3.2.2 When the pipe is to be given a Permanent curvature

(e.g. by the <bending shoeu o. the <J-tube> method' strain andflaitenlng, are to be used as criteria in accordance with 4.3 2'3
and 4.3.2.4.
4.3.2.3 The permissible permanent strain depends on the
ducility of the pipe material. A total, permanent. bending
strain of 0.02 O per cen is acceptable. If the bending procedure involves successive bendig and straightening of a
portion of the pipe. the maximum plastic strain is not to excel%. (The corresponding radii of curvature are 25D and

ed

50D.) See also Section 5.

Historical document

4.2.5.11 Axid 0ongitudinaD stability should be

24

4.3.2.4 The flattening due to a permanent curvature together with the out of roundness tolerances from fabrication of

the pipe shall not exceed 2%.

D,n"* Drin
?
- D.* *- Dmin-

C)

2.0

I00

4.3.2.5 The requirement of 4.3.2,1 apply to the

assumed

most unfavourable condition during installation. i.e. assumed

maximum wind, waves and current acting. (Loaditrg condition b), see l.l .2.l). This requirement applies also to lortions
of the pipeline where the strains are completely controlled and
cannot change, e.g. where the curvature is controlled by the
curvature of a rigid ramp, whether or not environmental loads
are acting.
Instead of a direct consideration of residual strain as
explained in 4 .3 .2.1 and 4 .3 .2.5 , the following criterion may
be applied:

/N
(4.

The particular effect

pipe during laying. n
the pipe axis in the
points. is to be specia

4.3.3

ctng on the

direction ol
the lift_off

Buckling

4.3.1.1 Local buckling of the pipe wall is to be considerecl in

accordance with the applicable clauses from 4.2.3.

Guidelines is found in Appendix B.

4.3,4

4,3.2.6

IVI will exceed 33J.%. the assumed maxirum M is to be

nserted in the form^uja ol 4.1.2.6. applying a usage factor of maximum 0.9.

Fatigug

4,3.4.:l

_When checking the fatgue life accordjng o 4.2.4,

in the installation phases are to be add-

possble fatigue effects

ed,

\2 2 /N 0,85M \
w )*ot -(A.T)o,<'o,

0.85M

where the usage factor 4 is 0,72 for loading condition and

0,96 for the loading condition b) and portions of controlled
strain in condition a) (see 4.3.2.5).
Other symbols:

= axial foce (including, effect of water

= cross sectional area of pipe.
= bending moment
= section modulus of pipe.
= hoop stress.
= specified minimum yietd strength.

count when found relevant.

pressure).

4.4
1,4,1

Piping components and accessories

General

It is to be noted that if M is determined on the basis of a given

curvature. the nonlinear relationship between moment and 4.4.1.1 All pressure-containing piping components and

curvature is to be taken into account.

4.3.2.1 For installation methods involving a J or S shaped

curve of the pipeline N and lr{ are to be determined by an appropriate method, suitable for the water depthl pipe stiffness
and weight in question. Since the elfect of the environmental
loads is difficult to determine, the minimum required analyses
are as follows:
A) Loading condition a) is to be analyzed in detail. and the
forrnula of 4.3.2.6 is to be applied with a usage factor 4

B)

of maximum 0,72.
Loading condition b) is to be corrsidered by evaluating
the increase of M due to environmental loads on the
basis

olthe

assumed environmental conditions, the rele-

vant characteristics of the installation equipment (particularly the taying vesseD. and all available relevant ex,
perience.

If

there is reason to expect that the increase of

cessories are generally to represent the same iafety as that

quired above lor plain. straight pipe.

acre_

4.4;1 .2 Fo all components. tor which detailed design procedures and criteria are not,given n these Rules, suflcent
strength is to be documented in at least one of the following

ways;

Equal or similar components have been proven satisfactory by previous successful perlormance under comparable
conditions.

By proof

tests.
experimental stress analyses.
- By
- By engineering calculations.
4.4.I.3
Code or
accordin

recognized

nce. esign

y accepted.

Historical document

N
A
M
W
oy
o

25

SECTION 5
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
FOR PIPES AND PIPING COMPONENTS
5.1.1

Valldity

l.l.l This section specifies requirements to characteristic

material properties for design and quality control of steel linepipes and piping components. The requirements are applicable to C-Mn steets, C-lr{n-fine grain treated steels and low alloyed steels having a specified minimum yield strength up to
500 Mpa, and consumables for wetding.
5

of higher strength. other alloys and other materials

may be used subject to special approval.

Steels

5.1,1.2 l\{aterials for corrosion protection and weight coating are covered by Section 6.
5.1.1.3 The manufacture is to be capable of producing ma'
terials of required quality. Relevant documentation is to be
rnade available on request.
Prequalihcation testing or an extended quality control scheme is required for nanufacturers having timited experience,
and in cases where new production methods are introduced.

5.1.2

Selection of materials

5.1.2.1 Materals are to be selected with due consideration

to the commodity to be transported. loads. temperature. corrosion and consequences of a possible failure during installa-

tion, operation and maintenance of the pipeline system.

5,1.3 Material speciflcation

be prepared giving the
line-pipes, piping components.
welding consumables, bolts and nuts and any other important items. The specication is to cover manufacturing methods. chemical composition, heat treatment' mechanical properties. soundness, quality control testing, documentation

5.1.3.1 A material specifcation is to

material requirements

for

and marking.

Supply condition

5.2.2.1 The supply condition is to be specified taking into

account possible adverse ellects as a result of forming, welding and heat treatment operations which will occur during
fabrication and installation.
5.2.2.2

Steel

to be used for general service may be supplied

as rolled, controlled rolled, thermomechanical treated, normalized. quenched and tempered or subcritical age-hardened.

5.2.3 lleat

treatment

5.2.3,1 Steel castings and forgings are to be normalized,

normalized and tempered or quenched and tempered.

service (i.e. miniis either to be normal-

5.2.3.2 Rolled steel for tow ternperature

mum design temperature below

OoC)

ized. quenched and tempered or thermomechancically treated.

5,2,4

Chemical composltion

5.2.4.1 The steel is to have a chemical composition which

with the specified manufacturing, fabrication and welding
procedures will ensure suflicient strength' ductility' toughness
and corrosion resistance.

5.2,4.2 The chemical composition of C-N{n and C-Mn fine

grain treated steels to be welded is to be specihed within the

analysis limits given in Table 5,1. Modications may be agreed upon subject to the application of suitable fabrication and
welding procedures.

5.2.4.3 If the hardenability of a steel may be better predicted with another carbon equivalent formula, this may be considered together with a revised CE'limit.
5,2.4.4 The chemical composition is to be determined both
in the ladle and the product, Ladle analyses are to be taken
for every heat, A check analysis is to

The specification is to be submitted for approval.

5.1.4

5.2.2

Documentation and identication

5.1.4.1 All materials are to be delivered with test certilicates

stating the heat number, manufacturing methods' test results,
identification etc. lv{aterial test certificates for pressurized parts
are normally to be endorsed by Veris'

.4.2 All ma(erials are to be traceable and suitably mark'

ed for easy identilcation of manufacturer. grade, heat num'
ber, size and application.

be taken for ech batch

of 50 hnished products. but at least once every heat,

elements listed in Table 5.1 are to be determined and reported. Other remaining elements added on purpose
to control the material properties are also to be checked. and
to be reported.

5.2.4.5 The

Procedures for chemical analyses are described in Appendix

C.

5.1

l\,faterials of uncertain origin or uncertain quality

rejected. or a special identiltcation and test programme is to be agreed upon.

5.1

are

4.3

to be

5.2.4.6 The chemical composition of low'alloy and alloyed

steels will be considered in each case.
5.2.4.7 The impurity level and inclusion contents are to be
kept specially low in steel to be used in pipeline systems designed to transport commodities which under unfavourable
conditions may cause blistering. also called stepwise cracking.

ee 5.2,11 and 6.4.)

5.2 Steel for line-pipes

5,2.1

Steel making

steel is to processed and cast in a manner ensuring unilorm composition. properties and soundness. Impurit'
ies and residual elements are to be kept at a level consistent
with specified property and service requirements.

5.2,1.1 The

.2

The steel is normally to be lullv killed, Steels for li'

quid pipelines may, however. be semi-killed when the specif'
ied minimum yield srrength is less than 300 lvlPa'

5.2.1

5.2.4.8 The chemical composition is to be specially considered for steel to be used in pipelines where underwater welding is planned for tie-in operations or should be anticipated in
case of repair situations.

5.2.5

l\{echanlcal testing

5.2.5.1 The following mechanical properties are essential

and are to be determined and reported as part of the quality
control:

Yield strength

Historical document

5.1 General

26

Ultimate tensile sl.rength

5.2,7 Brittle facture

Elongation
Reduction of area
Fracture toughness

sured by keeping the transition temperature lronl brittle to

ductile behaviour sulflciently below the nrinimunr design

Hardness ol welded joints

temperature.

The reduction of area is normally to be measured only lor

cast and forged steels.

Charpy V-notch transition curve is to be established for information for the base material of line-pipes. (See Table 7 I )

5.2.5,2 The mechanical properties ol'the

base material is.

when practically possible. to be tesred with specimens orientated transverse to the principal rolling/working direction

5.2.7.2

5.2,5.3 Procedures lor mechanical testing are described in

Appendix C. Alternative standarized methods may be used
subject to agreement.
Tble

dard specimens can not be

made. subsize specimens may be used with energy convertion factors as given in Figure 5,1.

composltion of C-steel, C-Mn steel end

C-Nln fne-grain treated steel for general senlce.

Ladle
Check
V max.

Mn

Si

max.

m(.

max.

0,18
0,20

I,60

0.55
0.60

0,10

|,70
(v+Nb)

Cu

Ni

Mo

Cr

-/o

7b

max.

max.

max.

max.

max

max.

0,025
0,030

0,020
0,02s

0,3 5

0,40
0.40

0.25

0,20
0,20

P
%

Ti max. 0,05
N max. 0.009 (0,015 wtren Al hne grain
Residuals (Cr+

0,35

2) cE=c+

max 0,12

Nb max. 0.05

5.2,6

Base mateials and welded joints are normally to

h energy values given by Fiat least 7 5 % of the speciled

5.1 Chemicsl

Analysis

l)

resisnce

5 2.7.1 Base materials and wcldmenls are to be reasorablc

resistant against initiation of brittle fractures. This is to be en-

treated)

0,2 5

*o . L*d

(total)
^l
.Vo tAX,

Others

Carbon

equivalent2)

l)
l)

0,40
0.43

0,08
0,0

cu,+-V

5.2.7.3 The impact testing temperatureis to be

selected in
accordance wth Table 5.-1. Maximum testing temperature is.
however. not to be taken higher than + 20oC.

Mo+ Cu) max 0.50

Tensile properties

5.2.6.1 The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are

to meet the specifed yalues for the actual grade. Downgrad- Joule
ing of high strength steels is normally not acceptable.

Kpm

47

5.2.6.2 The ratio of yie.ld to ultimate tensile strength is normally to be maximum 0.85. A ratio up to 0.90 may be ac-

a^)-)
-'
---.-^.^--J
^^l/
vcp!u
rvl
plpcs
urJru
E^pailul
ilaVtIB auiuaj yleiL Slfengtn
propofrionally higher than the specihed minimum.

5.2.6.3

Stress-strain curve_typical for the specified line_pipe

material is to be recorded. (See 4.1.2.1 and Table 7.1).

2.6.4 The

elongatiolt

with Table 5.2,

of the

4J

4.0

/
./

35

base materials is

4,4

39

4.8

3,6

to comply
3l

3.2

./

21

2.8

Tble 5.2: Mlnimum elongation fo

base materials
(Based on flat specimens 3E mm wide.)

Specifed

minimum yietd
strength MPa

200-295
295-340
340- 390

22

390-440

2t

20

440

500

235 275 315 355 390 430

N{inimum percent elongation in 50 mm

gage length for wall thickness, t mm:
t <12.5
rz.sct<25.s t>2s.s

Specimen

27

29

23

25
24
23
22

470

Speciled minimum yield strength (MPa)

section
(mm?)

30
26
25
24
23

l0xl0

l0 x ?,5

l0x5
Fig.

5.1

Energy
factor
I

s/6
2/3

Average Charpy V-notch energy values

5,2.6,5 The reduction of area ol cast and forged steels C-.

C-Mn and C-Mn grain treated is to be at leasi35 per cent.

For heavy wall componenis or higher strength steel a higher

ductility level may be required.

5.2.6.6 The ductility in the thickness direction is to be adequate for the part in question. In special cases through thickness tensile testing may be required.

5.2.8 Resistance against propagating ductile fractures

5.2.8.1 Pipelines transporting gas or mixed gas and liqtrids
are to be designed in a manner preventing propagating ductile
lractures (see 4.2.6). When the design is based on the insrallation ol line-pipe materials u,ith arrest properties (i.e. a high up-

Historical document

27

Tble

5,3

Charpy V-notch imprct testing temperature (oC),

Nominall)
wall

RISERS
Gas and Liquid

td20 mm
20<t<30

T=To- l0
T=Tu- l0
T=To- l0
T=To-20
T = to be decided in each case

thicknecs (mm)

t>
l)

J0 mm

PIPELINES
Gas

2)

Liquid

2)

T=Tu
T=To

Corrosion allowances my be dsregrded-

2) Vlixed

gas and liquid(s) ae

to

be treated s gas.

(s t.3.18.1.)

per shelf Charpy V-energy), the notch toughness requirements

are to be agreed in each case.

5.2.8.2 When the design is based on a higher upper shelf

notch toughness, only the base material of line-pipes need to
have fracture arrest Properties.
5,2.9.1 Fracture toughness tests other than the Charpy

V-test. may in special cases be allowed or required to assess

the resistance to unstable lractures and/ or determine defect
tolerances

in materials and

welds.

SSC resistance is required.

Reslstance tgainst chloride stress corrosion crsck-

ing

5.2.13.1 l\{aterials which are to be used in seawater environment are to be resistant against chloride stress corrosion
crackning.

Such tests could be Drop Weight Tear Test (DWfi), Cract<

Opening Displacements Test (COD). Compact Tension Tests
(CT), Drop Weight test (DW) or full scale type tests. Procedures, extent of testing. conditions and interpretation of re'
sults are to be agreed in each case.

5.2.10

Cold formed and/ or welded low alloy steels are normally to

be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness limt when

5.2,13

Supplementary fracture toughness testing

SSC resistance. when the accumulated plastic strain

Resistance against hydrogen induced cracking in

of alloyed steels andlor extra high

strength steels (specified min yield strength above 500 MPa)
is to be specially considered when the pipetine will be operating at higher temperature (above 70"C). or the oil and gas
contain significant amottnts of chloride components, Verihcation by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may

5.2.13.2 Application

be required,

welded joints,

I The maximum hardness is to be kept at a level sa[eassuring resistance to hydrogen induced cracking during
welding and in service. After welding the hardness is not to
exceed 125 HV5 at any part of the weld unless otherwise required (see 5.2.1.
5

5.3 Soundness

.2. I 0.

ly

5,2.11

Resistance against envlronmental induced blister-

ing.

5.3.1 Genenl

5,l.l.l The material is to be free from any defects which

may make the material unsuitable for intended service.
Cracks, notches, gouges and tears are not acceptable. Overlaps. slvers, impressed mill scale etc. are to be removed by
grinding unless proved to be of a superficial nature (see
7.2.6.1.

5.3.1.2 The material is to be free from gross

tion by relevant experience or suitable laboratory tests may
be required lor the base material. ee 5.2 and 6 4)

5.2,12

Resistance against sulphide stress corrosion crack-

laminations,

gross inclusions, segregations, shrinkages and porosity. The

soundness of rolled. forged and cast material is to be verified
by non-destructive testing according to agreed procedures
and standards (see 7.2,7,3).

ing (SSC)

5,2.12.1 Mateials and welding consumables for use in pipeline systems required designed against sulphide stress corrosion cracking (see .4). are to have a chemical composition
and strength level suitable for such service. Selection is to be

documented experience' e.g' NACE Standard

MR-O1 -78 (Rev 1980).

based

on

5.4 Steel for piping components

5.4.1 Generl
5.4,1.1 Piping

componnts such as bends' valves. flanges,

tees. mechanical couplings etc. are in general to fullfill the same material requirements as specified for line-pipes of the same grade and thickness.
5.4.1.2 Modification in chemical composition may be agreed
provided special precautions like preheating and post weld
heat treatment are included

ing procedures. corrosion conlrol and monitoring systems etc'

5.2,12.3 Suitable heat treatment may be required for high

strength steels and welds to ensure adequate resistance
against SSC.

5.2.12.4 Cold formed C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain

steels are

treated

to be heat treated and meet the applicable hardness

in the welding

procedure.

5.5 Welding consumables

5.5.1

General

consumables are to be suitable for the intended application giving a weld with required properties,
soundness and corrosion resistance in the finally installed
condition.

5.5.1.1 Welding

Historical document

5.2.9

limit lor

exceeds 5 %

28

5.5.1.2 Welding consumables are to have classification according to recognized classification schemes. Low hydrogen
consumables are normally to be used for welding of high

strength steels.
Cellulosic electrodes may. however, be used provi<Jed it is established special welding procedures preventing hydrogen in-

duced cracking.

type approved.

5 .6. I .

Generl

in acCordance

with. and are to be manufactured and tested to relevant.

5.6.1

.2

re-

Bolts to be exposed to or immersed in sea water are

to be of property class 8,8 (ISO RB9S) or of a equivalent

strength level. The strength level is not to exceed property

C
cons
cipition effects du

ments are

considered.

to

be

Mechanical properties

5.5.3.1 The mechanical properties of the weld metal are to

meet the base material requirements. Exessively overmatching yield and tensile strengths are, however. to be avoided.

5.6.1.3 When bolt assemblies are ro be used in low temperature service. or having large diameters, fracture toughness
testjng may be required.
5.6.1.4 Bolts. nuts and other fastening elements are to be
protected against corrosion by suitable, durable coatings.
When bolts assemblies are part of or u'ill join components
which are required designed against stress corrosion cracking. the applicable conditions to rnaterials. manufacturing
and testing would also apply to these connections. (See
5.2.t2.)

5,7 Materials for support structures

5,5.1.2 Impairment of tensile and

toughness properties due

to intended heat treatments is to be considered.

5.5.4 Handling

and storage of welding consumables

5.5,4.1 Welding

consumabes are to be treated with care to

avoid contamination, moisture pick-up and rusting, and are

to be stored under dry conditions.

5.5.4.2 The relative humidity is to

be kept at max 40% in

stores for low hydrogen consumables unless supporting evidence confirm a somewhat higher humidity to be tolerable.

T
and handli
ly in accor
5.5.4,3

recommended storage
rebaking is to be stricters' instructions,

5.4 Storage and handllng of welding consumables

Type of

Storage of

Storage

consumable

hermetically

opened

sealed

containers

o[

containers
Covered electrodes
hydrogen
- low
type
20-300c1)

- cellulosic tyoe
Flux for submerg-

2o- 3oocl)

ed arc welding

20_

3OoC

500C

Storage of
consumables

withdawn
for use

70oc2'l

20-300c1)
70"c

l)

Notes:
l) The temperature should exceed ambient by + 5oC.
2) ll'hen wirhdrawn l"or use, low hydrogen consumables are to be kept in
heated contajners and normall,v to be used wihin 4 hours.
l) To be handled according to good workshop prctice.

5.7.1

General

5-7.1.1 When support structures are welded directly to, or

act as a pressurized part of the pipeline system, the material requirement for the pipeline part in question are to be met.

.2

5.7.1
Support structures which are not directly welded to
pressurized parts are considered as structural members. The
material requirements specified lor primary structural members according to Veritas'<Rules for the design, contruction
and inspection of offshore structure$
latest issue will normally apply.

Historical document

be compalible with the base meul to prevent general and localized corrosion.
n is to be kept
at a safe level
experience. pre

Table

Bolts and nuts are to be made of sree.l having chemi-

cal composition and mechanical properties

class I 0.9 for bolts to be installed above the splash zone.

Chemical compositon

5.5.2.1 The chemical composition of the weld deposit is to

5.5.3

5.6.1

cognized standards.

5.5.1.i Hydrogen controlled consumables are to give a diffusible hydrogen content of max 5ml/100 g wdd metal
(when determined with the glycerin merhod), nd are to be
5,5.2

5. Bolt assemblies

29

SECTION 6
CORROSION PROTECTION A\D WEIGHT COATING
Stray currents ma] be avoided by means of a metallic con-

.1 Corrosion protection, general

6,1.1 Vrlldity
6.1.1.l Pipeline

systems are to be adequalely protected

lrom corrosion, 6,1 through 6.5 cover minimum require-

ductor connected to the return (negative) side ofthe stray current source. Counteraction ol the effect of stray current may
be obtained by means of cathodic protection or removal relocation of the stray current source.

ments to corrosion protection systems. 6.6 covers the requirements to weight coating.

.2 External coating
6.1 .l .2 Requirements to pipe materials and welds with respect to environmentally induced cracking such as hydrogen
induced pressure cracking (hydrogen blisterind and sulphide
stress corosion cracking are given in Section 5.

6,1.2 Definitions
.2.1 Splash zone:

6.2.1

6,2.1 .l The external coating is to provide adequate corrosion protection in the actual environment.
6.2.1

The splash zone is defined as the astronomical tidal range plus the wave height having a probability of exceedance of 0 01. The upper limit of the splash zone is determined by assuming 65 % of this lvave height above
IJAT and the lower limit by assuming 357o below LAT.

6.1

.2.2

General

.2

Different parts of the pipeline system such

pipe coating

feld joint coating

coa,,ing of supports

are to be adequately covered by the coatings specihcations.

Subnterged zone:The submerged zone is dehned as

the region below the splash zone inchtding sea water and sea

6.2.2 Coating matcrids

bottom zone.

6.2,2.1 The following

6.1

.2.3 Alntospheric zone: The atmospheric zone s delined

as the region above the splash zone.

as

generic types of external coating may

be used for corrosion protection:

6.1

.2.4 External coa|tg: External coating is organic. inor metallic materials applied to the external metal

organic

surlace to prevent corrosion.

.2.5 Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection is a technique to prevent corrosion if a metal surface by making the
surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
6.1

6.1

.2.6 Internal proreciott: Internal protection is

different

systems to reducc corrosion attacks of internal surfaces of pipelines and risers.

6.1,3 General requirements to

corrosion protection sys-

tems

tar and asphalt enamels and asphalt mastic. norntal- Coal

ly in combination with concrete weight coating for subrnerged pipelines/ risers.

Epoxy. on conditions of compatibility with any weight

Epoxy and coal tar epoxy for the submerged part of ri-

Epoxy, vinyl and coal tar epoxy for atmospheric part of

Asphalt mastic or epoxy for field joint coating.

Rubber lining for risers,

coating.

sers.

risers.

Other generic types ol coatings may be used if satisfactory

long term perfonnance under similar exposure conditions is
documented Relevant laboratory data and held testing may
be satislactory documentation. This will be considered in

6.1,3

each case. (See 6.2.2.3)

mospheric zone,

6.2.2.2 Asphalt or coal tar

I The pipcline system is normally to be protected by

external coating in the submerged zone as well as the at.3.2 In the submcrged z-one the pipeline system is normally to be cathodcally protected by sacrifical anodes'

6.1

6.1.3,3 In the splash zone the riser is to be protected by

special means of corrosion protection normally in combination with corrosion allowance.
6.1 i.4 For pipeline systems transporting corrosive commodities internal protection is required,

For pipeline systems rvhich are exposed to internal or external erosion wall thickness allorvance nray be required'

.1.3.5 For risers rvhich are installed in J-tubes' tunnels etc.

special means of corrosion protection are normally required.

.1.6 The possibitities of stray currents in connection

u,ith nearby structures are to be evaluated and in areas where
stray currents are suspected. appropriate tests are to be con'
ducted. Detrimental effects of stray currents are to be avoided
by applying general preventive methods.
6.1

Of special importance is proper grounding of the welding system for bargc welding during pipelayin8.

based coatings should have a

softening point not less than 30oC above the maximum de
sign operating temperature of the pipeline system.
6 2.2.3 When selecting an external coating for a pipeline
system tlre following properties are to be taken into account;

Adhesion or resistance to disbonding

Durability or resistance to chcmical. physical and biological deterioration
Service temperature range

Tensile elongation or flexibility

Strength and imPact resistance

Conrpatibility with concrete weight coating

Repair of damaged coating

The relation between adhesion and skength properties with

rime should be lairly constant so that urrcierrustitrg or shielding of cathodic proiection in case of disbonded coating is
avoided.

The above properties are to be documented by relevant lests

or by reference to earlier successful application.

6.2.2.4 ln addition to the properties given in 6.2.2.3 the

coating specification is to include information on

Historical document

6.1

..0

generic type and composition

coating thickness
pf lmef

and approval. If an impressed current system is to be used.

due consideration is to be paid to avoid overprotection and to
design a system with sufficient mechanical strength,

binder

.2 Cathodic protection by sacrifrrcial anodes is to be

designed to provide adequate protection during the design life
of the pipeline system.

reinforcement

6.3.1

fllers

6.2,3

Coeting aDpllcation

The design may be based on a shorter perod if reinstallation

of anodes is arranged for.

6.2.3.1 The external

coating is to be applied according lo an

approved procedure. The procedure is normally to incluCe:

6.3.1,3 Potentials for cathodic protecton are given in

handling and treatment of coating materials

surface preparation
temperatures. air humidity and time lags between steps in
the coating process
testing methods, with reference to genera[y recognized
standards or a correspondingly detailed description

position (salinity 32

.1

Table

repair procedure following attachment of cathodic pro-

Metal

tection cables, padeyes. etc.

handling. transport ofcoated pipes
quality control and inspection
reporlng procedure

Reference electrode
Cu/CuSOa

positve limit
b) negative limit

treat-

positive limit
b) negative limit

to the coating specification

positive limit
b) negative limit

lng.

6.2.3.4 A preproduction test is to be carried out at the coating yard in order to demonstrate that the coating can be adequately applied under the prevailing conditions.
Field joint coating

Field joint coating should be applied according to an

approved procedure of simiiar nature as described in 6.2.3.
The field joint coating should be compatible with the pipe
coating.

6,2,4.1

Criteria for acceptance, repair and rejection ol coating before

final submersion of pipe are to be stated. Repair methods for
damaged coating under held conditions are to be described in
the procedure for field joint coating.

6,2.4.2 Surface preparation by power tool brushing to

uniform near-white metal finish may be accepted for asphalt

or coal tar based feld joint coating.

for field joint coating, it is of

special importance to keep the temperature of the mastic
used

within acceptable limits,

The mastic should be adequately cooled by continuous rvatercooling before the pipes passes over the stinger during laying operations.
.3 Cafhodic protecdon
Generl

based on sacrilicial anodes.

0.95

0.80
r.05

+ 0.25
+ 0.00

-t

r0

0.90

+ 0.t5

1.05

+000

- 0.80
- 0.95

+ 0.25
+ 0.10

> 700 MPa)

information on the location of reinforcement in the coat-

6.3,1.1 The cathodic protection system is normally to

0.85

- t,l0

Very high strength stee

(yield strength

adhesion data
holiday detection

6.3.1

envionment

are generally to include:

surface preparation data

temperature and humidity measurements
number of coats and total dry fi.lm thickness

6.2.4.3 When mastic is

Zn

environment

6,2.3,3 The quality control reports

6,2,4

AelAeCl

Steel in aerobic

Steel in anaerobic

acceptance criteria according

38"o).

Potentisl (in volts) for cathodic protection of

ment before application of coating is generally blast cleaning

to min. SIS 055900 C Sa 2,5 or equivalenr standard.

steel

acceptance criteria

6.2.3.2 The mnimum requirement to pipe surlace

table

6.1. These potentials apply to sea water and sallne mud at

ambient temperatures (5-25'C) and normal sea water com-

be

Impressed current may b used upon special consideration

In

0.85
r.00

brackish water the potential

of the AglAgCl

electrode

must be corrected by the acttlal chloride composition.

The zinc reference electodes is only reliable in open

sea-

water.

At temperatures other than ambient the potential given in

table 6.1 may not apply. Protective potentials which are
lmV/oC more negative may be used for steel surfaces operating at temperatures between 25 and l00oC.

6,3.2

Design of system

6.3.2.1 The cathodic protecrion

system is to be designed so
deliver sufcient current and distribute this
current so that the criteria for cathodic protection is obtained

that

it is able to

(taute o.l).

The current density requiement is'.o be selected on the basis

of the environmental conditions either by experience lrom similar conditions or from direct measurements along the route.

Guidance on the design of cathodic protection syslems is given in Appendix D.

6.3.2.2 Cathodic protection design specification should include:

calculation of area to be protected

influence on/from electrically connected systems
current density requirement
coating breakdorvn criterion
anode material and manufactuer
anode weight, design. distribution and total number
calculation of the ellectiveness of the system.

6.3.2,3 The
ode during

anode core is to be designed to support the anconstructional and operational phases, e.g.

all

transportation, instailation etc,

Historical document

JI

6.3.3

'Ihe test welds are to be sectioned and examined for bonding

and possible excessive Cu-penetration using a microscope

Anode materials and fabrication

6.1.3.1 Sacrifical anodes rnay be alloys o[ aluminitm or with magnilcation of at least 100x. The Cu-penetration

zlnc.

is

normally to be less than 0,3 mm for procedures to be used on

risers, while maximum 0,8 mm lor procedures to be used on

The driving potential and electrochemical efhciency of the

anode alloy are to be documented by appropriate tests. The

pipelines,

testing shculd be based on long term freerunning tests under

relevant conditions,

The hardness in the heat affected zone is to be determined on

the macrosections and is to be within the normal lii'nit specif-

6.3.32 The anode core should be hot-dip galvanized for

zinc or blastcleaned to Sa 2,5 according to SIS 055955 prior

to casting of the anodes.

1.3 llanufacturers may be required to prove their capability of delivering anodes which satisfy the actual specilica-

6.-1

tions.

The anodes are to be furnished with a test certilcate at least

stating the manufacturer, the specihed alloy composition. anode specihcation, the charge number. the chemical analysis,
performance test, the method of analysis. and other relevant
information.
The anodes are to be properly marked lor identifcation. The
marking system is at least to include the manufacturers mark
and the charge number,

ied for the pipeline system.

6 3 4.7 The welds and electrical connection between anode
and pipe is to be checked before pipe installation. Pipes with
rnetallic connection between anode and reinforcement in
weight coating are to be rejected.

6.3.5 Testlng of system

6.3.5,,l Potential measurements are to be carried out to ensure that the pipeline system is adequately polarized' This
testing is to be carried out within one year after installation.

6.3.5.2 A program for the testing ittcluding test equipment,

procedure for and extent of potential rneasurements are to be

submitted lor approval.

The reference electrode is to be located as close as possible to

the selected surface point to be measured,

The surface of sacrifrcal anodes are to be examined 100% vi-

to be lree lrom coating

and

6.4 Internal corrosion control

6.4.1
6,3,4 Installation of anodes
6.3.4.1 The anode arrangements is to be in compliance
with the approved design specihcation. The anodes are to be
mounted in a manner such as to avoid mechanical damage
during handting and installation of pipes. It is advisable that

anodes have a smaller diameter than the weight coating,

6.3.4.2 Anode bracelets are to be fastened securely on the

pipe. The two segments may be welded together with steel
strips in order to ensure satisfactory mechanical connection
and proper positioning. Each anode is to be electrically connected to the pipe by at least two attachments.

6.3.4.3 Electrical connection between anode and pipe is

normally to be made by manual welding or thermite weld-

ing. Attachment welding are to be placed at least 150 mm off

other welds.
Manual welds for electrical connections are to be made on an
attachment plate. Attachment plates welded directly onto the
pipeline/riser are to be orientated circumferentially' and perlormed with qualified welding procedure. See 8.7. Regarding
material requirements see 5-7.
is used for attachment of anode
cables, welding procedure is to include:
6

3.4.4 If thermite tvelding

Application of corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion allowance

Internal coating
Application of corrosion resistant alloys or linings
Drying

.2 The following properties of the commodity to be

transported should be taken into account in the establishment
of a program for internal corrosion control:

6.4.1

Oil/ gas/ water ratios

Salinity. bacteria content. pH of water phase

Content of corrosive gases such as CO2. H25 and 02
Solids content and flow characteristics
Temperature and Pressure

Expected time dependance and variations due to operational

conditions should be indjcated. The possibility of changing

conditions by seawater injection (secondary recovery) should

be considered at the design stage.

corrosive gases is above the fotlowing limits:

eiectrical connections by thermite

to

give sufficient bonding and negligible Cu-penetration along

grain boundaries. The size and shape olthe mold is to suit the
diameter of the pipe and the anode cable size.

6.3.4.6 Qualilcation of the thermite welding procedure

Internal corrosion control may be achievecl by one or more

of the following methods:

6.4.1

Prior to thermite welding the surface is to be dry, clean and

6.3.4.5 Attachments of
welding are to be made with a quatilted procedure proved

6.4.1 1 Internal corrosion control is to be provided for pipeline systems transporting corrosive hydrocarbons'

.3 Internal corrosion control is normally required

when the commodity is containing vater or has a relative
humidity o[ more than 50 7o and when the partial pressure of

Brand and designation of Powder

Size of mold. charge and cable
Preparation of surface

bright.

General

is

to be based on visual exanination and mechanical testing of

three test welds.

:0.00 I MPa (0.0 14 psi

- oxygen
: 0.0 I lvf Pa
.4 psil
hydrogen
sulphide
- carbon dioxide : 0.0 I ll{Pa |g .4
psil
-

Combination of these corrosive gases may be more agressive,

especially rhe combination of H2S and 02. The corrosivity

wili also generally

increase by increasing temperature.

6,4.1 .4 The H2S values listed in 6.4.1.3 are to be considered

for general corrosion. Regarding limits of hydrogen sulphide

Historical document

sually. The anode surface is

cracks affecting the anode efhciency.

32

for sulphide stess corrosion cracking reference is made to

NACE-Standard MR-0 I -75 (latest revisiod.

6.4.2 Internel corrosion control by inhibltors

6.4.2.1 When inhibitors are used for internal

corrosion

control the following conditions are to be taken into account:

General philosophy for the inhibitor selection

Trade name
Chemical type and mechanism for inhibition
Solubility and despersibility
Ecological effects

Exposure to corrosion
of a corrosion lailure
Accessibility
Consequences

6.4.5.1 Thickness

measurements at selected reference points

on risers are to be carried out prior to installation and in connection with periodical inspection (See 9.4.4.1), The measurements are to be caried out according to an approved pro,
cedure which should include information on:

type of equipment
type of probe
recording and eyaluation procedure
location of reference points

Recommended inhibitor concentrations

Pressure, flow rate and temperature limitations

Compatibility if more than one inhibitor is used

reference list of previous applications

6.4.5.4 . Fluid analysis may provide valuable information on

the corrosion behaviour of a pipeline system. A specification

6.4,2.2 The protective properties of the selected inhibitor on sampling procedure, types. methods. frequency and
to be properly doumented by appiopriate laboratory evaluation of fluid analysis should be submitted for approval.
and/ or held tests. Laboratory tests sould include
The following analysis may be carried ort;
"xposu.
testing in a relevant fluid with respect to comptlsition,
flow,
are

The iesting should normally be carried out by an independant

body.

6.4.2.3 The inhibitors are to be injected into the system according to an approved procedure. The procedure is to include information on
of inhibitor application
- principles
general arrangement system
- dosage
- control system
6,4.3 Internsl corrosion control by coating

-pH
content
- Iron
Bacteria
- Salinity
- Inhibitor
Flow. temperature, pressure. dew point and other operational
characteristics should be recorded as well.

6.4.5.5 Properly installed electrochemical probes

and

weight loss coupons may provide valuable information in

systems containing sufhcient water. A specification on design
installation and operation of the probeJ should be submittd
for approval.

6.4,3.1 Internal corrosion control may

be achleved by application of a suitable coating system. Regarding properties of

coating materials and application procedures reference is made to 6 .2 .2.3 - 4 and 6.2.3 .l .

If the coating is applied after

the pipeline has been insta[ed.

due consideration should be given to proper suface preparation and quality control after application.

If the coating is applied before the pipeline is installed, due

consideration should be given to internal coating of field
joints.
6.4.3.2 Internal coating which only is apptied to increase
the capacity of the pipeline system is not subject to approval.
Due consideration is to be given to the possibilities of increased localized corrosion at imperfections in the internal coating.

6,4.4 Intenal corrosion

loys

contol by corrosion resistart

l-

6.5

Protectlon of lsers and pipelines in criticel reas

6.5.1 Splash zone protecdon

6.5.1.1 In the design ofcorrosion protection system lor ri-

sers

in the splash zone, due consideration is to be given to:

temperatures of hydrocarbons

intermittent wetting and drying

wave forces
resistance to ageing by seawater and sunlight
ease of repair and maintenance
compability of different materials when such are combined.

6 5.1 .2 The riser is

to hale a corosion allowance in addition to other means of corrosion protection as described in

6.5.t.3.

6.4.4.1 Corrosion resistant alloys may be used for corrosion

control. The alloy may be used as solid pipe or as a lining inside the pipeline.

The corrosion allowance is to provide protection for 2 years.

Table 6,2 gives guidelines on determination of the corsion
allowance as lunction of operating temperatures of the riser,

6.4.4.2 The corrosion

Table

resistance of the alloy should be documented by reference to previous s

on in similar enviroments or laboratory te
ory tesing should include tests for resistan
orrosion
cracking, pitlng, crevice corrosion and erosion corrosion.

.4.5

Internal corrosion monitoring

6.4.5.1 Internal corrosion monitoring is normally to in-

clude different procedures such as thickness measurernents.

fluid analys.s, electrochemical probes, electrical resistance
probes and diflerent types of weight loss coupons. The prograrme should be based on the following:

6.2

Corrosion allowance

operating temperature
Temperature, oC

20406080-

of risers s function of

Corrosion allowance, mm

.20

40

60

80
100

l0

6,5.1.3 Acceptable means of corrosion protection in the

splash zone are application of a corrosion resistant metallic

sheatng or vulcanised rubber.

Historical document

temperature, etc.

ll
6.5.1.4 ff metallic sheating is used. the alloy should

have
thickness and

ion and oPera-

".ry:i'i;

NDT-methods. A sacrihcial anode is to be located below the

metallic sheating to compensate for galvanic effects.
Metallic shielding should be of a type that can be completely
seal welded to iaelf and to the steel doubler plate' No me'
chanical type sealing should be permitted.

If vulcanised rubber is used, an application pro'

cedure is

to

be submitted

lor approval. Special precautions

are to be taken to avoid disbonding at the ends.

means of corrosion protection may be acceptable provided adequate properties are documented for the ac-

6.5.1.6 Other

tual conditions.

be covered by

weight coating specification:

Thickness and strength

Materials to be used
Method of application
Curing method
Inspection and test
Requiements on storage and handling of coated pipe,

6.6.3

Concrete constltuents

6.6.3.1 General. It is to be documented that the

of the materials under consideration are

Protectlon of risers in J-tubes, tunnels etc.

6.5.2
6.5.2.1 Risers

in
areas are to be prot

inaccessible

6'2) and in'

hibited seawater or
The properties of inhibitors are to be adequately documented
(see 6.4.2).

A sealing plug should be fitted to the drawn in section of the

riser so that it seals the J-tube at the bellmouth. when the line
is pulted in.

adequate

properties

for the in-

tended purpose.
Cement, Cement is to be equivalent to ASTM Portland Cement type I, IL III IS or IP'

6.6.3.2

The tricalcium aluminate content of the cement is to be such

as to enhance the corrosion protection of steel without impar'
ing the durability of concrete.

6.6.3.3 Waler, Water is to be free from contamination

in

amounts likety to harm the concrete or the reinforcement.

A specihcation for installation of sealing plug and application

ol inhibitors should include a description of provisions for

sampling and chemical analysis of the inhibited fluid.

6,5.2.2 Protection by sacrihcial anodes may be used as an

extra precaution

if

technicalty feasible. Monitoring

o[

Protecdon of risers ln lnternl trnsldon zoncs

6.5.1 I Protection of risers in internal transition zones (airl

seawater) for instance in shalls of concrete structures may be
suitble coating and corrosion allowance. Acceptable corrosion allowance may be as given in Table 6.2.

Due consideration should be given to the possibilities of inspection and repair for transition zones.

6.5.4 Pipeline shore-approach.

6,5.4.1 The pipeLine shore approach are

6.6.3.4 ggregates. Aggregates are

to

have suflicient

strength and durability. Aggregate containing potentially

reactive or deterious constituents is not to used. Aggregates are to be properly graded.

the

cathodic protection system should be specially considered.

.5.3

6,6.2 Welght coating speclflcation.

6.6.2.1 The fotlowing items are normally to

to be specially

6.6.3.5 Admxtures. Admixtures are to meet requirements of

a recognized standard and are normally to be verified by trial
mixes.

6.6,4

Properties of concrete

6.6.4.1

General. Concrete for weight coating is to have suf-

ficient strength and durability.

6.6.4.2 Strength, The concrete is to have a minimum characteristic strength of 30 N/mm2 found from 150 x 300 mm
cylindrical speciments tested in accordance with ASTM C39.
When test specimens of different shape or dimensions are up'
ed, an appropriate correction factor is to be applied to conYert

considered in the design of the corrosion protection system.

In the tidal area the pipeline may be treated as risers corrosi-

the compressive strength determined to the standard cylinder

on-wise.

strength.

Due consideration is to be given to possible interaction with

cathodic protection systems for land based structures and pipelines. Electrical insulating devices may be used above the

6.6.4.3 Durability. Permeability is the most important pro'

water level.

6.6
,.1

Weight coating

Genel

6,6,1,1 This section deals lvith concrete weight coating.

Other pipeline anchoring systems will be subject to special
consideration.

The main aims of concrete weight coating are to provide negative buoyancy to submarine pipeline throughout its service
life, and to protect corrosion protection coating against mechanical damage during pipeline installation and service.
6.6.1 .2

where the bottom tow methods is used for

In
installation. the concrete coating must withstand the abrasion
cases

perty determining the long-term durability of concrete expos'

ed to sea water. Low permeability may normally be obtained
by use of:

cement content
- high water-cement
ratio preferably below 0.40, however
- Iow
not greater than 0.45,
sound and dense aggregates,
- proper
grading of fine and coarse aggregates'
- good concreting
practice and good workmanship ensur- ing adequate workabitity,thorough
compaction, proper

curing and handling.

6.6.5

Reinforcement

6.6.5.1 Material propertes: Reinforcing steel is to satisfY

the chemical and physical requirements of a recoSnized
standard.

Historical document

6.5.1.5

caused by the contact between the bottom and the pipeline

during the towing operation. This is normally to be proved
through tests. Such tests should be caried out with relevant
diameters, submerged weight, concrete quality' jointing
methods and along a similar route as the actual towing'

34

6.6.5.2 lylesr Reinforcement

may be in the form of steel wire fabric or welded cages fabricated of plain or deformed bars.
The type and amount of reinforcement is to be selected in due
account of the anticipated pipeline loading and service conditions and so as to control the crack pattern of the concrete
coating.

producti

6.6,5.3

ing the
count.

Splices: Reinforcement type and application method

are to insure continuity of the hoop reinforcement.

6,6.5.4 Placing: Reinforcing

and adequately supported.

steel is to be accurately placed

Reinforcing steel is not to make electrical contact with the pi-

pe or anodes.

6.6.6 Application

and curing of concrete coatlng

plan for testing. inspection, reporting of results etc. at coating

yard is subject to acceptance.
6 ,6.7 .2

terials is

6.6.7.3 Concrete. Prior to start of concreting the mix pro_

portions. concrete strength and weight are to be documented
by tes(s.
During production concrete is to be tested regularly for thick_
ness. strength and density. The frequency is to be minjmum
one sample per l5 pipes coated and minimum one per shift.

6.6.6.1 Application.

Concrere is to be applied to pipe joint

using suitable equipment and procedures that will rsult in

concr
co
possble after mixing and in
adequately consolidate

density and strength, The

thickness,
as soon s

the initial

set.

6.6.6,2 Curing. The selected method of curing and its dura-

tion is to be such as to ensure satisfactory strength and duraconcrete, and to prevent undue cracking of concrete

biliiy of
coating,

of the adequacy of the proposed curing

method may be required, particularly for adverse climatic

conditions.

6.6,1 Testing and inspectlon

6.6.7.l General. Methods for testing of materials are to be
in accordance with a recognized standard. The organization

6.6.7 .4 Electrical insulation measurements by approved

procedure to prove no contact between weight coating
reinforcement and pipeline steel are to be carrieJout.

Historical document

Documen0ation

.15

SECTION 7
FABRICATION OF PIPES AND PIPING COMPOT{ENTS
1.1
Yalidity

.l

This section specifies requiremets for fabrication

and quality control of pipes and piping components. Material
properties are to comply with Section 5.
7,1 . I

,l ,l

.2

The fabricator is to be

capable of fabricating line pi'

pes and piping components of the required quality. Relevant

documentation is to be made available on request'

Prequalilcation testing or an extended quality control program is required for fabricators havlng limited experience,
lor fabricating pipes and components to tfie actual or similar
specifications.

tailed. independent quality control system coverng all successive fabrication steps. The quality control functions are to be
directed and perlormed by competent persons.
.l .l

,4

The schemes for qua.lification and quality control

in this section have been based on current recognized fabrication practice. Other methods may also be used.
but are then subject to special approval.
described

1.2
1.2.1

Pipe fabrlcation

General

7.2.1 .1 Pipes are to be produced seamless or by fusion

welding of shaped plates or strips. The submerged arc welding process is normally to be used. Gas metal arc rvelding
and external gas shielded flux cored arc welding may be used
subject to special approval,
7 .2.1 .2 Where cold expansion is used to adjust size and
sength, the nominal permanent strain is not to exceed 2 per
cent, Cold expansion is to be performed with tools avoiding
high Iocal deformations.

7.2.2

Fabication procedure specilication

1 2 2.1 A fabrication procedure specification is to be established for each work describing the sequences of fabrication
and the successive quality control steps and requirements'
The specification is to be submitted lor approval.
are to be produced by welding. a detailed welding procedure specihcation is to be prepared giving:
pipe material standard. grade and project specification.
diameter and wall thickness.

7.2.2.2 When pipes

spection agency accepted by Veritas.

.2.2.5 Jointers may be produced in limited numbers using

sound sections of pipes. The girth welding procedure is to be
qualilied prior to or during initial production as giv-en in
7 .2.4 and Table 7 . 1 .

'1

7 .2.2.6 All welding is to be carried out strictly in accordance with the qualified procedure. If any parameter is chang'
ed outside the acceptable limits, the welding procedure is to

be respecihed and requali{ed. Essential parameters and va-

riation limits are speciled in 8.5.4.

7.1.1.3 The fabricator is to establish and implement a de-

be

transferred to a new production when the fabricator has used

it recently for production of pipes to the same or more stringent requirements under the surveillance of Veritas or an in-

groove preparation and design.

welding process,
welding consumables. trade name. recogned classification.

electrode/wire diameter.
welding paramete-rs: current. voltage. type of current, polarity, travel speed for each arc.
number of welding arcs as well as cold and hot wire ad-

7,2.3 Qualification of welding

operators, welders and arc-

alr gougers
7.2.3.1 Welding personnel is to have reasonable understanding of fundamental welding techniques, welding pro'
cedure specifcations, relevant methods of non-destructive
testing and acceptance criteria, obtained through training and
practise prior to qualification testing, see Appendix C.

7,2.3.2 Qualification testing is required for welding operators when their tasks are to preset, adjust, start' guide and
stop the welding cperaticn, and thereby may influence the
quality of the weld. Qualification testing may be exempted
for welding operators whose tasks have no influence on the
weld quality provided they have been given adequate training
on the actual welding equipment.

7.2.1.3 WelderS are normally to be qualihed for single side

buttwelding of pipes in the required principal positions. Un'
der special circumstances qualification may be carried out on
plates.

Repair welders may be qualified for partial thickness repair

on a representative devised test set up il only such weld re'
pairs will be made.
'l .2,3,4 The qualihcation test is to be carried out with the
same or equivalent equipment such as to be used during pro'

duction welding. and normally at the actual premises. e.g.

work shop. yard, vessel. The test is to be witnessed by Veri-

tas or an inspection agency recognized by Veritas.

.2,3.5 Qualification testing is normally to be based on visual inspection and radiographic examination. lVhen the gas
metal arc process is used. mechanical testing is also to be per'
formed, normally using side bend and nick break test speci-

'l

mens.

Qualihcation schemes are described in Appendix L'

.2.3.6 The qualihcation exptres when the welder and

welding operator have not been welding regularly within the
qualilied range during a period of more than 6 months.
''l

welding position.
Welding direction.
nunrber of passes.

'1,.2.3.7 A welder or a welding machine operator who has

produced a complete and accepteble welding procedure qualification test is thereby qualihed.
7.2.3.8 Personnel to perform arc-air gouging is to be trined and experienced with the actual equipment. Qualihcation
testing may be required.

preheat and interpass temperatures'

post weld heat treatment,

7.2.4

ditions.

1.2.2.3 The fabrication procedure is to

be qualified prior to
tests are gi-

or during initial production. Type and number of

ven in7.2.4 and Table 7.1.

Quallflcation of the pipe fabricatlon pocedure

'l .2.4.1 From the first production barch of maximum 50 pipes, two pipes selected by Veritas are to be used for qualilr
cation testing.

Historical document

7.l.l

7.2.2.4 Previously qualilied fabrication procedure may

General

.16

Type and number of tests to be made for each pipe are given
in Table 7. I
.

7.2.4,3 Failure of a test specmen due to delective

prepara-

tion may be disregarded and is to be replaced by a new

test

specimen.

Djmensions of test specimens and testing procedure are given

in Appendix

C,

7.2.5

Hydrostatic testing

7.2.4.2 The qua.lification of the fabrication procedure is to 7.2.5.1 Every pipe is to be hydrostatically
stand without any

tested and withsign of leakage or sweats a test pressure (p)

Hydrostic testing
7.2.9.

to the specified test pressure

(see

Dimensional toleranccs and workmanship to tho specified

limits kee 7.2.6),
Soundness of base material and welds within the specif-

ied acceptance limits (see 7.2,6 and,7.2.7).

Check analyses
withi the specilied composition limits
-

(see 5.2.4).
Tensile properties

of base material at least equal to the

specified minimum values Gee 5.2.6).
Notch toughness of base material at least equal to the
minimum specified values for resistance against brittle

fracture, and propagating ductle fractures when so required (see 5.2.7 and 5.2.8\.
Transverse weld tensile strength at least equal to the spcified minimum tensile strength.
Bending ductility to specified deformation u/ithout appearance of any defect greater than 3 mm, however.
max. 6 mm at the specimen edges.
Brittle fracture resistance of weld metal and heat affected
zone at least equal to the required, average and minimum
single values kee 5.2.71.
Macrosections with a sound weld merging smoothly into
the pipe. Acceptance criteria as per Table l0.l .
Maximum hardness equal to or below the specified limit
(see 5,2.10 and 5.2.1.

determined by the following formula for at least

p=dF.K

os =
t =
D =
K =

l0

secondi:

fftvo.f

specified minimum yield strength (Mpd.

nominal wall thickness (mm).
nominal outside diameter(mm).
factor determined by pipe diameter.

Outside diameter
(nominaD

oD < 200
200 < oD <500
oD > 500

0.75
0.8 5

0.90

For hydrostatic testers equipped with end sealing devices. the

applied sealing force for endsealing resulting in an additional
longitudinal stress has to be considered. Supporting calculations to achieve the required stress intensty for computing of
tests pressure is to be submitted by the pipe manufacture.

7.2.5.2 Pressure test records showing test pressure and duration are to be available for each pipe.
7.2.5.3 Pipes which have failed on pressure testing, are to
be rejected,

Tble

7.1

Quallfication of pipe fabricatton procedure

Type and number of tesb for each pipe
FULL LE'CTH

Pipe size,

outside
diameter
(mm)

BASE MATERIAL TESTS

Hydro-

Dimensionel

Non-

Check

static

destruc-

analysis

tests

lnspec-

tive tesls

tion

Acc.
to

Acc.

oD > 300

to

to

7.2.5

7.2.6

7.2.7

Welded

Acc.

Acc.

to

to

7,2.s

't.2.6

Acc.
to

Seamless

oD <300

oD <300
oD > 300

WELD TESTS

PIPE TESTS
Tensile testl)

Charpy

Tensile

Guided

te.st

bend

Charpy
V-notch

Macrosection/

tough-

hard-

ness

ness

Longi-

Trans-

V-notch
transi

trans-

tesl

tudinal

verse

tion

verse to

5)

cufve

weld

2)l)

4)

6)

Acc.

'1.2.7

I
I

?)

4 samples
4 samples

Notes:

1. Yield strength. ultimate tensile sength and elongation to be determined with recording of the srress-stain curve (only for line-piped.
Chaoy v-notch transitioD curve is to be eslblished using transverse test sanples where so is possible AL.cepLance testing temperature is to be
as specifiect
in 5.2.7.
3 r'vhere resistance to pfoPatsan8 ductile l'facture is to be evaluated by orher tests than charpy tesdng. the specified tesls are to be performed addhionally

(see also 5.2.9).

The ultimate tensile strengrh of the weld is to be determined.

5 Guided bend tesls to be eitber 2 face bend plus 2 root bend specmens, or 4 side bend specimens for thckness less and greater th3n 12.5 mm respectively.
6' Charpy V-impact esng is to b performed at the spcfied temperature in rhe weld melal and rhe hear affected zone at iuflcienl positions to d"t"rmin"
r'h"
overall resistance to brittle fracture (see 5 27). Charpy tetng is normally to be performed with the notch positioned jn: Center
of weld, on fusion line, 2
mm fror fusion line and 5 mm lrom fusion line (Each sample to provide 3 resr specinrens)
7. Longitudina.l tensile test s to be lake I 80o opposite to the weld.

Historical document

be based on the following requirements:

37

Table 7'2
Frequency and extent of pipe production tests
Chemical composition

Each

heat

Hydrostatic test

Mechanicat testing2l

Each 50 pipe.

Each 50 pipe. mini-

minimum

mum once each heat

(Acc, to Table 7.3)

once a heat

Dimensional

Non-destructive

inspection

tesls

Each plpe

Each pipe

Each pipe
(Acc. to 7.2.5)

(.cc. to 7.2.)

(Acc. to 7.2.7)

Notes:

l. C.heck analysis is not required f this has already been performed during m
2. litherearemorethan50pipesmnufacturedfromeach50tons.mechanical

intermediale stge

telngisonlyrequiredforeach50tons'

Table 7.3

Number rnd type of mechanlcal tests on pipe production tests

Weld tests

Pipe material tests

Tensile testl)

mete (mm)

Longitudinal

Trans-

Tensilea) test
transverse to

toughness

weld

Guideds)
bend test

V-notch

Macrosection/

toughness

hardness

I
I

Charpy6)

verse

Seamless

oD <300
oD > 300

V-notch

Charpy2D)

outer dia-

I sample
1 sample

I
l

Welded

I sample
I sample

oD <300
oD > 300

2 samples

2 samples

Nolesr

l.

Yeld sength, ultimate tensile $rength and elongation to b delermined-

(see

5 2.7).
2- Brite fracture resistance to be determined by Charpy V-notch testing al the specified testing temperature
3. When pipe material is rcquired to b fessbnt agairst propagang ductile fractures, production tests are also to include the specihed type and number ol
tests.

4.

Ultimate tensile strength of the weld to be determined.

5. Bend test to b either I face + | root bend, or 2 side bend specimens for tbickness les and greater than I 2.5 mm respectively.
6. Charpy V-notch of v/ld metrl and hcat affected zone. Notchng of HAZ to be performed at the position giYing lowest average energy absorp(ion during
qualilication testing.

Table 7'4

Mechanicel testiug of weld repair procedures

Non-destructive tests

Tensile test transverse

to weldl)

Guided bend test2)

Acc. lo'l .2.7 .8

Charpy V-notch

Macro-section/ hard-

toughnessl)

ness

Notes:
Tensle test to record ultimte tensile sirenglh of the joint
2. Either two root bends plus two face bends, or lour side bends for thickness less and greater than I 2.5 mm respectively.
lmpct testing to be caried out with the notch positioned in centre of weld, fusion line.2 mm from l.l. and 5 mm from
from surfacc repair procedure provided same welding consumable, size ancl heat input is applied.

l.

1.2,6
7

Dimensions and workmanshlP

.2.6.1

ne-pipes are given

are-cut back. the p
ance limits may b

When

PiPes

Tighter toler'

ding is to

1.2.6.2 The outside diameter of

with the following lirnits:

This testing may be exempted

.2.6.3 The inside diameter at the ends is to be measured

over a length of 100 mm from the end and is to comply with
the following limits:

'l

Tolerances on dimensions and workmanship for li-

performed with
up tolerances.

f.l

be

narrow linethe pipe body is to comply

Ouside diameter (nominal)

Tolerances

OD 500 mm
OD ) 500 mm

t
t

0.75 per cent

per cent
I

Inside diameter (nominaD

Tolerances

ID (300 mm

+ 1,6 mm

lD > 100 mm

0.4 mm
+ 2,4 mm
- 0,8 mm

Historical document

Pipe size

_18

7'2'6'4 The out-of-roundness is to be limited and measured NDT-records of each pipe are to be identiled and traceable
insidepipe over a length 100 mm from each end, is to comp- (see g.6.l,l).
ly with the following limits:
7.2.7.2 Visual e.ramination is to be performed at outs.ide.
Inside diameter (nominal)
Tolerances
and also inside if access allows. The surface hnish of the base
material and the welded seams is to comply with 'l .2.6.12
ID (500 mm
t I per cent,
and Table I 0. I .
max. 3 mm
ID > 500 mm
t 0,5 per cent,
7 .2.7.3 Welded and seamless pipes are to be ultrasonic testmax. 5 mm
ed full length, or by other suitable, agreed methods. for taminations and cluster inclusions. Procedures and acceptance cri7 .2.6.5 The walt thickness at any point of the pipe material
is not to deviate from the nominal thickness by more than teria are to be in accordance with agreed, recognized standplus 15 per cent and minus 12.5 per cent. For welded pipes ards.
having OD > 500 mm. the minus tolerance is not to exce 8
Plates and strips may optionally be tested prior to pipe fabriper cent.
cation. but after quenching and tempering if this- has been
7.2.6.6 The variation in pipe weight is to be within minus applied.
3.5 per centand plus l0 per cent of nominal weight of a sin'l .2.7.4 Longitudinal
welds and spiral welds are to be ultragle length pipe.
sonic tested full length. The testing procedure is to be capable
7.2.6.7 Offset: Tlre radial offset is to be within the following of detecting two-dimensional and three-dimensional dfects
located

limts:
Offset

Max. 1,5 mm

Circumferential welds are to be radiographed full length, Ultasonic testing may also be required n special cases.

hominaD

t{12,5

t)

mm
12,5 mm

12,5 per cent,

max.3 mm

7.2.6.8

position. Additionally such

Weld repairs are to be radiographed full length.

The straightness

Non-destructive testing is to be in accordance with Section

10, Weld seams are to meet the acceptance limits of Table

tween the straight line bet

of the pipe surface is to

10.1.

length,

1.2.6.9 The pipe is to contain no

dents cleeper than 6 mm.

being measured as the gap between the prolongation of the

7.2.8

Producdon testing

7.2.8.1 Production testing is to

original contour of the pipe and the lowest point of the dent.
The length of a dent in any direction is not to eiceed halfthe
pipe dameter.

be caried out to verify that

the pipes are fabricated to the composition, mechanical properties, soundness and dimensions specifed. production ies
are to be performed as directed in Tables 7 .2 and 7 .3.

Any cold formed gouges and notches in dented areas are to

Testing is to be witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency

be removed

by grinding (see also 7.2.9..

7.2.6.10 The reinlorcement of the weld seam is to be kept

within the following limits:
Wall thickness

Inside pipe

Max.
tdl2,5

t)

mm

12.5 mm

mm
mm

Min.

I Outside pipe
I Max. I tytin

mm
mm

,2.8.2 If any of the selected

test specimens do not fulfil the

In ormaxibe ac-

Reinforcement of weld

hominaD

recognized by Veritas.

fferent
pipes, and both tests are to be satisfactory. Should one of these tests fail, individual testing of the remaining pipes of the
batch is to be carried out.

The weld seam inside the pipe is to be ground flush ov-er a

length of 100 mm from each end.

.2.8.3 Failure of a test specimen due to defective preparation may be disregarded and replaced by a new test speci1

men.

may be tolerable without repairs provided the depth and

7.2.8.4 If the falure rate exceeds 5 per cent, the quality

control program is to be increased to an appropriate level and
maintained until the failure cause is identifed and eliminated.
Retesting of supplied marerial and requalihcation of the fabrication procedure may also be required.

7.2.6.12 The pipe surface is to be free from any defects

which may make the pipe unsuitable for intended service.
Cracks, arc burns. notcbes and gouges are not acceptable.
Overlaps. slivers, impressed mill scale etc. which do not

7,2.8.5 When pipes have failed by mechanical testing, and

acceptable properties are intended restoed by a controlled

'l .2.6,11 The weld is to have an even surface

linish and
merge smoothly into the base material. Minor undercutting

length comply with Table 10.1.

heat treatment. individual retesting is to be performed.

comply with a workmanlike finish are to be removed. Laminations and inclusions extending to the surface or the bevet
face and having a transverse dimension above 6 mm are to
be removed by grinding (see also 5.3 and 7 .Z.g,.

7.2.9 Repalrs
7.2.9.1 Pipes containing

7.2.7 Yisud exmlnadon nd non-destructive testing

7.2,7 .l Each pipe is to be visually examined and non-des-

rewelding.

tructive tested after pressure testing. If a pipe is cut back, the

new pipe end is also to be inspected.

defects may be repaired, or the defective sections cut off, Weld deposits having unaccepable
mechanical properties are to be completely removed before

7.2.9.2 Surface defects in pipe material inside the pipe, on

the outside of the pipe and less than 100 mm fom the prpe
end are to be repaired by grinding only.

Historical document

Wall thickness

in any diection and

welds are to be radiographed over a length of 200 mm from

each pipe end.

.19

In other areas. surface defects may be weld repaired once.

provided the depth of the defect is maximunr I /3 of the wall
thickness. The tength of that part ol a defect rvhich has depth
more than t/8 of walt thickness is to be no longer than l/4
ol the outside pipe diameter.
7.2.9.3 Where defects are eliminated by grinding' the remaining wall thickness is to be within the minimum specifed
limit. Grinding is to be performed in a workmanlike manner.

2.9.4 A local weld repair is to

lieving is to be performed. When the deformation exceeds

l0 % , hot forming is normally to be performed followed by a
controlled heat treatment, restoring a uniform microstructure
and mechanicl properties (e.g. normalizing. quenching and
temperinp.

be at least 100 mm long

\\eld repairs in pipe material are to be orientated circum-

if so is possible. Weld

Low alloy

steels are

normally to be suitably heat treated after

seams may be repaired full

length. however, nol more than twice in the same area. Weld
repairs are to be ground [o merge smoothly into the original

any cold and hot lorming operation.

pipe contour.

7.3.2.1 A fabrication procedure specifcation

ferential

7.2.9.5 When a heat treated pipe is repaired by lvelding. a

new suitable heat treatment may be required depending on
the effect ol the weld repair on the properties and microstructure of t}te pipe.
1.2.9.6 Repair welding specifications are to be prepared covering repair of the pipe material and of the weld. The fo
lowing inlormation in addition to that mentioned \n 7 '2'2 is
to be included in the specifications:

of removal of defect. preparation of w'eld area

and subsequent non-destructive testing, see Section 10.
Nlinimum and maximum repair depths and lengths.
Method

Repair welding is to be performed with a low hydrogen

welding process using appropriate preheating/interpass temperatures.
'l

.2.9.7 Uness the production welding procedure can

be

to

be

applied, the repair welding procedure is to be qualifted, e.g.

manual repairs of submerged arc welds of pipe material. The
qualilcation test welds are to be made on pipe nipples in a

manner realistically simulating the repair situations

qualiled. e.g.

Through thickness repair of weld seam,

Sha.llow surface repairs of pipe matcrial,

The tength of the pipe nipple is to be sufhcient to give realistic restraint. Pipe material is to be on the high side of the
chemical composition.

7.2.9.8 Qualifcation testing is to be based on visual inspection, radiography and mechanical testing. Mechanical testing
is to be performed according to Table 7.4. Repair welding
procedures are to meet the pipe requirements.

7.3
7.3.1
7 .3 l.l

7.1,2

Fabrication procedure specification

,3,!

Qualilcation of fabrication procedures

7.3.3.1 The fabrication procedure is to

be qualilied by test-

ing the first components being produced, A qualification test

is to be performed for each group (based on grade of material, thickness. bending ratio. fabrication method, as applicable). Numbe and type of tests are to follow the requirements
given for pipes. see 7.2.4 through 7.2.7. as applicable.
Previous qualihcation tests may be accepted when the component tested meets the specihed requirements and the tests
have been witnessed by Veritas or an inspection agency recognized by Veritas.

7.3,4

Producdon testing

7.3,4.1 Production testing of labricated piping components

is to be performed according to the methods stated in Table
7

.2 and

7 .3.

Check analysis is to be carried out for each heat. Mechanical

testing is normally to be carried out for each cast component.
and once every tenth forged or welded component of each
lot. If more than one heat is used for fabrication of a lot of
components. each heat is lcl be tested.
Dimensional inspection and non-destructive testing as specified n 7 .2 6 and 7 .2.7 are to be carried out for each labricated
piping component. Hydrostatic testing is to be performed by
the rnanufacturer or on site with the piping components as
built-in section, see 8.8.4. [f the latter is agreed. non-destructive testing may be required after the pressure test of the

bult-in section.

7.3.5

Fabrication of piping components

Repair welding of piping components

7.3.5.1 Repair welding of piping components is to be carrGeneral

Piping components such as bends. valves. flanges.

tees, intersections etc. may be forged, cast or welded. The

composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment and

soundness of piping components are generally to comply

with Section 5 in their lnal installed condition. Dimensional
tolerances are to comply

with

ied out by qualifred welders using a qualifed repair welding

procedure as allowed by and according to 7 .2.9, After repair
rvelding, casted and forged piping components are to be post
weld heat treated. visually examined and non-destructive tes-

ted.

recognized standards.

.2 The material flor' directiolr of a lorged component

is generally to follow the main stress flow pattern. \\here
piping components like flanges. tees, intersections etc. are
made by other methods than shape or die lorging, e.g. being
machined out of bars or plates. materials withort signihcant
7.3.1

directional dependent properties are to be used and verihed

by appropriate mechanical tests,
7.3.1

descibing the

of manufacturing is to be established. \Yhen piping

components are to be produced by welding, a detailed welding procedure specilication is to be prepared, see 7 ,2.2.
squences

,3

7,4
7.4.1

Post weld heat treatment

General

,1

Post weld heat treatment is generally to be performed for welded joints of C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain treated
steets having nominal wall thickncss (see Appendix C) more
than 49 mm,
7 .4.1

The effect of forming and heat treatmenr operations

on mechanical properties. microstructure and corrosion

sistance is to be taken into account

re-

When the minimum design temperature is less than

the thickness limit is to be specially decided.

lOoC,

Historical document

.4

7 .3 .l
W hen cold forming of pipes to bends or other components introduces a permanent deformation more than 3 per
cent. the mechanical properties of C-Mn and C-Mn fine grain
treated steel are to be retested in the affected region. lVhen
such naterials are cold deformed more than 5%, stress re-

40

The thickness limit for post weld heat treatment of low alloyed steels is to be considered in each case.

.Z When post weld heat treatment is used to ensure

adequate resistance of welded joints against sulphide stress
corrosion, this is normally to be performed for all thicknes-

If the steel has been quenched and tempered, the posr wetd
heat treetment temperature is. however. not to be higher than
30oC below the tempering temperature.

7.4.1

Historical document

7.4.1 .4 Heating. soaking and cooling is to be performed in a

controlled manner. The soaking time is to be 2 min,/mm,
ses.
however, minimum I hour. there local heat treatment is
performed, the specified temperature is to be maintained in a
7 .4.1 .3 Post weld heat treatment is to be carried out at
band extending at least 3 times the wall thickness on each
575-600oC for C-Mn and C-Mn hne grain treated steels. side of the weld. The temperature at the edge of the insulawhile low alloyed steels are to be post weld heat treated at tion bend is to be maximum half the soaking temperature.
600-625oC unless otherwise recommended by the steel ma- When the temperature at all parts has fallen to 300oC, the
ker.
joint may be cooled freely.

4l

SECTION 8
TNSTALLATION
t.2,2

E.l Generl

t.l.l Speciflcatlons
8.l.l.l Installation of a pipeline system is to be carried out

in accordance with written specihcations, plans and drawings

these Rules. The specilications are sub'
ject to approval by Veritas.

hich are satisfying

Welding procedures are to be specified as described

in 8.5.2.
8, I . I

.3

E.3 Construcdon

Field coating procedure is to be specihed as describ-

ed in 6.2.4.

8.1.1.4 NDT procedures are to be specilied

as described n

Section 10.

8.1.1.5 A detailed quality control system

for all installation activities,

has to be specilted

see 1.4.4,2.

8.3.1

Qualiflcation
8.3.1.1 Construction has to be carried out by mens of
qualihed personnel, procedures and equipment. The qualihcations are to be proved prior to start of construction.

8.3.1.2 Welders and welding operators are to be qualified

in accordance with 8.5.5.

8.3.1.3 Wetding procedures are to be qualilted in

with 8.5,3 and 8.5.8.

accord'

8.1,1.6 The installation specfication is to give detailed information on parameters which have to be controlled in or-

ance

der to obtain the correct configuration of and stress levels in

the affected portion of the pipeline. The range within which
the parameters are allowed to vary is to be clearly stated' see

8.3.1.4 NDT procedures and operators are to be qualified in

accodance with Section 10.

4.3.

.7

8.1 .l
Instrumentation systems used for measuring or contolling essential parameters during the installation operation
are to be speciled.

.8 For a layvessel the following should be included in

the specification:
lay-out drawings showing location of working
- general
stations. tension devices, stinger. supports. guides etc.
of ramp and stinger showing proposed pipeline
- prohle
configuration
description of the tension devices with information
- brief
on pulling force, holding force and squeeze pressure
description of support and guides on layvessel and
- brief
stinger, including information on possible horizontal and
vertical adjustment
decription of stinger including weight and buoyancy
- brief
distribution and procedures for obtaining correct conhguration
description of other systems or equipment essential
- brief
lor the installation operation.
8.1.1

8.1.1.9 For a riser installation the specihcation should include information such as:

description and general layout drawings of the riser

showing location of supports. bends' flanges, etc'
detail drawings of riser supports. bends, flanges, spoolpieces, etc.

description and drawings of corrosion protection system.

description and specihcation of equipment essential for

8.3.1.5 It may be required that installation vessels are sur'

veyed prior to start of installation. This may include testing
and calibration of equipment and instrumentation such as
tension machines
- winches
- load cells
- depth gauges
- welding
equipment

8.3.2 Hrndllng nd storlng

fabricated sections and
8.1.2.1 Ps,
-a

accesories are to be
handle.d in
safe manner to prevent damage, and are to be
adequately supported and protected during storage and trans-

portation.
accessories are to
be inspected before instllation. Damaged items are to be repaired to the satisfaction of the Surveyor or clearly marked
and deplaced, see 6.1.4 and 8.5.8.

8.3.2,2 Pipes, prefabricated sections and

8 .3 .2.3 Storing of pipes has to be carried out in such a way

that the pipe is not being permanently deformed by its own
weight or the weight of above layers of pipes. Special care

should be taken for storing heavy coated anode joints,

E.3.3 Installtlon operadons

8.3.3.1 The installation of the

pipeline system is to be carried out in accordance with approved procedures and in such
a way that the pipe and coating will not be exposed to un'

the installation

acceptable scrains/stresses or be damaged.

tions.

8.3.J.2 Mounting and application or riser supports are to be

caried out so as to obtain the support conditions upon which
the design calculations have been based.

instrumentation systems used for measurng or controlling sential parameters during the instailation opraton
procedure specification covering all installation opera-

8.3.3.3 Instrumentation systems used for measuring or controlling essential parameters are to be accessible for the Surveyor at any time.

8.2 Pipeline route

8.2.1

8.3.3.4 Joining of pipes and subsequent non-destructive

testing are to be caried out in accordance with 8.5 and 8.6

Route survey

8.2.1.1 Adequate surveys are to

stallation of the pipeline, see 2.2,

respectively.
be carried out prior

to in-

Tie-ins ofpipeline sections are to be carried out in accordance

with

8.7.

Historical document

.l.2

8.1

Scbed PrePentlon
8.2.2.1 Seabed preparation is to carried out in accordance
with an approied sPecification.
The speciftcation is to include information such as
extent of preParation
- preparation
methods and equipment
- inspection methods
and equipment
-

42

8.3.3.5 Corrosion coating of feld joints is to

in accordance with 6.2.4.

8.4.1
lVfeasures lor obtaining protection
pelines are outlined in 4.2.1 .3 and 4.2.1 ,4.

satisfaction of the Surveyor.

Acceptance criteria for coating damages are to be worked out
prior to start of laying.

8.3.3.7 Survey of the installed pipeline is required when

there is reason to believe that damage has occurred, and that

further laying may render later surveys and repairs difficult

or impossible.

8.3.4.2 The specilcation is to include information

such as

layout and profile of crossing

auxilary constructions or components including layers of
separation
methods and equipment adopted for installation
inspection methods.

cables.

E.3.5 Buckle

detection

8.3.5.t

[n connection with pipelaying from vessel where pipe sections are joined onboard the vessel it may be required
that continuous buckle detection is carried out during aying.
In such cases the method of buckle detection is subject to approval, Normally a rigid disc is to be located withing the pipe
at a suitable distance behind the touch down point.

8.1.5.2 The diameter of the

detector is to be chosen rvith due

regard to pipeline inside diameter and tolerances on ovality,
wall thickness, misalignment and height of internal weld bead.
The following formula may be used.

d = D-2t-S
0,01 D+0-4t+51
diameter of detector
nominal outcr diameter of pipe
nominal wall thickness of pipe
20% of t. max. 5 mm

6[=

D=
t=
l=

General

.l

The schemes for in

this section have been based
Other methods may also be u
8.5.1

cribed in
practice.
ct to spe-

cial approval.

All

installation welding is to be performed with

equipment which has been proved reliable and suitable for

held applications. Prequalifcation testing is to be performed
for w-elding systems where previous field experiene is limited, or the system will be used under new- conditions.

8.5.1.3 Wetding may be performed with the manual metal

arc, [he flux-cored arc, the gas metal arc or the tungsten inert
gas metal arc process. Higher strength steels are to be welded
with low hydrogen consumables unless special welding
techniques are used ensuring an equal safety against col

8.5.2 rilelding procedure

a minimum clearance distance of 0.3 m is

to be maintained between the pipeline and other pipelines or

where

8.5.1

Instlletion welding

cracking.

8.1.4.3 Normally

$=

E.5

8,5.1.2
Pipeline and cable crossings

8.3.4.1 Crossing olpipeline and cables is to be carried out in

accordance with an approved specification. Safety measures
adopted to avoid damage on foreign installations or by other
installations are to be specified.

risers and pi-

Pipes which have sulfered damage during abandon

or retrieval operations are to be replaced or repaired to the

8.3.4

of

specilcadon

8.5.2.1 A welding procedure specification is to

be prepared

for each procedure giving the following information;

-'
-

Pipe material, standard grade and project specihcation.

Diameter and wall thickness.

Groove preparation and design.

Clamping device and line-up tolerances.
Welding process.
Welding consumabl{s), trade name and recognized classification,

Electrode/wire diarnete.
Shielding gas, mixture and flow rates.
Welding puameters, current. voltage. type of current and
polarity. travel speed etc.
Welding position.

Welding direction.

Temporary backing and type (if any).

Number of passes.
Time lapse between passes.
Preheating and interpass temperatures.
Post weld heat treatment.

8.5.3 Qualifcation of the welding

procedure

equipment and welding

8.5.3.1 The selected type of welding equipment and the

specihed welding procedure is to be qualihed prior to instalIation u'elding. The qualihcation test is to be carried out with

8.4 Anchoring and protection of piDeline systems

8.4.1

Geneal

8.4.f .1 The pipeline system is to be protected and/ or anchored against unacceptable loads and incidents such as:
- lateral axial movements

The test joints to be used for qualihcation testing are to be of

sufhcient length to give realisric restraint during welding. pipes on the high side of the specified chemical composition are

to be selected.

impacts

corroslon

8.4.1

.2

Anchoring/protection of a pipeline system is to be

carried out in accordance with an approved speciflcation. The

specification is at least to include
definition of the final conditions
- description
of methods and equipment
- description
of
means and instrumentation for control and
inspection

Provisions for corrosion protection are covered in Section

8.5.3.2 When manual welding is to be used. one complete

test joint is to be made. For mechanized welding equipmenr.

three consecutive complete test joints are to be made.

Each test joint is to be subject to visual examination. nondestructive tests and mechanical testing.

8,5.3.3 Non-destructive testing is normally

to be radio-

graphy tested using X-rays. When the gas metal arc process
is used, the test joints are also to be ultrasonic tested. lvlagnetic particle testing may be required in special cases.

Historical document

8.3.3.6

be carried out

4l
ration. dilution and solidifcation pattern, i.e. groove type

Non-destructiye testing is to be performed in accordance with

Section l0 and the soundness of the test welds is to meet the
acceptance limits given in this section.

(V. U, y, X) angles, root gap and root face are to

be spe-

cially considered.

8.5 3.4 The type and number of mechanical tests for each
joint are given in Table 8.1. Sampling of test specimens, di-

Weldiug process: Any change.

mensions and method of testing are described in Appendix C.

Weldng consumables: Any change of type, classification,

diameter and brand as well as additions/omissions of
powders. hot and cold wires,

The mechanical properties of the test welds are to meet the

following requfuements;

The ultimate tensile strengLh of the joint is to be at least

equal to the specilied ultimate tensile strength of the pipe
material, \l;hen different steel grades are joined, the ultimate tensile strength of the joinl is to be at least equal to
the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength of the lower grade,

Gas shelding: Any change of speciled mixture, composition and flow rate range.

Welding position: A change to a principal position not

ing qualified according to Table 8.2,

The guided bend tests are to disclose no defects exceeding

3 mrn. lvlinor cracks, less than 6 mm, originating at the

specimen edges may be disregarded if not associated with

be-

l|/elding directott: A change from vertical down to vert

cal up or vice versa.

Current: Any change beyond

Polarty: Any change,

t l5%

and from AC to

DC.

obvious defects,

average
- The
each position

and single Charpy V-notch toughness at

is not to be less than specified according to
5.2-7. When different steel grades are joined, a series of
impact tests is to be perlormed in the heat affected zone
on each side of the weld. The weld metal is then to meet
the more stringent energy requirement.

Voltage:

Any change beyond 1 l0% except

f 5%

for

gas metal arc welding.

Travel speed: ny change beyond

t l0%.

Time lapse belween root pass and Jrst Jller passr Any de-

lay significantly increasing the cold cracking risk.

Preheating: Any decrease.

Inlerpass temperature: Any signiflcant change in the minimum and maximum nterpass temperature limits.

maximum hardness is not to exceed the limits given

- The
Post weld heat ffeatment: Any change significantly aflectin 5.2.10 and 5,2.12 as applicable.
- ing
mechanical properties, the residual stress level, the
corrosion resistance, i.e, the heating rate, cooling rate,
- The macrosection is to show a sound weld merging
temperature level and period, heating band and insulation

smoothly into the pipe without defects as per the limits of

Table l0.l
8

5.3-5 Failue of a test specimen

due

to

defective prepara-

tion may be disregarded. and is to be replaced by a new

test

speclmen.

8,5.4

Essential parameters for welding procedures

specihed and qualified.

8.5-4.2 The essential paramelers and the acceptable limits of

variations are normallv to be as described below. For special
welding system other essential parameters and acceptable
variation limits may have to be imposed.
Materials: A change from a lower strength grade to a
higher, and any change in type, composition and processing signihcant for the weldability and the mechanical
and properties ol the weld. The C-content, alloy content,
carbon equivalent and supply condition is to be specially
ccnsidered.

and OD

special circumstaces, qualiltcation of welders may be based on visual examination and mechanical
testing only, if so agreed by Veritas. In such cases bend testng and nick-break testing are to be carried out in accordance
with Appendix C. Acceptance criteria for nick-breaks are,
however. to be as follows,

8.5.5.2 Under

The fractured surface is to show complete penetration

and fusion. There is to be maximum one

- I - gas
pocket per cm2, being less than I,5 mm in extension. Only minor slag inclusions, with maximurn depth 0,8 mm
and with maximum length 3 mm spaced at least 12 mm,
may be accepted. <<Fish eyes> may be disregarded unless
not associated with signihcant number of slag inclusions
and cluster porosity.

8.5. Weldtng and workmanshlP

of 8.5..1 All instaltation welding is to be performed with

in diameter from one to another

the following ranges: OD<100 mm. 100<OD<300

Diameter: ./r change

8.5.5 Qualiflcatlon of welders and welding operators

8.5.5.1 Qualilcation of welders and welding operators are
generally to be as described inl .2.3. For underwater welding
additional conditions apply, see 8.7.4.10.

8.5.4, I A qualilied welding procedure remains valid as

long as the essential parameters are kept within acceptable limits and production tests are performed regularly. When one
or more variations outside the acceptable limits occur, the
wetding procedure is to bc considered invalid. and is to be re-

width to be specially considered.

300.

A change outsjde the thickness interval 0.75 t

to I ,5 t where t is the nominal thickness of the test joint.

Thickness;

Groove onfguraton: Any changds) important for penet-

qualihed welding equipment. qualified welding procedures

and type of equipment and by qualihed welders/operators.
The back lead of the welding equipment is to be correctly
connected to avoid stray current giving arise to corrosion, see
atso 6.3.2.3. Identical welding units. either additional or replacement units. may be qualified by non-destructive testing
of production welds.

Historical document

The lracture surlaces of the nick break test specimens are

to show complete fusion and penetration. Other defects
exceeding the limits of Table l0.l are not acceptable.
<Fish eyes> may be disregarded unless associated with
unacceptable amount of slag inclusions and porosity.

44

Tble

8.1

Qullfction of girthwelding procedure.

Type nd number of mechanlcl tests for each Joint,

TEST JOINT

Wall

Outside
diameter

thickness

(mm)

(mnil

Transverse

Root bend

Face bend

Side bend

weld tensile

Nick

break2)

Charpy Vnotch sam-

Hardness
and macro

Pls5l)4)s)6

<300

>

300

4i

<300

>

<t2,5

>

NUvfBER OF EACH SPECIFIED TEST

t2,5
300

Notesl

l) Root and face bend tesrs may be used insted ofside bends.
2) Nick break tes may be omitted lor manual metal arc weldinB to be performed above \.vafer.
3) Impact testing is not required for t{5 mm.
4) Eacb Charpy V-notch smplc consists of -1 speclmers,
5) Impact testing is to be carried out with the V'notch positioned in the weld meral. on the fusion line. 2 mm from rhe l"usion line and 5 mm lrom the
fusion
line.

6) When more welding

processes or more welding consumables are used. impact testing is normally ro be carried our jn
the corresponding rveld regions
region tested cannot be considered representatiye for the complete weld.

the

ples are to be located in the weld metal. and in the heat affected zone at the position which showed the lowest average
energy absorption during the procedure qualification tesl se

8 .5.1

8.5.6.3 Internal or external line-up clamps are norrnally not

to be removed before the first two passes are completed. 8.5.8 Repalr of field jotnts
'When
tack \ryelds are necessary for alignment, these are only
to be made in the weld groove using a qualified welding pro- 8.5.8.1 Pipes and welds containing
cedure. Defective tack welds are to be completely removed.

defects are to be repajred as described in 8,5.8,2 through 8.5.8.9.

8.5.6.4 Welding is not to be discontinued before the joint

has sufficient strength to avoid piastic yielding and cracking
during pulJing and handling, Prior to restarting after interruptions, preheating to the minimum specified pteheting
temperature is to be applied.

8.5.8.2 Delects outside the weld are to be repaired by grinding onty. If grinding reduces remaining u,all thickness below
the minimum specified thickness. the defective pipe section is
to be cut out. Grinding is to be performed in a workman-like
manner, and with smooth rransition into the pipc surface.

8.5,6.5 Supports, attachments, lifting devices etc. used for

permanent positioning of risers and pipelines are normally to
be welded to a doubler ring. Doubler rings for temporary use

welding. Repair

are to be clamped.

8.5.6. Permanenl doub]er rings are to be made as fully

encircling sleeves and of materials satisfying the requirements

for pressure pats, see 5.7, Longitudinal welds are to be made
with a backing strip, avoiding penetration into the main pipe.
The circumferential welds are to be continuous, and made in
a manner minimizing the risk of root cracking and lamellar
tearing.

Tble

8.2

Quallfled prlnclpal welding posltions

Test position

IG

Applicable welding positions

1G

2G

lG,

5G

1G,5G

or 6G

All
All

ZG+5G

Defects

relevant of 8.5.2.1

ired by grinding or

re to be prepared.
jn addition t that

Method for removal of defect.

Preparation of weld area.
Non-destructive tests for confirmation of defect removal.
Permissible minimum and maximum weld repair sizes,

8.5.8.4 The repair welding procedures are to be qualihed.

The qualification tests are to be made in a realistic manner simulating repair situations likely to occur. e.g.

Through thickness repa.ir.

External repairs of underculs wii.h one stringer pass.

Inside root repair with one pass only.
Repeated weld repairs in same area.

The repair tests welds are to be made in e overhead

through vertical position, using pipe with a chemical composition jn the upper range of the specication.

2G

E.5.? Poductlon test

8.5.7.1 Production tests may be required during

in
w
and are to give the
8.5.8.3

8.5.8.5 The test weld covering through thickness repair is

to be visually inspected, non-destructive tested and mechanical tested as required for the installa
see 8.5.3.

installa-

tion. The test is to be performed in a manner which. as far as

possible, reproduces the actual welding. and is to cover welding of a suflciently large pipe sector in a relevant position.
When production testing is required. half the number of tests
specified in Table 8.1 are ro be carried out, lmpact test sam-

The single pass test welds a

ed, magnetic particle examined and
two macro/hardness tests provided
welding consumables and parameters as

pairs.

I 5 8j

for the major re-

Prehearing is to be performed prior ro repair welding. The minimum specfied prebeating/interpass rempera-

Historical document

8.5.6.2 The bevelled pipe ends are to be free from contamination by moisture, oil, grease. rust erc. which might affect the weld qualiry.

if

45

ture is to be maintained until the repair has been completed.

8.5.8.7 Long defects may require repair in several steps to

avoid yielding and cracking. The maximum length of allowable repair step is to be calculated based on the maximum
stresses in the joint during the repair operation. The repair
lengrh is tcj be at least approximately 100 rnm even if the defect is of less extension,
be performed after arc air gouging to

remove any carbon pick'up.

be cut out unless special repair welding procedures simulating actual number of weld repairs have been qualified.

Visual examination end non'destructive testing of

installtlon welds

.2

8.7.1
The tie-in operation is to be carried out
ance with an approved tie-in specihcation.

repairs made by grinding and welding are to be visual examined and non'destruc-

tive tested.

.2

8 6.1.3 Inspection and NDT-records are to be made for

each wetd including any repair actions. The records are to be
marked and identified in a suitable manner enabling tracebility to location of welds and the welding proceclure(s) being used.

8.6.2 Yisual examination

8.6.2.1 Visual examination is to be caried out for

all

welds.

description and specification of components which will

be introduced as permanent parts of the pipeline.

calculation of stresses occurring during installation ancl

procedure specifications covering all tie-in operations.

description and specication of equipment and instrumentation essential for the installation.
description and specification of metbods of inspection and

operation.

testing,

8.7,2

Mechanical connectors

connectors include flanges, couplings or

other components adapting similar mechanical principles of

8.7.2.1 Mechanical

8,7.2.2 An evaluation is to be carried out for loads and resulting stresses to which the components are subjected during
installation and operation. Safety factors to be included to ensure an equivalent overall safety to that adopted for the adjacent pipeline.

8.7.3

Welded tle-in on the lay vessel

8.7,3.1 Lifting and lowering of the pipeline during the tie'in
operation are to be carried out so that induced stresses are
within the allowable limits for pipeline or riser respectively
during installation.
means for monitoring the configuration
the pipeline section are to be used.

8.7.3.2 Suitable

8.6.2.2 The nished welds and Lhe pipe surfaces are to

comply v/ith the acceptance criteria specified in Table l0.l .

8.6.2.3 Welds which do not comply with Table l0.l are to

8.6

E..3 Non-destructive testing

8.6.3.1 All installation .,elds are to be radiographed full

E.7.4 Tle-in by underwter welding

8.7.4.1 Welding is to be carried out with a low

length. Ultrasonic testing and magneric particle testing may

be required depending on the applied welding method.
Defects which exceed the acceptance limits in Table

10.1 are to be completely removed and repaired in accordance with 8.5.8. Magnetic particle testing is normally to be
used to ensure complete removai of defects prior to repair
welding.

8.6.3.3 Weld repairs are to be radiographed. This

examina-

tion is to cover the repaired area and an additional length of

50 mm at each end of the repair rveld.

of

8.7.3.3 Welding and inspection of the tie-in is to be carried

out in accordance with approved speciftcations, see 8.5 and

be repaired according to 8,5.8 or cut out.

.2

accord-

obtaining strength and tightness.

Non-destructive testing is to be performed in accordance with qualihed procedures and qualiled NDT'operators, see Section 10.

8 6.1

in

8.6.1 Gcneral
8.6.1.1 Installation welds including

8,6.1

The choice of method is to be based on an evaluation ol the

conditions under which the tie-in is to be carried out and the
service conditions under which the tie-in is to operate,

8.7.1.3 Tie-in speciftcation is to include:

8.5.8.9 A joint may be repair welded twice in the same

area. If the joint still contain defects, the complete joint is to

8.6

V/elded connection on the lay vessel and subsequent lowering.

Underwater welding.

hydrogen
process in a chamber habitad from which the water has been
displaced.

Other methods are subject to special approYal,

8.7 .4.2 Sealing devices are to be of a proven design and manufacture. Sealing pigs are to be pressure tested prior to installation inro the pipeline sections unless this has been carried out at an eadier sfage.

8.?.4.3 A detailed welding procedure specification is to be

established. and is in addition to that speciied in 8.5.2'l to
contain:

8.6.1.4 \4agnetic particle testing may replace radiography

rvhen the defect is located at rhe outside ofthe pipe, and is removed by grinding only.

E.7
8.7.1

Tie-ins

Generel

8.7.1.1 Tie-ins between different portions of a pipeline. or

berween pipeline aud riser, may be carried out by one of the

following methods.

Mechanical connectors.

water depth.
pressure inside the chamber.
gas composition inside the chamber.
humidity level.
temperature fluctuations inside the chamber.

8.7.4.4 Storage and handling routines of welding consumables on the support vessel and in the welding chamber
as well as the sealing and the transfer procedures to the welding chamber are to be specifed.
8.7.1.5 The rvelding procedure is to be qualilted under representtive conditions in a suitable testing facility' The qua-

Historical document

8.5.8.8 Grinding is to

46

lilcation test is to consist of minimum one complete joint for

manual welding and rninimum three joints for mechanized

welding system.

The qualification program may be increased when the underwater welding will occur under condtions where previous
experience is limited, or will be undertaken by a company

with limited experience in this fieid.

8.7.4.7

Preheating to a suitable temperature is to be applied

lor moisture removal and hydrogen diffusion.

8.7.4.8 The essential parameters for underwater welding

are those specified in 8.5.4,1 plus those given in 8.7.4.3. The

acceptable variation limits are normally those specified in
8,5.4 plus the followirrg;
Pressure inside chamber:
Gas composition inside chamber:

any incease
any change
any increase beyond
specihed range may

Humidity:

be required

8.7.4.9 A confirmation test weld may be required made on

location prior to stafing the tie-in welding, The test weld is
to be made on pipe coupons in the habitat under actual conditions. The coupons are to cover welding from the 6 o'clock
to 9 o'clock region, Subject to acceptable visual inspection
and radiography in accordance with 8. the tie-in welding
may commence. Mechanical testing is to be performed as
soon as possible. The number of mechanical tests is half that
required for welding procedure quaiihcation.

8.8.2.2 The final survey report of the insralled riser is to

verify that the riser. including supports. clamps, anchors, pro-

tection devices (e.g, fenders, casings, etc.) an corrosion protection system, are installed in accordance with approved
drarvings and specifications.

8,8,3

Survey of corrosion protection system

8.8.3.1 Inspection of the external coating of the

pipeline
system is required. Special attention should be given to the riser in the splash zone.

8.8.3.2 Spot measurements of the polarization a.long the pi

peline may be required in areas with damaged coating. Special attention is to be paid to aeas far from sacrihcial anoes
and areas \ilith stress concentrations.
8,8.1.3 In areas where measurements indicate that cathodic
protection bas not been attained. some corective action is to
be arranged. e.g. mounting of additional sacrificial anodes,
increasing curfent output from rectifers, or application of
protective coating,
8.8.3.4 The possibi.lity of over-protection is to be investigated at locations where detrmental effects of over-protection
maY be suspected.

When the same welding habitat, equipment and welding procedure are used for consecutive tie-ins on the same pipeline
under comparable conditions further confimation test welds
are not required.

8.7.4.10 The tie-in weld is to be non-destructive examined

full length, as per 8.6 and comply with the applicable acceptance standard in Section 10.

I Prior to qualihcation testing for underwater welding. the welder is to have passed a surface welding tests (see
7 .2. and have relevant training for welding under pressure.

8.E.4 Pressue test

8.8.4.1 The pipcline

system is to be pressure tested after installation. The testing is to be carried out in accordance with

8.7.4.1

Qualifcation for underr*'ater welding is to consis of at est

one test weld made in a testing lacility under representative
conditions in accordance with the qualified underwater welding procedure. The tesl weld is to be visually inspected. radiographed and mechanically tested. see 7.2 3 and Appendix C.

6.8

Final surveys nd

tests

8.E.1 Generl
8.8.1.l A hnal survey of the installed pipeine system is to
be carried out in order to verify that the condition of the pjpeline system satisfies the approved specilication and the re

quirements of these Rules.

8.8.1.2 Ifthe pipeline is to be buried or covered by other

protection stabilization methods, surveys are normally required both before and after burial (coverin$ operarions.

8.8,2 Sun'e of lnstlled pipeline

8.8.2.1 The hnal suryey on

system

the pipeline sysrem is at least to

provide tle following information
- Detailed plot of the piline position
:

tested in
the riser
, the pre-

8.8.4.2 The test is normally to be carried out with tiquid

medium,

test

8.8.4.1
tightnes
be I .25
ng testi

to prove the strength and the

The minimum test pressure is to
ure. Hoop stress in the pipe durexceed 90 per cent of ih mnimum specihed yield strength. Higher stresses will be considered in each case.
8 .8

.4.4 During

pressurizing. added test liquid versus prein order to evaluate the amount of iesi-

ssure is to be recorded

dual air in the test section.

8.8.4.5 Alter

pressurizing sufhcient time has to be allowed

lor stabilization of the pressure in the pipe section

4.6 The holding time for pipeline sectjons is normally to

be minimum 24 hours, after the pressure has stabilized. For
short lines and rises 8 hours holding time may be accepted.
For plpesections that can be I 009 visually inspected the holding period is normally to be at least 2 hours.
8.8

8.8.4.7 Alternative pressure testing procedures may also be

accepted. For guidance see Appendix E.

Historical document

8.7.4.6 The qualihcation test welds arc to be inspected and

tested as per 8.5.3 and comply with the requirements specified for the pipeline section in question.

Thickness of cover or depth of trench (if applicable) and

description of the state ol rest along the routc
Verihcation that the condition of weight coating or the
anchoring system which provides for on-bottom stability
is in accordance with tbe approved specification
Description of wreckage, debris or other objects which
may affect the cathodic protection system or otherwise
impair the pipeline
Description and location ol damages to the pipeline. its
coating or cathodic protection system

47

8.8.4.8 Ilthe tesred section bursts or leaks. the failure is to be

corrected and the sec(iolr retested.

8.8. Tesdng of alarm nd shutdown systems

8.8.6.1 It is the Owner's responsibility to protect

8.8.4.9

tem is not designed.

Pressure testing of tie-in welds between already tested sections may in special cases be exempted provided the regular radiographic examination is extended with ultrasonic examination or ofher suitable methods. Motlitorng may be required. The NDT procedures and operators are to be qualified

for this testing.

8.8.5

see

Sectior 10.

Buckle detection

the pipeline system against operational conditions for which the sys'

8.8.6.2 Instrumentation for the safe operation of the pipeline system is to be tested according to generally recognized codes and the manufactuer's recommendations prior'to start of
operation.

8.8.6.3 Emergency shutdown

8.8.5.1 Buckle detection is to be carried out by running a cording to generally recognized
gauge pig (caliper pid through each pipeline section after in- tion.

systems are to be tested accodes prior to strt of opera-

Historical document

stallation. When the pipeline is to be buried, the final buckle

detection is to be performed after trenching.

48

SECTIO\I 9
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
9.1 General

9.3 In-seryice inspection

9.1.1 Owner's duty

9.3.1

I
inform Veritas when inspections required to retain the certificate is to be carried out.

to an acceptable program.

The Owner is to

9.3.1,1 In-service inspection is to

9 . l . I .2 The Owner is to retain files of the running inspection

and the remedial measures taken and make these files available upon request.

9.1.1

.3

The Owner is forthwith to notify Veritas

9.3.1

if any of

the events occu as given below, so that the need for surveys
can be determined:

scrutinize in-service inspection reports

carry out survey in connection with in-service inspection

made by the Owner or his contractors
carry out survey.

9.3.2

9.3.2.1
a
haviour
and mea

9,2,1

Operation, inspection and maintenance manual

9.2.1 .l The Owner is to prepare a manual for this operation. inspection and maintenance of the pipeline system.
9.2.1
is to:

.2

The operation, inspection and maintenance manual

describe organization and management of the maintenance and in-service inspection

identify all items to be monitored. inspected and main-

tained
specify the monitoring equipment. inspection method and
frequency for each item to be inspecred
specify operation limitations
specily start up/shut down procedures

9.2.2

Operation

d other safety deviand inspected. The

are in good condiction.

9.2.2.3 It is assumed that regulators and pressure relief valves not part of the pipeline system are subject to regular testing and inspection.
9.2.2.4

Surge pressure is not to exceed

nal desn pressure.

9.2.2.5 The concentration

of

l,l

times the inrer-

aggressive and toxic components in the product is to be monitored.

ction is to observe
movements or be.inctude inspection
the bend connect-

ing the pipeline and the riser and the installation in order to

detect lateral or axial movement. If necessary these measurements are to be continued until such movements have stabilized,

9.3.2.2 Mechanical couplings including flanges may require

visual inspection during start up, Leak detection is to be-carried out when found necessary.

9.3.3
9.2 Operation cnd maintenance of the pipeline system

Start up nspection

during

9.1,2 Retension of Certificte of Compliance

9.1 .2.1 The Certificate of Compliance will be retained in the

operating phase provided the requirements in these Rules are

satisfied. See also L5.2.

Veritas may have free access to

whenever found necessary in order to retain the Certifcate of

strength
the pipeline system demonstrate signs of deterioration likely to impair its safety or strength
the pipeline system is subjected to any alteration, repair or
replacement
transportation ol new fluids.

.2

be carried out according

see 9.2.1.2.

Compliance.

the pipeline system is damaged. or is suspected of having

been damaged, in a manner likely to impair its safety or

General

Periodical inspecfon

9.3.3.1 The frequency and extent of each periodical

tion are to be

based

on factors such

inspec-

as

type of inspection
design and function of the pipeline system
seabed conditions and protection
environmental conditions
corrosion/erosion conditions

traffic dens
condition of the pipeline system as installed and as per

earlier inspections
possible consequences o[ lailure

.3,3.2

Pipeline systems that are not in operation are also to

to periodical inspection if the Certificate of Cornpliance is to be retained.
9

be subject

9,3.4

Frequency of periodical inspection

9.3.4.1 A periodical inspection is normally to be carried out
annually if not otherwise agreed upon, The time for annual
inspection may, under normal circumstances. be selected
with due regard to factors such as weather conditions and
operation of the pipeline system.

9.3,4.2 Veritas may. upon request, accept a continuous inspction in lieu of regular periodical inspection. Each part of
the system is to be controlled as frequently as in the case of
regular periodical inspection.
9.1.4.1 The Orvner is to notily Veritas on occasions when
such parts of the pipeline system. which are not normally accessible for inspection, may be examined.

9.3.5

Extent of periodical inspection

9.3.5.1
and, if
Length
posure

pipeline

to be suneyed to detect free

spans.

buried, to detect exposed sections.

d exposed sections an degree of exd.

Historical document

9. I . I

49

9.1.5.2 Vsual inspection of exposed parts of the pipeline

the
pipeline and locate areas that may be subjected to close visual
inspection and testing. This is to include detection and mapp-

ing of'

9.4

is

to be carried out to determine the general conditions of

mechanical damages to the pipeline

coating damages
anode consumption and condition
condition of the seabed with respect to scouring or build-

up of seabed substance
signs of lateral and axial movement
leaks

9.4.1

General

.l All repairs are to be carried out by qualified personnel in accordance with approved specifications and procedures, and up to the standard defined for the pipeline.
9-4.1

.2 Repairs of parts that are subject to certihcation are

to be surveyed and approved by Veritas.

9.4.1

9.4.t.1 The Owner is to notify Veritas in advance of any

such action and to submit the necessary plans and speciltcations for approval. The exact documentation that is to be sub'
mitted for approval or information purposes is to be dided
in each particular case.

9.3.5.3 Control of the performance of the corrosion protsction system is to be carried out. If found necessary, potential
measurements are to be conducted at the discretion of the
Sun'eyor and in accordance with 8.8.3.

9.4.1

9.3.5.4

moved.

9.3.5.5 Thickness measurements may be required where

9.4.2.1 Sharp

Inaccessible parts olthe pipeline system are to be remotely examined by suitable equipment.

there is reason to believe that the pipe wall thickness may be

reduced due to external/internal corrosion or erosion (e.g.
the effect of sand content in the flow).
Other means for internal corrosion monitoring are also to be
used. see 6.4.5.

Repairs

.4

Pipeline systems with defects may be operated tem-

porarily at a reduced pressure until the defect has been

9.4.2

re-

Grooves, gougs and notches

defects like grooves, gouges and notches are

to be removed by griding or by other approved repair method. The remaining wall thickness is to meet the minimum re
quired for the particular location, see 4.2.2. Deeper defects
are to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of the

pipe as a cylinder.

9.4.3

Dents

9.4.3.1 A dent is dehned

Extent of periodcsl lnspection

as a depression which produces a

gross disturbance in the curvature of the pipe wall.

riser

9.1.6.1 Normally the below specilred inspection is to be

carried out in addition to the inspection specified lor the pi'
peline, see 9.3.5.

9.3.6.2 Close visual inspection of supports, bolts,

flanges

and couplings.

9.4.3.1 The acceptability of dents are to be evaluated in

9,3,6,3 Thickness measurements at pre-selected reference

points are to be carried out on a regular basis' see 6.4,5.3.
The mesurements are to be carried out according to an approved procedure which should include information on:

type ol equipment
type of probe
evaluation procedure
location of reference points

9.3.6.4 Potential

9.4.3.2 A dent affecting the longitudinal or circumferential

weld is to be removed by cutting out the damaged portion of
the pipe as a cylinder. or by installing a full encirclement
welded split sleeve. see 9.4.5, 9.4.6 and9.4,7,

readings are to be performed at a fair dist-

ance from the adjacent anodes

9.3.6.5 Distance between the bend connection the pipeline

and the riser and the struccure is to be measured and recorded'

each case. Factors to be taken into consideration are:

size and shape of dent
properties of piPe material

oil or

gas

pressure
possible consequences of pipe rupture
pigging possibilities

9.4.4

laks

9.4.4.1 Prior to permanent repair of any leak. the mechanisms causing the lek are to be established.

9.4.4.2 Permanent repair of a leak in pipe body or weld

may be carried out by cutting out the damaged portion of the
pipe as a cylinder or by installing a lull encirclement welded

split sleeve, see 9.4.5,9.4.6 and9.47.

For low pressure oil lines repair by properly

9.3.1

Speclal lnspection

designed leak

clamps may be accepted.

which impair the safety, 9.4.4.3 Leaking flanges and couplings are to be sealed if
pipeline
system. the Owner is found satisfactory by torquing the bolts or by replacing at
of
the
strength or $ability
torthwith to notify Veritas and a special inspection is to be least the sealing devices such as gaskets and seals'
carried out.
9.4.5 Repalr by weldlng
Such events are:
the pipeline system is damaged or suspected of having be- 9.4.5.1 Repair welding procedures and welders are to be
9

.3.'l

.l lf any events occur

en damaged
the pipeline system dcmonstrates signs of deterioration
The pipetine system is subjected to alteration' repair or re'
placement.

9.3.7.2 Special inspections is normally to be carried out in

the presene of a Surveyor. The Surveyor is to be provided
with the facilities needed for lust hand evaluation of the
conditions necessitating the inspection.

qualified as described in 8.5,3 and 8.5.5.

9.4.5.2 Repair welding above water is to

be carried out as

described in 8.5.

9.4.5,3 Underwater repair welding is to be carried out in a

dry habirat. see 8.7.4.

9.4.5.4 Repair welding may in

special cases be carried out

Historical document

9.3.6

50

on pipelines under pressure. Acceptable repair conditions are

to depend on:
- actual wall thickness

repairs may be made by insrallin! roperly designeO leali

ii to Ue ai

pressure
flow rate

oil or

9.4,6 Temporary repairs

9.4.6..1 If not possible to take the pline our of operation.
clamp over rhe defecL The strengtli of t. sie.u"
required in 4.2.2.

gas

weldng procedure
safety procedures

9.4.5.5 All repair welds are to be visually examined

and

Historical document

non-destructive tested. see 8,6. When relevanf. pressure testing is to be carried out as described in 8.8.4.

5l

SECTION 10
NON.DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
-

lmage quatity indicator sensitivities in per cent of the wall

thickness based on source and hlm side indicators res-

I 0. I . I .
\,tethods for non-destrucdve testing are to be chosen with due regards to the conditions infuencing the sensivity of the nrethods.

Density. (The density of the radiographs measured on the

sound weld melal image).

Appropriate methods will be evaluated in each

10.2.2 Radiographic procedure qualiflcaton

10.2.2.1 Two radiographic exposures are to be made of

l0.l

General

pectively,

10,1.1 Selection of met}od

case.

I0,2.1

Radlographic procedure specilication

10.2.1.1 A procedure specication for the radiographic examination is io be established and is at least to include the fol-

Radiation source (X-rays or gamma rays'

If

coverage.

welded joint using pipe of the same diameter and wall thick'
ness an of material equat to or similar to that which is to be
used in the pipeline system.

10.2 Radiographic examination of welds

lowing information:
Material quality and dimensions
- Welding
process and groove geometry
-

Film

gamma rays'

10.2,2.2 Image quality indicators of the wire type and of re'

quired number (according to the recommendations of docu'
ment IIW/llS-62-6 are to be placed on both the f"rlm side
and the source side. The image quality indicators are to be
clearly identified, and the sensivity of the source side indicator is to be equal to or better than the requirements given in
Fig. 10.1.

nesJ.

Exoosure conditions' (kV. mAmin. Cimin )

Prcessing. (Developing time/temperature. stop-bath'
xation. washing. drying, etc)'

IOI

sensitivity

diameter
=

lr

smattest
thickness

Vttd

310

-.40

=
':.
t^

6o

l,o

Materiat thickness, mm
Note:
For producton radiography; sensitviy
readings based on flnr side Penetrmeters
are to be judged as per resulls from the
procedure qualifcation,

Fig.

l0'l

Required

IQI sensitivity. Source side parrmeter

ol
lo

Historical document

10.2.2.3 Exposed radiographs are to have an average H&D

density at the sound weld metal image of I '8-2'5. High intensity illuminators are to be available for radiographs with
density in the upper density range.

52

10.2,3 Qurllflcations of radiographers

10,2,3.1 Radiographers are to be fully

capable of perform-

ing an operational test using the qualified iadiograihic procedure.

10.2.4 Producdon rediography

10,3,3 Ultrasonic procedure qualifcation

10.3 l.l The ultrasonic examination procedure is to

10.2.4.1 Only approved radiographic procedures are to be

used. If the panorama technique is used to include I 00 per
cent of a girth weld in one exposure, a minimum of three pe,
netrameters are

Surface requirements
Type ofcouplan(s)
Scanning techniques
Reporting and identification system

qualified through a procedure qualification test.

to be equally spacect around the circurnfer-

The- test is to be performed under normal

in the presence of a Surveyor.

ence.

If the multiple exposure technique is used, at least two penet- The test pieces are to be
available
rameters are to be recorded on each film and located near spection work.

be

u,orking conditions

as reference

during the in-

each end of the film.

For testing of the ends of .longitudinal or spiral welded seams,

one penetrameter may be used.

10.2.4.2 The maximum acceptable frJm lengths are limited

a6 pet cent increase of the wall thickness in the beam di-

by

rection.

10.2.4.3 All fi.lms are to be clearly marked to identify the

proper weld and to locate any discontinuitjs quickly and accurately. Veritas may specify the identification system.

10,3.4 Calibretion of equipment

is to

be

any reaProcessing and storage is to be in a way that enables the films

to maintain their quality throughout the design life of the installation.

10.2.5 Evalution of welds and standards of acceptability

10.2.5,1 The radiographs are to be interpreted by qualified

personnel. The report is to show if the weld quality meets the

requirements of Table 10.1, which defects have been judged
unacceptable, and the number of repairs made.

10,3,5 Qualilications of

operators

10.3.5,1 The operators are upon request to be able to

only, welds which meet the acceptance criteria may be reject- monstrate the following capabilities:
ed if the density indicates the depth of the defect to be detri- - Calibrating the equipment
10.2.5.2 Since radiography gives two dimensional results

Performing an operational test under production cond!

mental to the integrity of the weld.

10.2,5.3 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final

judge in assessment of weld quality.

de-

tions
Evaluating size and location of refleclors.

10.3.6 Production ultrasonic examination

10.3..1 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth. i.e.
lree from dit, scale, rust. welding spatter, etc. which may
influence the results of the testing.

10.3 Ultrsonic examinetion of welds with stationary

equipment

10.3,1 Equipment
10.3.7 Evaluation of welds and standards of acceptabili
10.3.7.1 For stationary equipment the purpose of the testing is normally to detect defects which aie to be further

10.3.1.1 The equipment is to

- be applicable for the pulse echo technique or the double-

probe technique
use a frequency of 4 IVIHz unless otherwise agreed upon
have a suflicient number of fxed, guided probes ensuring
examination of the complete seam for longitudinal and
transverse defects and for detection of possible lamination
interfering the testing
have a trigger system alerting indications of defects and a
system alarming malfunctioning of the equipment
have a system automatically locating the defect area
have a continuous monitoring of weld seam centering

10.3,2 Ultasonic procedure specificatlon

10.3,2.1 A procedure specification is to be

established and

is at leasl to include the following information:

Material quality and dimensions
- Welding
process and groove geometry
- Type
of
instrument
- Type(d of transducers

evaluated by radiography.

Indications giving signals belorv the agreed trigger let el are

acceptable.

Indications giving signals above the trigger level are ro be

considered injurious unless lur.ther inves-tigarions by radiography show thar the weld meers rhe a...ptai"" criteria
in Ta_

ble l0.l

10.3.7.2 The Surveyor is to have the right

judge in assessmenr of weld quality.

10.4 Ultrasonic

examination of welds rvith portable

equipment

Frequencjes

10.4,

Calibration details

0.4. I

Equpment
.

of being final

The equiprnent is to

Historical document

ubt con-

5l

be applicable for the pulse echo technique and for the

double.probe technique

The test pieces are to be available as reflerence during the inspection work.

MHz

10.4.3.2 Reference blocks as described under 10.4.4 will

normally be considered satisfactory as test pieces. Whenever
groove geometry, welding methods or other factors may cause special problems in flaw detection, Veritas may require
special test p.ieces to be prepared.

2-6

cover as a minimum the frequency range from

have a calibrated gan regulator with max. 2 dB per step

have a flat screen accessible from the front for direct
plottirg of reference curves

allow echoes with amplitudes of 5 per cent ol full screen

height to be clearly detectable under test conditions

include straight beam transducers and angle beam transduces of 45o.'l0o and 80o.

-PROBE CONIACT sIJRFACE

10.4.4 Callbration of equlpment

10.4.4.t Calibration of the ultrasonic equipment is to be
carried out vr'henever it has been out ol function for any reason including on/ofi and wheneve there is any doubt concerning proper lunctioning of the equipment'

10.4.4.2 The IIW/ISO ca.libration block is to be used for

calibration of range and for angle determination. The V2 calibration block according to DIN 54122 may be used for calibration of range only.

10.4.4.3 For evaluation ol flaw indications a reference curve

is to be estabtished. The curve is to be plotted on the instrument screen.
B

()-D0 nrn

10,4.4.4 A reference block is to be used for gain calibration

and construction of the reference curves. The relerence block
is normally to be manufactured from the actual material and
have dimensions according to Fig. 10.2.
10.4.4 5 The sound path from the probe in position A to
the reflector, Fig. I 0.3 is not to be less than 0 per cent of the
nearfield length of the probe.

l=

T=

N=
D=
p=

Length of reference block given by probe angle and

material range to be covered.
Thickness of reference block.
Width of reference block, minimum 40 mmDiameter of drilled hole.
Position of drilled hole.

Actual wall
thickness

tinmm

t <25
25 <t =<50
50 < r <100

Thickness of
ref. block

Position of

Diameter of

drilled hole

drilled hole

Tinmm

Pinmm

Dinmm

20ort

T/2
T/4

2.4

lSort
75

ort

Fig. 10.2 Reference block

curve for portable equipment,

for

construction

10.4.4.1 The primary gain is to be corrected lor difference

in surface character and attenuation between the reference
block and the actual pipe by means of the double probe

t.2

Tl4

4.8

of

reference

10.4.2 Ultrasonic procedure specifcation

10,4.2.1 A procedure speciltcation is to be established

technique. Two identical angle probes. facing each other one

skip distance apart as shown in Fie. 10.4, are to be used. The
primary gain is to be corrected accordingly and then becomes
the corrected primary gain,

10.4.5 Qualiflcations of operators

and

is at least to .include the following inlormatiou:

quality and dimensions
- ${aterial
\/elding process and groove geometry
- Type
of instrument
-

10.4.4.6 The echo height fiom position A is to be maximized and the gain control regulated so that the echo height is
75 per cent offull screen height. This gain setting is called the
primary gain and is to be recorded. Without altering this gain
setting the maximized echo heights from point B and C are to
be plotted on the screen. The reference curve is now tc be
drawn as a smooth line through the three points. Two curves, 20 and 50 per cent ol the reference curve are also to be
constructed.

Type(s) of transducers
Frequencies
Calibration details
Surface requirements
Type ol couplant(s)
Scanning tecltniques

tions
Interpreting the screelt display
Evaluatng size and location of reflectors.

10.4.6 Production ultrasonic examination

10.4 .1 The contact surface is to be clean and smooth. i.e
free lrom dirt. scale. rust, lvelding spalter. etc. which may
irfluence the results of the testing,

Reporting and identiltcatiolr system

10.4.3 Ultrasonic procedure qualilcation

10.4.3.1 The ultrasonic examnaliou procedure is to

The operators performing ultrasonic examination

I 0.4.5 . I
are to be certified and upon request to be able to demonstrate
the lollowing capabilities.
the equipment
- Calibrating
Perlorming an operational tesl under production condi-

be

qualifed through a procedure qualilication test.

The test is to be performed under normal working conditions

in the presence of a Surveyor.

10.4.6.2 The weld is to be examined from both sides

shown in Fie. 10.5 and 10.6.

as

10.4.6.3 For deiect detection, the corrected primary gain is

to be jncreased by 6 dB, Defect size evaluation is not to be
perlormed at this increased gain level.

Historical document

54

ltz
REFERENTE

REFERE\TE ELOIK:

'URVF

B
TRANSMITTIR

r00%

75"/"
RECTIVEI)

-_REFERENCE

ECNO

CI.JfiVE

)IIERNCE (XdB)

2C'lo

0t/lN3 T0 D'FFERENCE lN
) ATTENU-I

FOR THICKNESSES

-10

,tATERIAL TO 8 IESTEO:

SLRFCE

;Q

mm

RfTEIVED

A):5r rER

RECEIVTR

TCHC

Fig. 10,4 Attenuation and surface correction for portable

equipment, Double probe technique.
1/

Historical document

A
100"/.

.-

REFERENCE CURVE

FOR

THIC

(trqtrc

5l{P

EETWEEN I0AND 25mm

ctxo
AREA

r/r

-T-

sKtP

,\-l--l- ---f

.--

=i

+,
-t-

--t

E
U

._l

l--_1 _i_

10c'/.

75

Fis.

Ci.jRVa

ron

Pobe movement for testing butt u,elds, portable

10.5

equipment.

--REi:trRF\CE

__t_

IiiCK\ESSES

zsmrn

10.4.6.4 The defects are ro be investigated by maximizing

the echoes with different angle probes and by rotating th

probes.

Flg, 10.3 Conlruction of

equiDment.

reference curves

for

portable

10.4.6.5

For

dimensional evaluation. either

dB-dropr> method
used.

or the

rhe e0

<rhalf:yalue-drop)) method is

to

be

55

10.5.2 Magnetic particle procedure qualifcation

10.5,2.1 No special procedure qualification test is reguired.
The procedure is considered qualited based on approval of

RANSlillfER

otu

. 45o

the testing procedure specifcation.

10.5.3 Qualiftcations of operetors

NGLE

10.5.3

PROEE

Operators performing magnetic particle examina-

tion are to be capable of perlorming and operatiorial test' us'

ing the test method and technique which is to be applied in

:PARLLE! TO WELO

production.

10.5.4 Poduction magnetic particle testing

10.5,4.1 The testing equipment is to establish a
srrength between 2.4 k.^,/ m(0 Od and 4,0 kA 60 Oe).

held

10.5.4,2 Use of permanent magnetic yokes is not permitted,

MACIINEO FLUSH

10.5.4.3 The pipe surface is to be clean and dry, free from

any dit i.e, grease. oit. lint, scale. welding flux etc. which

may interlere with the examination.

10.5.4.4 To ensure deteclion of discontinuities having axes

in any direction, the examination is on each area to be perlomed with the magnetic held shified in at least two direc-

10.6

tions approximately perpendicular to each other.

Detection of tranwerse cracks'

10.4.7 Evaluation of rvelds and standards of acceptability

10.4.7.1 As ultrasonic examination is principle detects <reflectors> in the material. atl indications are to be considered
as the most dangerous type of defect until otherwise proven'
The report is to show if the weld quality meels the requirements, which defects have been judged unacceptable and the
number of repairs made.

10.4.7.2 In general all defect indications exceeding the

re-

ference curve are to be repaired and reexamined'

10.4.7.3

All

defect indications with length

2t

exceeding

50 per cent olthe reference curve are to be repaired and reexamined.

Atl defects indications exceeding 20 per cent of the

are to be investigated to the extent that the
curve
relerence
operator can evaluate the shape' identitr and location in
trrns of the acceptance criteria in Table l0 l '
10.4.7

.4

l0 4 7 5 I[ only one side ol the weld is accessible lor

10.5.4.5 Non-fluorescent wet or dry particles are to provide

with the background of the surface being

adequate contrast
examined.

l0 5.4,6 Examination with flourescent magnetic particles is

to be conducted in a darkened area using hltered ultraviolet

light with wave lengths within the range of 3200-3800 .

10.5.4.7 lvlagnetic particle examination is not to be per'

formed on parts with surface temeratures exceeding 300oC
(570'F) Between 60oC (l40oF) and 300oC, only dry magnetic
particle examination is to be used.

10.5.4.8 Care is to be taken to avoid local heating of the test

surface, Prods tipped with lead. or <csoft prods) are recommended. Arc strikes and burn marks are to be ground out
and reinspected with a suitable method.
10,5,4,9 Demagnetization is required if the material due to
the magnetic particle testing has become permanently magnetized and this may interfere with the servicability of the
pafl or installation.

test'

ing. atl defect indications exceeding 50 per cent of the referenie curue with length )l and all defect indications exceeding 20 per cent ol the reference curve wth length )2t are to
be repaired and reexamined.

10.4.7.6 The Surveyor is to have the right of being final

juCge in assessment of weld quality

10.5.5 Evaluaton of welds and standards of acceptability

10.5.5.1 The magnetic pa1icle examination operators are to
report all surlce defects detected. The report is to show ilthe
weld quality meet the requirements ol Tabte 10.1. and the
number of repairs made.

10.5.5.2 Surlace which are shown to have delects

ing the limlts given in Table

10.5 lllagnetic particle examination of welds

10.5.1 Magnetic particle procedure specifcation

t0 5.1.1 A procedure specification is to be established

and

Type ol magnetization
Type of equiPment
Surlace preparation

Wet or dry method

Make and type of tnagnetic particle and contrast paint

Magnetic held strertgth
Demagnetization

Description ol examination technique

are

exceed-

to be repaired and re-

examined.

10.5.5.3 The Surve-r'or is to have the right

judge in assessment of weld quality.

is at least to include the following information:

Material qualjty and dimensions
- \\/eldirtg
process and groove geometry

l0.l

of being linat

10.6 Liquid penetrant examination of *'elds

10.6.1 Liquid penetrant procedure specification

10.6,1 I A procedure specication is to be established

and

is at least to include the following information:

quality and dimensions
- Material
process and groove geometry
Welding
preparation
- Surface
Brand name and specihc type (number of letter designa-

Historical document

Fig.

56

if

availabld of penetrant, remover emulsifier and

Details of the method of preexamination cleaning and

drying, including cleaning materials used and time low-

ed for drying.
Details of the method of penetrant application: the length
of time that the penetrant remains on the surface, and ihe
e ex-

Irom
g the

Details of the method of applying the developer, and

length of deleloping time before examination
Method of postexamination cleaning.

10,6.2 Liquld penetrant procedure qurlification

the surface and the pege, no special procedure

procedure is considered
tcsting procedure specifi-

Outside the temperature range I5oC-35oC a suitable comparator block is to be used to compare indications from surface defects examined within and outside the range.

10.6.3 Qualificaons of opentors

10.6.3.1 Operators performing liquid penetrant

examina-

tion are to be capable olperforming an operational test, using

the test method or technique which is to be applied in production.

10..4 Produetion liquld penetrant testing

10.6.4.1 Liquid penetrant e,ramination is only to be used on
nonferromagnetic materials and materials with great varia-

tion in magnetic permeability.

10.6.5 Evalution of welds and stndards of acceptabllity

10.6.5.1 The liquid penetrant examination operators are to
report all surface defects detected, The report is to show if the
surface meets the requirements of Table l0.l and the number
of repairs made.
10.6.5.2 Surfaces which are shown to have defects exceeding the limits given in in Tabte l0.l are to be repaired and reexamined.

10.6.5.3 The Surveyor isto have the right otbeing final judin assessment of weld quality.

ge

Historical document

tion

developer.

57

Table

l0,l

Internal

Plpellne systems.
Aceptence limits fo

visud lnsDection ad radiographic exmlndon'

defects

POROSITY

Note

Acceptnce limlts
Scattered porosity is to be max. 3 per cent by projected area. Largest

pore dim.

/4. max.4 mm.

Cluster porosity is not to exceed an area of 12 mm in diameter in any

continuous 100 mm of weld length. Max. dim. of any individual pore
is not to excced t/8. max. 2 mm.

Porosity on line is not to penetrate weld surface, largest pore dim.

t/8, max. 2 mm.
SLAG INCLUSIONS

(t/2, wdth (t/4,

Isotated slg: Length

max' 4 mm.

Slag lines: Length 2t, max. 50 mm, width {2 mm.

For <wagon tracks> width of each parallel slag line is not to exceed
1.5 mm.

LACK OF FUSION OR
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION

Length

CRACKS

Not

(2t.

max. 50 mm-

2,3,4
2,3,4
5

acceptable.

Surfce defects

PIPE ENDS

<0.15 t. max. 3 mm.

DENTS

Depth: Max. 6 mm. Length: Max. OD/2.

COLD FORMED C,OUGES,

GROOVES. NOTCHES AND
ARC BURNS

Not acceptable. May be removed by grinding

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

WELD REINFORCEMENT

For t (12.5 mm: Max. 3 and 2 mm respectively.

For t) 12.5 mm: Max. 4 and 3 mm respectively

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

External concavity not acceptable'

CONCAVITY

Internal concavity acceptable provided that the density of the radio'

graphic image of the concavity does not exceed that of the adjacent

Historical document

MISALIGNMENT OF ADJOINING

base metal.

UNDERCUT

Depth (t/10, max. 0.8 mm.

For girth welds the length o[ an undercut in any continuous 300 mm
of weld length is not to be more than:
Max. 50 mm for depth (t/10. max. 0'8 mm
Max. 100 mm for depth (t/20, max, 0.4 mm

For longitudinal or spiral welds the length is not to be more than

max. I / 5 of the above limits for ginh welds.
For depth (0.3 mm, undercut may be accepted regardless of length

provided its shape and notch effect is not considered detrimental.

LACK OF FUSION OR
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION

Length

(t.

HOLLOW BEAD

Length

{t/2,

BURN THROUGH

Max. dim. 6 mm of any single defect, totl length max' 12 mm in

CRACKS

Not

2,3,7
max. 12 mm.

any 300 mm weld length.

ed s one continuous defect.

3) Any accumulations of slag inclusions. incomplete penetration. misalignment, hollow bead. burn through or undercut are to be judged as the
rnost serious ol'the defecb in questjon.
one time lhe defec limits as per notes 2 and 3 within any

2,3.8
3,4
5

acceptable.

Notes to the rcceptnce llmits:

l) See porosity chart Fig. 10.7. When the extent of porosity or slag inclus'
ons may mask for detection of other defects. supplementry radiographic
or ultrasonic examnation is required.
2) If elongared delects are situated on line and the disunce between lem is
les than the length o[ the longest indication. the defec are to be evaluat-

4) Not more than

2, 3, 6,7

conrinuous length of rveld which equals five times the length of the defect
fea.

5) Observed cracks should initiate more extensive non-destnrctive testing of

the joint and revision of the welding procedure.
6) The depth (o be measured by mechanical means
7) Severe corrosive environment may necessitte more stin8ent require'

fents to be adopted.

8) The total length o[ hollow bead in any continuous ]00 mm length o[

weld metal shell not exceed 50 mm, Individul adjacenr hollow beed discontinuities. each exceeding 6 mm in length. are to be sparated by at
least 50 mm of sound metal.

58

Tble 10.2 Pipellne and plpeline rlsers

Deflnltions and rediographlc characterization.
POROSITY:
DeJnition:

Voids due to entrapped gas.

R ad iogra ph ic c haracte ri z a t io n :
Sharply defined dark shadows of rounded or elongaled sha-

pe.

HOLLO\\'BEAD:
DeJnition:
Elongated voids in the root pass,
R a diog raph ic characte ri zatio n :
Sharply dehned dark shadows in line of elongated shape.

SLAG INCLUSIONS:

llltltttttltjttrtl

Delnition:
Slag eutlapped during rve.lcling.

lrlrilt

Rad iog ra p h ic cha rac teriz a ! io n :

Dark shadows of irregular shape.

SLAG LINES;
Defiltition:
Elongated cavities containing siag.
R

adiog raphic chara

te

rz at

rt.'S

io n :

Dark lines parallel to the r/eld

,il ilt tt

edges.

Historical document

LACK OF FUSION:
DeJnition:

Plane defect due to incomplete fusion between beads or between metal and parent meLal.
Radio gra phic cha racte riza tio n:

Thin dark line with sharply defined

edges. The line may tend

to be diffuse and wavy depending upon the orientation of the
defect with respect to the x-ray beam.

INCOMPLETE PENETRATION:
Definition:
Gap lelt by incomplete flling of the weld root with weld me-

tal.

R a d io g raph

ic

c ha

rac

I e riz

a tion :

Dark continuous or intermittent line following the weld root.

CRACKS;
DeJnition:

Fracture in the weld metal or in the heat alfected zone.

R adio g rap

hic c ha rac te riza ton :

Fine dark line, The line may tend to diffuse and wandering in
direction.

UNDERCUT:
DeJniton:

A groove in
weld.
R ad

the suface of the pipe following the edge of the

iogra p hic c ha ra

c t e riz

a t io tt :

Dark line along the edge of the wetd. The line may be more
or less diffuse dependent on the shape ol the undercut.

ttttrltrt,rltttt
,r!r,,

ll

59

mm PORE DIAMETER
I

3 PER CEN

IO PER CENT
aaaaaa
aaaaaa

a
a

aaa

aa

a a a a a aa
a a a a a aa

PER CENT
aaa

aaaa

aaa

oa

10 PER CENT

PER CEM

ao

aaaa
aooo
ooaa
aaao
a o ao
oaaa
a a aa
ooao

o
a

a
o

4mm PORE

IO

FER

DIAMETER

CENT

oo
OO

oo
oo
Fig.l0.7 Typical distribution of porosity by
r4.

proJected

Historical document

2mm PORE DIAMETER

Historical document

6l

APPENDICES
The purpose of the appendices to the Veritas Rules for su
marine pipelines is to provide recommended practice, meth'
ods and procedures for design, construction and inspection of
submarine pipelines.
The appendices gir guidance, methods and procedures satisfying the Rules' requirements. The engineer is free to use other methods and procedures than those recommended' provided an equivalent standard of quality and safety is obtained.

Each appendix is self-contained and the procedures and

methods given may be used independent of the Rules although the content of the appendices is directly related to the
Rules.

Rules is made by giving the paragraph numbe rnarked with

the letter (, see 5.4.2 (.

Historical document

In the appendices text reference to specific paragraphs in the

Historical document

63

APPENDIX A
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
A.l rind loads

A.l .3.2 fn-line excitations may occur when

4.1.1 General
A.l .l .I The wind loads on pipes may be divided into two
tegories:

Static (constant, quasistatic) wind forces. which are assumed to be constant as long as the wind is'constant'
These forces are assumed to act normal to the pipe axis in
the plane defined by the pipe axis and the w-ind direction

See

A.l

.2.

Cyclic wind forces due to vortex shedding' Also these

lrces are assumed to act normal to the pipe axis' They
may act in two planes - <parallelrr and <normal> to the
wind direction. See A'1.3'

4.1.2 Static wind loads

A.l.2.l The

<<static>

wind force per unit length of the

<

1.7
ca-

v,<

3.2

where

V
fi
D

=
=
=

f''D

wind velocity normal to the pjpe axis

natural lrequency olthe pipe
pipe diameter

A l.-1.3 Cross-flow excitations may occur when

4.7 <

Vr<

8,0. V, as dehned in A.1.1.2.

4.1.3.4 The amplitudes of the vortex shedding induced motions due to wind may be derived according to the simplihed
approach lor vortex shedding in steady current given in 4.2'
substituting the mass density of the water with the mass
density of the air.

pipe

may be determined as:

q* =

0,6

l3

C Vn2 Dr

rvhere

=
c =
vn =
=

Total outer diameter of pipe. i'e. including coating

9w

Dr

axis in m/sec.

etc.. in metres.

A,.l,2,2 'fhe
fcients given

past a riser or a free span on a pipeline

may cause unsteady flow patterns due to vortex shedding.
This may lead to oscillations of the pipe normal to its axis,

A.2.l.l Fluid flow

.2 Normally two types of oscillations may be encountered: oscillationJ i., line with the velocity vector (in-line mo^,2,1
tiod, and oscillations perpendicular to the velocity vector
(cross-flow motions). Such oscillations may be investigated
according lo A.2.2 and 4.2.3'

pend on win

However. in

.A..2.1 General

in Fie. A.l may be used

A. 1.2.3 As a guidance lor the surface roughness used for determination of the shape coefhcient in F-ig' A.l ' the following
values may be used:

4.2.1.3 For certain critical flow velocities. the vortex shedding frequency may coincide with or be a multiple of the na-

tural frequency of the pipe. resulting in harmonic or

k (meters)
Steel. new uncoated:
Steel, painted:
Steel, highly rusted:
Concrete:
lvlarine Browth:

5
5
J
3
5

0-5
0-6
0--t

0-l
0-i-5.10-2

.2,4 For several pipes (relatively) close together' group effects

^.1 may be taken into account. However. if no adequate
documeniation of group effects fo the specihc case is available. the shape coefhcints given in A.l'2.2 may be usecl for
all the individual pipes in the group'

A.l .2.5 For pipe sections which are sensitive to dynanic

wind loading during construction. transpofation or operation, the dynamic behaviour of the rvind is to be taken illto
account when determining the wind loads. This may either
be done be use of recognized gust loaCing factors. or by use
of a stochastic approach for the wind loading.

.4 The vortex shedding frequency may be obtained as:

^.2.1

f= S,'V
D
where

sr

=
=
=
=

vortex shedding frequency (H

Strouhal's number
flow velocity normal to the pipe axis
pipe diamter

For pipes. Strouhal's number is a function o[ the Reynold's

number, see Fig. 4.2.

4.2 1.5 For determination of the velocit-v ranges where vor-

tex shedding induced oscillations may occur, a parameter' Vr

called the reduced velocity, is used. V, is defined as

fr

l\,1.3 Vortex shedding due to wind

A.l.-l.l Wind induced cyclic excitations of pipes may occur

in two planes, in-line with or perpendicular to the rvind di'
rection. see A.l.l.l. For a closer description of the vortex
shedding phenomena, see 4.2,

sub-

harmonic excitations-

rvhere

V =
t =
D =

flow velocity normal to the pipe axis

naturalfrequencyofthepipe
pipe diameter

Historical document

4,2 Vortex shedding due to current

Wind force per unit length of the pipe, acting normal
to pipe axis in N/ m
Shape coefTicient according to A.l .2.2
Component of the wind velocity normal to the pipe

64

A,2.1 .6 An other parameter controlling the motions is the

stability pararneter, K5. defined as

rr=

,{.3.1 Generl

2#

A.l,l,l

logarithmic decrement of structural damping

mass density of surrounding water
pipe diameter
effective mass per unit length of the pipe, defined as

/ .['to]'o'

Reynold's number (R"

U D/v)

Keulegan{arpenter number(K

= Ur.T/D)

distance between the pipe and a

fxed boundary (H/D)

pipe roughness (k,/ D)

D =
H =
T =
k =
U =
Um =
v =

v(

]'

dx

where

pipe diameter
clearance between the pipe and a fixed boundary
wave period
roughness height
flow velocity
nlXimum orbital particle velocity
kinematic viscosity of the water

I 2 The hydrodynamic coefficients should preferably be

mass per unt length, including structural mass, added mass and the mass of any fluid contained wjthin

the pipe
mode shape ol the actual pipe span
length of the pipe
subnerged length ofpipe

(=

L =
d =

from relevant model test, taking into account the actual values of the different parameters specihed in A.3.1. In
the following some proposed values of the hydrodynamic

coeflicients are given.

4.3.2 Added mass coefflclen

4.2.2 In-line oscillations

A.2.2.1 Resonant in-line vortex shedding induced oscillations
may occur when 1,0(V.(3.5 and Ks< 1.8. For definition

ofV.and

obtained
^3

Ks, see 4.2.1 .5 and.A.2. I .6.

4.3.2.1 The added mass coeffrcient for a circular cylinder as

function of the distance from a fxed boundary is given in
Fig. 4.7.
The fgure may be used for both smooth and rough pipe surfaces. For a pipe which is not influenced by any lxe boundary, the recommended added mass coeflicient is L0.

4,.2.2.2 Depending on the flow velocity, the vortices will either be shed symmetrically or alternatively from either side o[ 4.3.3 Dreg coefficient
the pipe.

Vr(

2.2, lhe shedding will be antisymmetrical, and the

necessary flow velocity for onset of motion may be determined from Fig. 4.3.

For

For V,

2.2, the shedding

will

be

4,2.3 Cross-flow oscllltions

A,2.3.1 Cross-flow osciltations may occur for
values of V, as determined from Fig. A'.5.

Ks(

16 and

A.2.3.2 The maximum arnplitude of the cross-flow oscillations may be determined from Fig. 4.6, The mode shape parameter, y, used in this frgure is dehned as
L

t/2
y2 (x) dx

0
Ymax

ya

(x) dx

where

y (=
yr"*=

A.3.3,2 The drag coefhcient for steady curent is egual to the

asymptotic value for K eeual to infinity. For combined wave and current action, the increase of Kq due to the current
may be taken into account-

4.3.3.3 To determine the drag coefficients for pipes close to a

fixed boundary, the drag coeflicients given in A.3.3.1 may be
multiplied by a correction factor obtained from Fig. A.9.

4.3.4 Ltft coefcients

4.3.4.1 The lift coeffrcient for a pipe at a lxed boundary in
oscillatory flow is given in Fig. 4.10. The fgure may be used
both for smooth and rough pipe surfaces. In steady flow, the

lift coeflicient may

be taken equal to 1.0. For combined wave

and current action the increase of K due to the current may
be taken into account ,when determining the lift coeflicient

from Fig.4.10.

ence of a fixed boundary.

antisymmetrical.

4,.2.2.3 The maximum amplitude of the motions due to inline vortex shedding may be determined from Fig. A.4,

4.3.3.1 The drag coefficient as function of the Keuleganfor smooth and marine growth covred
pipes for supercritical Reynold's numbers is given in Fig.
4.8. The figure is valid for free field flow without any inflCarpenter number

mode shape

maximum l'alue olthe mode shape

For a simply supported beam in lust mode, 7 is equal to I . I 6.

For a cantileyer beam in fust and second mode, the value is
equal to 1.3 I and 1,50 respectively.

A.3.4.2 To determine the lilt coeflcient for pipes at a certain

distance from a lxed boundary, the lift coeflicients given in

4.3.4.1 may be mullied by a correction factor

from Fig. A.l l.

4.4

UtaineO

rrVsve slamming

4.4.1 r#sve slamming loads

A4-.1.1 Horizontal pipes in the wave zone may be subjected
to{orc1 caused by wave slamming. The aynmic ,..ponse
ofthe pipe should be accounled for.

Historical document

m =
y

where

"=

The proper hydrodynamic coeffcients to use in each

flow and pipe conditions character-

case will depend on the

ized by

where

=
p =
D =
e =

A.3 Recommended values of h'.drodynamlc coefficlents

65

The contribution to fatigue from each wave block is given as:

A.4,1 .2 The wave slamming force per unit length of the pipe
may be calculated as

i=

= l/2pC5V2D

Yj=

where

Fs =

? =
C5 =
D =
V =

=
=
=

slamming force per unit length in the direction of the

velocity
mass density of the surrounding water
slamming coefcient
member diameter
velocity of the water surface normal to the surface of
the pipe. Normally the vertical water surface lelocity
will apply

N.r

.3 The slamming coeflrcient C5 ma! be determined us-

ing
^.4.1theoreticat

and/

or experimental methods. For smooth,

circular cylinders the value of C5 should not be taken

less

than 3.0.

S-N curve) associated with A a

number of stress ranges in excess of the limiting
stress range associated with the cut off level of

theS-N curve

reduction factor on number of waves. For a given element only waves within a sector ol l0
degrees to each side of the perpendicular to the
member hal-e to be accounted for, In case of an
undiectional wave distribution, R equals 0.1
slope of the S-N curve (in log{og sca)

AI

References to Appendix A

and the midspan moment. respectively.

be

Determine minimum wave height, Ilrn. which can cause slamming

Divide the long term distribution of wave heights' in excess of Hrn, into a reasonable number of blocks
For each block the stress range may be taken as:

=
d6 =
ow =
a =

A3

A4
A5

^.4.1.4
Each slam is associated with 20 approximate linear deca-

Report

UR8: <Dynamics of Marine Structures>, London, Ju'

ne 1977,
Blevins, R.D.: <Flow-induced Vibratiop, Van Nos'
trand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977.
Heideman, Olsen and Johansson: <Local Wave Force

Coeffrcients>. ASCE Civil Engineering in the Oceans

IV, September 1978.
Sarpkaya, T.: <Vortex Shedding and Resistance in

Harmonic Flow about Rough Circular Cylinders>,

BOSS 76-conference, Trondheim, Norway, August

+ *)l

stress in the element due to the slam load given

in 4.4,1.2
stress due to the net buoyancy force on the ele'
ment
stress due to vertical wave forces on the element
factor accounting for dynamic amplifications, see

ying stress ranges

BSI Code of Practice No. 3, Chapter 5, Part 2: <<Wind

Loads>, Sepember I 9?2.

CIRIA Underwater Engineering Group.

^2

determined according to the following procedurer

l.

The calculated contribution to fatigue due to slammhas to be added to the fatigue contribution from other
ing
^.4.2.2

For a pipe section lxed at both ends, dynamic amplification

factors of I.5 and 2.0 are recommended for the end moments

dslam

(#r

number of waves within block j

of stress cycles (from relevant

variable loads.

A, o= 2 [ar..-(6

20

critical number

4.4.1.4 As the slamming force is impulsive, dynamic amplifi'

cation must be considered when calculating the response'

4,4.2 Frttgue due to wave slamming

A,.4.2.1 The fatigue damage due to wave slamming may

R,=,l-",

t976.
A6

Sarpkaya, T.: <In-line and Tranwerse Forces on Cylinders near a Wall in Oscillatory Flow at High Re
ynold's Numbers>, OTC Paper No, OTC 2980, May

A7

Sarpkaya, T.: <Hydrodynamic Drag on Bottommounted Smooth and Rough Cylinder in Periodic
Flow>. OTC Paper No. OTC 376l,May 1979.
King, R., Prosser, M.J., John, D.J,: <On Vortex Excitation of Model Piles in WaterD, Journal of Sound
and Vibrations. Vol.29, No.2, pp. l9-180' 1973.

t977

A8

Historical document

Fs

6
0.20

AMPL,
OIA

1.0

FlRsl tNSfAStLllY

REG|ON, Vr< 2

;F-Er:i(rL--

\\./
\\Y
\\
\\
\ \,/
\ )\

r5

\
r
./t

'z

-/

MOf

L N

ON

10

INSIA BI LIT

REC|oN, Vt > 22

.,

005

\
0

l0'

4.1.

Ftg.

A.l.

Ref,

r07
Re

t5

l.o

Shape coefficient for clrculr cylinders.

K,

?.o

Fig. 4.4 Amplltude of in-line motion as a function of K,

Ref. 4.2
cRtTtSUBCITICAL

CAL

SUPERCRITICAL

04

6.0

.PEAK OF

'FLow

vr

CROSSIttoTrov

50

o2

0.1

oNSET 0F CROsS-,/
FLOW MOIION
3

1.0

102

103

104

tos

]06

0.0

1O7

lor

Be

Fig. A.2. Strouhals numbe for circulr

funcdon of reynolds number. Ref. A.E.

ros

l06
Re

cylinders

ts

Flg, 4.5, Flow speed for onset of cross flow motion Ref

4.2.

2.5

FIRsT

INSTABILITY

_ r ,sEcoNo |NSTAB.

CROSS FLOW

1.2

2.0

MOI I 0N

MOn ON

t0
AM PL

OIAM
0

1.5

NO MOTION
OL
1.0

02

Fig. 4.3.
4.2.

05

1,0

1.5

Ks

20

Flow velocity for onset of in-line motion. Rf.

t0

tr*.,,

Fig. 4.6. Amplitude of crossflow motion as a function o[K"

Ref. 4.3.

107

Historical document

LAMINAR

6',1

3.0

clo
cm
H

20
2.0

1.0

1.0

0.o
60

20

10

Ftg. 4.10. Llft coeffclent for a clrcular cylinder at flxed

boundy ln oscillatory flow'
Ref. 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7.
0:

4.7.

Fig,

z0

ll

Recommended vclue of the dded mass

1.0

coefflclent, C- for a circulr cylinder.

ct/ cto
H

0.0

0.
2.0

\
\ \/
\
\

t.0

IARINT

6ROW'
IOUGHI ESS

o.2

st :EL
0.0

t0

20

R( UGHNE!

30

S/

0.0

.0.70

60

(0

70

Ka

Fig. 4.8. Drag coefficient for a circuar cylinder in

oscillatory flow.
Ref. 4.4.

2.0

v_

777-77

co/co-

1.5

1.0

0.2

0.

0.8

H/O

1.0

4.9. Influence of a flxed boundary on the drag

flow, K" ) 20' R. = 10s - 2 '106'

Ftg.

dtnctent of a clrcular cyllnder ln oscillstory supercrltlcsl

Ref. 4.5, 4.6 snd 4.7.

00

0.

0.(

0.6

0.8

HID

1.0

Flg. A.ll. Varitlon of llft force coefflcient as I funcdon

of the dtstnce from a fixed boundery,
Ref, 4.5, A. and 4.7.

Historical document

0.6
co

APPENDIX B
BUCKLING CALCULATIONS
B.l Locrl buckllng
B.l.l In the absence of more accurate

where

inforrnation (or
methods) the critical combinalion of longitudinal and hoop
stresses may be expressed as follows:

o'\o*
/ orr'
\

value of

o" -l
oy",

rlxp = permissible usage factor (i.e. permissible

4)*h"n ou= o.
xcr
1lp = permissible usage factor (i.e. permissible
&)*h"n o^= 0.
u

value of

ycr

(Compressive stress is positive in this formuh,)

Other symbols are defined in B.l,l

d"N + o*N!

ox N

A
M

o*M

The usage factors should depend on whether the critical

stress is in the elastic or in the plastic range. Therefore normally.4ro will be_smaller than 4*o.Recommended usage factor

(Compression positive)

are given in

(Compression positive)

= axial force.
= o(D-t = crosssectionalaea.
= bending moment.
= +4 (D - 2 t = (elastid section modulus.
= nominal outer diameter of pipe.
= nominal wall thickness of pipe.

- "xcr

ot"
-*xcr
e
^* *'r!t
ox "xcr
oy

N
A
M

w
D

rI", =

critical longitudinal stress when

-N

vxcr -

,i,

8.1.3 A recommended dependence on the degree of plasticity involved is given for risers during operation in Table
B.l. For pipelines during operatjon the factors in Tab.le B.l
may be multiplied by I,2. For both pipelines and risers dur-

ing installation, tbe factors in Tabte B.l may be multiplied by

maximum 1.44. However, no usage factor should exceed 1.0.
See also 8.1.4.

N is acting alone

=o,[r-o,oor

(? -tt)]

n,r2ol

oF = specified yield strength (corresponding

.roo

to 0,2 % resi-

dual straid.

critical (maximum) longitudinal stress (when determined as M/W) when M is acting alone (N=0.

p= 0)'

oll,

= or'\(1,35 - 0,0045 +t )
/

_ t+ _300

6y

Pe

Pi

p
oyrt

o, >J
dF

<3

lp= 0,52

,p=

0,045

4e

b)

tlp= 0'68

tp= 0,62 + O,Odfi

ro

oe

0,48 +

0.60

= 0.80

rs s defned in B. I ,I

o^r

=
=
=
=

external pressure.

= 0,42

8.1.4 For most pipes buckling due to a, alone will be nearly

plastic, and buckling due to a, alone will be nearly elastic.
For such pipes the recommendations of 8.1.3 will lead to the
usage factors given in Table 8.2.

critical hoop stress when p is acting alone (N=0'

0).

dv=E/=f\'
= -y
-\D_t/

oy",

= 6ycr=

l-

i (# I]

fo.orr<]

o.

b'o,>!

o,

.2 The permissible cornbination of o, and o, should be

defined by inserting permissible usage factors in ihe formula
of B. I,l for critical combination. The permissible combinaB.l

tion may then be expressed as

\ 4*f^., f

8.2

Loading

condition

internal pressure.
e- pi= external (overpressure)).

\"*

F,r

Permissible usage factors

o'
\ypoycr

typical

Installation

hoop stress to be considered in buckling analyses.

(Noi necessarily equal to actual hoop stress')

oF

critical stress if completely elastic material. (o^or or)

y",

(p"-p)

o"

l< tE
oF

oF

generel case

a)

Table

O,1",

gE<l

dy

Dlt

M=

Permissible usage factors

for D/t <20

uF

oX, =

B.l

Tble

Loading
condition

(t=0,p=0).

B.l.l.

<r

a)
b)

Pipelines
and
rlsers

D/t

Operation

Plines
Zone

Pipelines

Zone 2

.nd.

risers

tip

4vp

t/*p

typ

lp

tlvp

0,8 6

0.75
0,98

0.12
0,9 6

0,62
0,82

0,50
0,6't

0,43
0,56

r,00

Empty (aifilled [quid pipes during <operation> may

be

considered as during <nstallation>.

8.2

Propagationbuckling

8.2.1

Theoretically. the probability rhat a propagating buck-

le will be initiated is not higher (but may be lower) than the

probability that a local buckle will occur. However. due to
the great economic risk involved in propagation buckling, increased safety. or at least a closer investigation, may be adviceable. For such investigation the available results from the
later research work should be utilized.

8.2.2 A propagation buckle cannot be initiated in, or propagate into. a portion of the pipe where the maximum external

Historical document

ox

69

overpressure is less than the propagation.pressure.(ppJ. of.the

simplified consideration of plastic work involved in

pipe. n
total collapse gives

pp.= r .rr

,,

s =N*

",(b

)'

(D-22ni-

f,

o2p"

(Compression positive in this formula.)

a lower bound, Po,

will most

Prob-

than given bY the above formula'

ssure (p) is somewhat higher than

The formula applies to any type of axial restraint, since the

restraint is reflected in N.

8.3.4 If S is positive. S should

Ppr'

propagate into, a Portion

be

buckle arrestors are instal

installing such arrestors where po,

be compared with the critical

axial force with respect to <bar bucklinp of the considered

span. If S is zero or negative, buckling is not possible. (Nega'
tive S has a similar effect as tension in an <ordinary) member, even if the real axial force N is compressive.)

8.2.3 A proPagation bu
ternal overpressure is

B.l.l For a pipe subjected to an axial fiorce N in the pipe itsel[, an internal pressure pi and an external pressure p., the
<effectivo axial force with respect to <bar buckling> is:

( P(

Pin'

8.1.5 The required minimum critical axial force S", in relato S should depend on axial restraint. Ifboth ends ofthe
tion
8.3 Buckling of the pipe 8s ! <<bar'
considered span are fxed against axial displacement. S need
8,3.1 If thee is doubt about the stability of a span against not be less than S"r. Even with S exceeding S.,, the pipe may
<bar buckling)), the stability may be checked according to the find a new eqilibrium position after a limited lateral deflection. The possible bending stresses should in such cases be
following.
checked. Ilthe considered span is free to contract axially' the
safety against buckling should be as commonly used in steel

Historical document

construction.

10

APPENDIX C
QUALITY CONTROL OF MATERIALS.
OF
\I.ELDING PROCEDURES AND WELDING PERSONNEL
QUALIFICATION
General

\l'et analyses and spectrochemical analyses are to be

made on materials sampled by e.g. drilling or milling and be
representative for the rnaterial composition.
C.4.1 .2

C.l.l Scope
C.l.l.l This appendix is a gudance to quality control olma-

terials and delnes rnethods lor determination of chemical

composition. mechanical testing of materials and welds and
schemes for qualihcation of n'elding personnel.

Other standardized testing methods, test specimens

and

combination of tests may be used subject to agreement.

C.1.2 Deflnitions

C,4.1.3 Spectrographical analyses are to be made on a clean.

bright metal surface after grinding to a depth at least 2 mm
below the surface. Analyses of semikilled steel are. however.
to be taken at approximately one quarter thickness position.
C.4.1.4 Ladle analyses are to be taken prior to and during
steel casting to ensure a uniform composition of each heat.

Test sample: The part of the material (pipe. plate. section, cast-on bar, piece cut from lorgings etc.) whiu-h is selected t'or testing.

CA.1 .5 Check analyses are to be taken on the final products.

The check analyses may, however. optionally be determined
at an intermediate stage, e.g. on plates, provided the results
are stated on the certihcates.

C.l .2.2 Test specimen: The part of the test sample which is
prepared by machining etc. for carrying out the various tests.

C.4,1

C.l.2.l

C,1.3 Testing equipment

Testing equipment is to be of proven design with adequate
capacity and accuracy. The equipmenf is to be satisfactorily
maintained and kept in accurate condition by regular calibration and check routines. Endorsed calibration records are to
be kept available in the testing facility.

Only competent and trained personnel is [o carry out testing.

C.2.1 Generel
Steel may be made from pig iron, sponge iron or re-

cycled scrap. Residual elements are to be kept at

which will not impair

chemi

5.1

to

co

om sc
to check the content of other residual elements which may
impair the quality of the product, e.g. Sn. As. Sb.
C.4.1 .7 The chemical cornposition is

to be stated on the certi( anO any other

elements intenticnally added to control the material properties. Trace elements eed, however. not be reported.
hcate by the elements listed in Table 5.1

C.4.1 8 Recheck analysis: Should a check analysis fail to meet

the speciled composition limits, all olher heats within the same batch are to be subject to a complete chemical analys.is.
Only those heats which are within the specilication. rnay be

C.2 Steel making

C.2.t.l

.
ele
ments
When
all

a level

accepted.
C.4.1 .9 Requirements are given

hot working ability

weldability

in 5.2.4 (.

C.5 Heat treatment

mechanical properties

C.5.1 General

soundness

C.5.l.l Heat treatment is to

be carried out in a controlled

manner using calibrated equipment, Accuracy of temperature

surface finish

,2 Ladle treatment is to be performed in a controlled

manner taking appropriate precautions to prevent humidity
increasement and contamination.
C.2.1

C.3 Steel casting

measurement is to be within 5oC.

C.5.1.2 Temperature fluctuations during austenizing are to be

within t l0oC. During tempering, stress relieving or postweld heat treatment caried out within the range
500-650"C, the fluctuations are to be within i l5oC.

C.3.1 Genecl

C.3.l.l

Steel may be ingot cast, continuous cast

or

rnould

cast. Sequence casting is subject to agreement.

or slab is to be inspected for surface defects. Defects are to be removed prior to subsequent
working,

C.3,1 .2 The cast ingot. item

C.3.1.3 Spun cast products are to be machined to a depth ensuring removal of impurities and surface defects.

C. Surface defects in base material

C,6.1 General

C.6.l.l The

steel manufacturer or any other works perform_

ing operations which may influen
material. are to take precautions

with suitabe equipment to ensure

is acceptable.

C.4 Chemical analyses

C,4,1 General

C.4,l.l The chemical composition is to be determined by

either wet analyses, spetrochemical or spectrographical
methods.

C..1
tions
maY
then

Superficial indica-

ithout a sharp tip,

is less than 5 % of

imum

mm.

C.6,1.3 Local surface defects may be ground out provided the

remaining thickness is within the minimum specfied.

Historical document

C.l

7t

C.7 lVlechanical testing

C.7.5 Charpy V-notch impact testing

C.?.1 General

C.7.1.l The material properties are to be determined on the

product in its final condition.

C.?.5.1 Charpy
given in Fig. C.
lest (V-notcd>,
mens (i.e. l0 x 7.5 and

dimensions as
<rBeam imPact
subsize speci-

l0 x 5 md. all the dimensions except

the height are to be in accordance with the said document.

C.7 1.2 Samples for testing are normalll'to be cut from the Futl size specimens are to be used unless they can not be reaproduct or provided as integrally attached coupons. or ex- sonably provided. The impact toughness is the absorbed energy expressed in Joute (or kpd, and the symbol being KVl
tenslon pleces
ir specimens orientated transverse to the principal rolling/
C.7.l.l Test specimens are to be prepared in a manner which working direction.
does not affect the mechanical properties and the testing.
Wherever possible, tensile and bend test specimens fronr roll- C.7 5.2 Charpy V-notch specimens sampled fiom the base
ed material are to retain the as-rolled surface hnish.

material are normally to have their longitudinal axis transverThe notch is to

.1 .4 The results of specihed tests are to be stated in the test

certificates including reference to the testing temperature if
diflerent from the rom temperature (15-25"C).

CJ

C.7.2 Tensile testing

\Vhen the wall thickness exceeds 50 mm' the Charpy

V-notch specimens are to be sampled at approximately t/ 4
position below the outside surface'

ing of lull thickness and with the dimensions as given in Fig.

Tensile test specimens from castings and forgings of varying thickness are to have a round cross section.

C.l

C.7.2.2 The yield strength is to be taken as the lower yield

point or the itress resuli=ing in 0.2Yo permanent strain (offset)
or the stress giving 0.5% total elongation during testing.

C.7.5.3 The scale of the machine is to be calibrated to an accuracy of i 0.5 Yo o the machine's maximum striking energv.

CJ.5.4 When impact testing is specified to be carried out at a

temperature
men is to b
more in a b

, the test specil0 minutes or

methYl alcohol

dioxidd. When withdrawing the

. the bath temperature is not

The ultimate tensile strength is to be determined on

cross sectional area.

and tested within 5 seconds'

C.7 .2.4 The elongation of base material is

over a gauge length of 50 mm.

to be

measured

C.7.2,5 Requirements are given in 5.2.6 (R).7 '2.4'2 (R) and

8.s.3.4 (.

C.7.2.6 Pipes may be tensile tested by the ring expansion

technique subject to agreement.

C,7.2.1 Tensile testing for determination of through thickness

ductility is to be perfrmed in accordance 'trith Veritas' (Rules for design, construction and inspection of offshore structures/Appendix Ct, latest edition.

C.7.3 Bend testing

C.7.3.1 Bend test specimens are to have full wall thickness.
The width of root and face bend specimens are to be approximately 25 mm. The width of side bend specimens are to be
12.5 mm. The edges may be rounded off to a radius of l/10
of the thickness. The weld reinforcement on both faces is to
be removed flush rvith the original surfaces (Fig. C.2). The
weld is to be located symmetrically on each specimen.
C.7 3.2 The specimens are to be bent to an angle of 180" us'
ing a fonner lvith a diameter of 90 mm. After bending. the
welded joint is to be completely within the tensioned region.

C.7.1.i Requirements are given in 7 .4.2 (R) and 8.5.1.4

(R).

C.7.5.5 Requirements are given

( and 8.s.3.4 (.

in5,2.1('

CJ .6.1 The width of the macrosection is to be minimum

three times the width of the weld. The section is to be prepared by grinding and polishing. and etched to clearly reveal the
weld metal and the heat affected zone. The macrosection is to
be examined using a magnification of at least 5x.
C.?.7 Hardness testing of welded joints
.1 .l The prepared macrosection is to be used for hardness
testing using th Vickes method with 50 N (5 kp) toad lndentaiions are to be made along traverses. each approximately I mm below the surlace at either side of the weld' In the
weld metal minimum 6 indentations equally spaced along the
traverses are to be made. In the HAZ indentations are to be
made along the traverses for approximately each 0'5 mm into
unaffected material, and starting as close to the fusion line as
possible. Reference is made to Fig. C.5.

CJ

.2 In case of a single reading slightly higher than the

specified limit further indentations should be made to check if
the <highr value was an isolated case. Then indentations are
to be made in the adjacent region as well as on the opposite
side of the macrosection along the specified traverses. If these
additional tests give a hardness within the specifcation limit,
the slihtly high value may be accepted.

C.7 .7

.7 .3 The accuracy of hardrress testing with the actual

equipment and method is to be taken into account in the
evaluation of the readings.

C]

C.7.4.1 The nick break test specinrens are to have full thickness lvith the weld reinforcement retained on both laces and
with din'rensions as shown in Fig. C.3. The specinrens are to
be hacksarv-notched through the thickness lrom both sides at
the center of the weld and may be fractured either by pulling.
or reversed bending. or by striking one end while the other is

C.7.7.4 Requirements are given

7 .2.4.2 (R) and 8.5.3.4 (.

supported.

.4.2 Requirements are given in

8 '5 .3

.4 (R) and

.5.5 .2 (R).

5.2.S R)'7.2'4.2

C.7.6 Macosection of welded joints

C,7.4 Nick break testing

C.7

to be

2oC lower, than the required test

is to be inserted in the machine

the basis of the maximum load during testing and the original

in

5.2.10

(,

5.2.12 (.

C.7.8 Strain agcing tesbng

C.7.8.1 The specihed mechanical properties of a product is
guaranteed in irs ftnal supply conditon. In special situations

Historical document

C|l .2.1 Tensile test specimens from a product of uniform

thickness are normally to have a rectangular cross section be-

C.7 ,2.3

se to the principal rolling/working direction.

be perpendicular to the rolled surface'

72

subsequent operations may still a

e,g. by held bending of pipes
through J-tubes or pipelaying of
ture toughness is paficularty sensitive to cold deformation.

Strain ageing testing rnay then be a suitable method to

whether adequate notch toughness does remain.

asses

C,7.8.2 When the material is deformed to a fibre strain more

than 3 %. strain ageing testing is considered appropriate for
pipeline systems required to have high resistance against brittle fracture. Base material and weld metal ae then to be tested.

C.8.5 Cast plplng components

C.8.5.1 Cast coupons are to be of a size and located in a manner realistically predicting the properties of the castng. The
coupons are to be heat treated with the casting. nd are not to
be detached before completion of all heat treatments,

C.9 lrl eldlng procedure quallfication

C.9.1 General

C.9.l.l The position for sampling of test specimens in conC.7.8.3 Procedure: The materal is to be cold strained by eith- nection with welding procedures for fabrication and installaer uniform compression or tensioning to a deformation of tion welding are shown by Figs. C.6 and C.7 respectively.
5 % , or to the actual deformation if this is greater. The material is to be artifically aged for I hour. The ageing tempera- The welding procedure specihcalion and the test results are to
ture is to be l00oC. or 250oC for pipeline systems having ma- be presented on suitable forms including references to project, application, fabrication, installation company and enorxirnum design temperature above l00oC.
sement of witnessing.

The deformed and aged material is to be Charpy V-notch tested at the impact testing temperature and meet the same requirements as specified for the pipeline system.

C.t0 Qualificetion of welding

personnel

C.10.1 Generel

C.l
son
the

C.8 Sempling of test specimens

C.8.1 Semless plpes

duce

sou

C.8.2 \telded ptpe

C.8.2.1 Pipe material: Tensile test specimens (transverse and
longitudinaD and Charpy V-notch specimens (transverse), are
to be sampled l80o from the weld.
C.8.2.2 Weld seam: The test specimens are to be sampled
transverse to the weld, with the wetd deposit at the ienter, as
shown in Fig. C.. The same applies for jointers which are
produced in the 1G principal position (pipes horizontal while

rotatid.

C.8.3 Cotd formed or forged bends

C.8.3.1 The test specimens are to be cut Aom an overlength
bend section having received the same deformation and heat
treatments as applied for the bends. Base material test specimens are to be sampled from the area of maximum tensional

deformation. The longitudinal axis of the specimen is to be

i:,';
d for

C.t.4 Forged seamless piping components othe than bends

C.8.4.1 The test specimens are to be taken from a portion of
the forging which has received a deformation representative
for the workng ratio of the most highly stressed cross section. For components with greatly varying working ratios
and section thicknesses. more test samples may be necessary.

C.ll-l

,2 In orde to be qualihed, welders and welding operators are to be at least I I years of age, and are to have pasied a
relevant theoretical and practical training program.

C.10.1,3 The company responsible

for the welding

opera-

-ech
tions is prior to qualification testing, to conhrm that
welder and welding operator have obtained adequate under-

standing of

C.

fundamental welding techniques

significance of welding parameters
relevant mateials response to welding
operation of the welding equipment to be usd
welding procedure specilications
handling of welding consumables
relevant methods of non-destructive testing
elevant acceptance criteria for weld defects

10.1.4 Welding personnel

to make buttwelds and

fillet

welds is to have passed qualifcation testing for single side,

full section buttwelding of pipes in the principal position(s)
required.

C.10.1.5 Welding personnel satisfying the above general conditions and having performed an acceptable test weld according to C.10.2 is thereby qualihed.
C. 10.1.6

For underwater v-elding additional conditions will

apply, see C.10.4.

An endorsed qualification tqst record is to be issued

after completion of an acceptable test weld. The record is to
be of a suitble lorm containing information suffrcient to
describe applied welding procedure, testing set up, evaluation
methods and conclusions, scope of application and date of
C. 10,1.7

testing.

Separately forged test blanks may be used when integrally

forged extension samples can not be reasonably provided.
C.8.4.2 The test specimens are to be machined with their
principal axis transverse to the diection of principle grain
flow, and be at least O.lt from the as-forged surface. Where
transverse testing can not reonably be performed due to the
small size of the component the test specimens may have
longitudinal orientation,

C.10.1.8 Where

a qualifcation of

recenr dare

is

allowed

stobe
which

C.10.1.9 Requalihcation is to be performed if the welding

pesonnel has not regularly performed qualified welding
within a period of more than six months.

Historical document

Tensile test specimens (transverse and longitudinaD

and Charpy V-notch specimens (transverse) may be sampled
from any location within the pipe material. However, if the
pipe has been spun cast. the test specimens are to be taken at
the inside surface of the pipe.

C.8.l.l

welded pipe (C.8.2).

perhave

73

Prior to starting the test welding, reasonable time is

be permitted to adjust the welding equipment.

C. 10.2.1

to

C.10.2.2

tf the welding procedure

involves more than one

operation or mo
operations and
sequently the pe
ferent welding unts and welding parameters.

ude all

Con'

ith dif'

C.10.2.3 Two pipe nipples of suffrcient length to introduce

realistic restraint are to be joined according to the qualilted
welding procedure. The pipe diameter, wall thickness and the
principal position(d are to be selected in accordance with the
range to be qualied.

For fietd instaltation of transmission pipelines the actual line

pipe should be used for qualifrcation testingFor welding of pipes with t< 5 mm or OD < 100 mm, the
test pipe dimensions are to be agreed upon.
C.10.2.4 For p.ipe diameters less than 300 mm' the complete

joint is to be welded. For testing on signihcantly greater

dia-

meter. the wetding length is to be at least balf the circumference such that typical flat. vertical and overhead welds are
made without interruption.

C.10.2.5 Minimum one stop and start is to be made during

pass. Electrodes are to be comchanical treatment is permitted
and minor local irregularities.
however, not for the intent of removing weld defects due to
unsatisfactory performance of welding, Welding is to proceed with a speed representative for regular production.

doubted, and both the new welds are to be acceptable' No

further retests are permitted until the welder/operator has
passed acceptable additional training.

If a failure

occurred due to conditions beyond the welder's/

opeiator's control, this failure may be disregarded' and a new

opportunity to qualify given.

C. 10.4

\[

elder quallflcadon

C.10.4.1 A welder is qualified for welding when the conditions given in C. 10.1, C.10.2 and C.l0.3 have been fulfilled.
Qualified welding positions are given in Table C'2'
C.10.4.2

A welder qualification is valid within the limits of

essential variables as described below. If any of the following

essential variables are changed, a new qualification tpst is re'

quired

of welding Process
- AA change
of welding direction
- A change
of welding consumables from basic coated to
change
- cellulosic coated
or vice versa
change of pipe diameter from one to another of the fol'
A
- lowing diameter groupings: OD<100 mm' 100<OD<
300 mm, and OD > 300 mm

change of wall thickness from t) 5 mm to t( 5 mm

- A change
in principal welding position other than already
- qualified, see
table C.2
change of joint design e.g- V-groove to
significant
A
- Y-groove

Tcble C.2
Principal test Position

Qualified welding positions

IG
IG,2G
IG,5G

IG
2G
5G

C.I0.2,6 Test material may be of semikilted or killed C-Mn

All
2G+5G
steel for welding on pipeline system designed with unalloyed'
All
6G
tensile
ultimate
microalloyed or low alloyed steels with
strength maximum 620 lr{Pa. Qualihcation for welding of
higher strength grades or alloyed steel may require addtional C.10.5 \ileldlng operetot qualillcadon for mechenlzed weld'
testing on the actual material type'

C.10.3 Inspecon and testing of qualilcation test welds

show
found
qualifcomp-

C.10.3.2 The tet weld is also to be destructively tested if it

has been made with a welding procedure furvolving the gas
metal arc welding process or other processes of hieh potential
for non-fusion defects. Type and number of mechanical tests
are given in Table C, I.
Table

diameter
(mn
100

100

oD <100
< oD <300
oD > 300
oD <100
< oD <300
oD > 300

C.I0,5.2 An operator's qualification is valid within the limits

of essential variables

as described

for welders,

see C.10.4'2'

and skill, and necessitate a different operating technique.

C.10.6 Quallflcadon of welding personnel for underwter

welding

C.l

Pipe

lng
C.10.5.1 A welding operator is qualified for welding when
the conditions given in C'I0.1' C,10.2 and C.l0.l have been
fulfilled.

Wall

Nick

Face

Root

Side

thickness

break
test

bend
test

bend
test

bend
test

2
2
2

0
0
0

0
0
0

(mrn)

t <12.5

t>

12.5

C.10.6.1 Qualifrrcation of welding personnel working underwater is to be based on the scheme given in C.l0 with the additional conditions specified herein'
C.10.6.2 The test welds are to be produced under actual or simulated conditions for the work in question.

C.10.6.3

C.10.3.3 If a test weld fails to meet the specihed requie'

ments. the welder or welding operator may be permitted im'
mediate retesting. Then the number of test welds are to be

requiements given in C.lO.l'3.

passed a

mitted to
the wel-

Sampling of test specimens is shown in Fig. C,8,

In addition to the

with the
on welding'
C.10.6.4 Approval of welders/operators are to be based on
visual. mechanical and radiographic testing.

Historical document

C,10,2 Test welding

74

Type and number of mechanical tests are given in Table C. I .

modes

will

cerrificate is given in

ns. Applicability for

er pressure or iving For underwater welders who are on stand-by and without

C.10.6.6 For underwater welders any change of coated electrodes will normally require requalifcation.
C.10.6,7 Renewat of the cefihcate for underwater welders
may be required if welding has been interrupted for a period
of more than 3 months, The retest is then to consist of making minmum one test coupon of length approximately
300-400 mm in an agreed welding position, an-the
"oupon

necessarily doing regular underwater welding, the conditions

lor maintenance of the qualihcation is to be specially agreed
upon.

C.10,7 Extrordinrry requallflcation of welding personnel

C.10.7,1 Welding personnel may be required to requalify in
case of negligence or questionable welding performance. In
such cases the welder/operator in question shall present evidence of further acceptable training, and are to be requalifed
as for initial qualihcation.

Historical document

C,10.6.5

Table C.2
welding at

is to be examined visually and by radiography. f f interrupted

period exceeds 6 months. the performance test is to be as
specified for initial qualification.

75

REDIUCED SECIION

6{lmm

-1
APPROX

3tmm

Rmi n.

-il_

5()mm.

ong

Tr onsva l5a o+

ud I nol, bos

mot l tcnilc

a st

REDUCED SECION

F*.'

-J
-APPRO(

25mm

min

tnsilc lcsl - lobricotion

of pipcs/piping componcnts.

Wcld

SPECIMEN MAYBE MACHINE OR OXYGEN CUT.

EOGES SHALL BE PARALLEL AND SMOOTH.

APPROXIMATELY ?5mm

APPROXIMATELY 225 MM
LO }OT BE

IVELO RENFORCEMEN
REMOVED O{ EITHER SIOE

SPECIMEN

WALL

Wcl

d lcnsilc tcst lor licld rcld proc:dure

guolif icotion tcst,

Flg.

C.l.

Tenstle test sPeclmens

TH

ICKNESS

Historical document

30mm

76

SPECIMEN MAY 8E MACHINE OR OXYOEN

CUT

t / r0 MA(.
RAA ALL

CORNERS

AFPROX. ?5mm

200mm lminimum

WELD
WAL

THICHNESS

WELD REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE REMOVED FROM BOTH FACES FLUSH WITH THE SURFACE OF THE SPECIMEN. SPECIMEN SHALL NOT BE FLATTENED PRIOR TO TESTING. CUT SURFACES SHALL BE SMOOTH AND
PARALLEL

WELD REINFORCEMENI SHALL BE REMOVEO

FACES FLUSF WIIH IHE SURFACE OF THE

200mm f minimum

Historical document

FACEBEND/ROOT BEND SPECIMEN

FROM EOIH
SPECTME

/10

RADIUS llAX. A LL
CO

RNERS

12.5nn

T
SPECIMENS MAY BE MACHINE CUT

TO 12,5 MM WIDTH OR THEY MAY BE OXYGEN CUT TO APPROXIMATE_

LY 20 MM WIDE AND THEN MACHINED OR GROUND SMOOTH TO 125 MM WIDTH, CUT SURFACES SHALL
BE SMOOTH AND PARALLEL.
SIDE BENO SPECIMEN

Flg.

C.2.

Bend test specimens

77

ilOTCH CUI

BY

HACKSAW.

SPECIMEN MAY BE MACHINE

OR OXYOEN CUT. FACES SHALL

6E REASONABLE

PARALLEL

3mm
20mm

3mm
ROX.225mm

DO

EI

NOI

I }IE

EMOVE REINFORCE

SIDE OF SPEC]ME

NI OF WELO OF
WALL lHICKNESS

C.3

Nlck break test

sPeclmen

55

NotcH rcsrlroNS
2mm

CENfER OF WELO

/t\
A

FUSTON

LrNE

2mmFROM

ROOI RAo|US 0,25

5mm

lr. l.l

Ll

FROM l.l

Locotion ol Chorpy V-notch somplcs

ol wclded joinrs . lEoch somplc consisls
thrrc spccimcns.l
DE

IA IL 'A''

Chotpy V- notch

spccimen /notch pcrpcndiculor

to rollcd :urfocc,

Fig.

C.4.

Chrrpy V-notch lmpact testing'

ol

Historical document

Flg.

78

A.

^,1MM

,\,

1 MM

HARDNESS TESTING
BUTT WELDS

^,

+l

+-

IMM

Historical document

0.5 mm

DETAIL A MAGNIFIED

f\,

wl

,I

MM

1MM

^r

lMM

HARDNESS TESTING

HARDNESS TESTING
SINGLE BEAD REPAIR
INSIDE OR OUTSIDE

MULTIPLE PASS
WELD REPAIR

Flg.

C.S.

Hardness tesdng welded joints

schemc.

79

d50 mm
Tensile test specimens.

Bend test specimens.

IMPACT TESTING:

Center of weld melol

specimens.

Fusion line
specimens.

2mm f rom fusion line

5mm fom fusion line
specimens.

Bend test specimens.

Tensile test specimen
Mocrosec li on / hordnesst est
spectmen,
Discqrd 50mm

Fte. C.6. \['elding procedure qulaification - febrication

of pipes/plptng components: srmpling of test specimens'

Historical document

specimens,

80

TOP OF PI PE
Hq

Foce or side bend

Root or side bend

rdness / m ocrosec t ion

Tensile

Nick breok
0

Nick breok
Tensile

TOP OF PIPE
H

Root or side bend

Nick breok
Tens ile
Foce or side bend

odness / mocr osec tion

Tensile
Root or

side

Nick breqk

bend

0uter diomeler
OD

>

300mm

Weld metol
<-.sion line (f.l)
2mm from f.l,
+- 5mm from f.l

<-

Nick beo k

Nic

Tensile

breok
Tensile
S

ls

,l Eg

ide bend,

Rt or side bend

l"

Rool or side

bend

ide bend

Hordnes s / mocroseclion

Note:

The indicated locations of the test specimens are to be used for welding positions 2G, SG and 6G
For qualification of welding in I G position, sampling positions are optional.
Ftg.

C.7 \'elding procedure qualification

Sampling of test specimens

test-lleld jotnts.

Historical document

Fqce or side bend

Hordn ess / m ocrosect ion

8t

TOP OF PIPE

Nick breok

OD

Nick

breok
Root bend or side bend

.t*
oot berd or side bend
TOP OF PIPE

Nick breqk
Nic

Nick bnok
Root bend or side

breok

Root bend or side bend

bend

TOP OF PI

Root bend or side bend

Nick bno
N'nk heqk

Foce bendor side bend

Nick breqk
Nick breok

Nick breqk
Nic k breok
Foce bend

or

sidebend

Nick breqk
N ick breok
Root bend or side bend

counterclockwise or they may

the longitudinal weld' Also,
not
include
pipe
shall
except
specimens
the
around
be equally spaced
taken.
be
may
additional
specimens
at the company's option,

Note: At the company's option, the locations may be rotated 45 degrees

C.t lVelder end weldtng operator performrnce test'

field jolnts. Sampling of test speclmens

Flg.

Historical document

Nick br

82

APPENDIX D
GUIDELINES ON CORROSION CONTROL
D.l

Design of ctbodic protection systems

For coated pipeline systems. however. the current demand

may increase with time as the coating deteriorates.

D,l.l Geneal
D.l.l,l The purpose

ol D.l is to provide some general guide- Table D.l presents a general guide for selection of design curlines to the design of cathodic protection sysrems foi sub- rent densities. Three minimum design current densitles are
listed for sonre major offshore areas and special environmarine pipeline systems.
ments.

Veritas will be open to evaluate cathodic protection systems

based on alternative design methods,

current output capacity of new anocles. The final

"urr.ni
cafor submarine pipelines and ri- density s used to determine the necessary current output
pacity of anodes when the anodes are consumed to the utiliis generally by sacrificial anodes.

D.l.l.2
sers

The inital current density is used to determine the necessarv

Cathod.ic protection

The cathodic protection system is generally applied in combination wilh a suitable coating system. The coating will re-

zation factor. The mean current density is used to determine

the weight of the anodes.

duce the initia.l current requirement and improve the current

distribution,

D.1.2 Design basis

Table D,l Guldance on minimum design current densitles
D.l .2.l Design life: Normally the design life of the cathodic (mA/m?)
forcathodic protecdon of bare st-eel
protection system should be taken as the design life of the piInitial

D.\ .2.2 Environmenlal conditions: The foUowing parameters

should be taken into account in the design of the cathodic

protection system:

Temperature of pipeline system

Temperature of seawater/sea bed
Oxygen content ofseawater/sea bed
Chemical composition of seawater/sea bed
Resistivity of seawater/sea bed
Current velocity of seawater
Biological activity

.IIean
value

value

t60

120

t00

130
120

100

value

North Sea (northern)

North Sea (southern)
Arabian Gulf

Final

Gulf of Mexico
West Afica

t20

Indonesia

90
90
90
90
80
90

r00

80

90
80
80
80
80
10
80
70

India
Australia

120

t20
t20

Brazil

r00

Pipelines (burial

If relevant

parameters lrom the same area on these are not

available, measurements along the route may be required.

The current output of anodes is dependent on the resistivity.

For seawater the resistivity in tropical waters (t 25"C) my
=
be taken as 20 ohmcm while n colder waters (t=5- l0oC)
it may be taken as 33 ohmcm.

specifed)

50

40

30

Risers in shafts with

flowing seawater

r80

140

t20

Risers in shafts with

stagnant seawater

120

90

80

25

20

15

Sea bed (ambient

temperature)

The resistivity of the lm upper layer of the sea bed may be taken as 100 ohmcm if no measurements have been carried
out.

D.|.2,3 Potential criteria: The potential criteria for cathodic

protection are given in 6.3.1 .3 of the Rules.
D.1.3 Current demands

D.l.3.l The tota.l current demand is given by the current

For buried pipelines. higher values are used than lor

bare

areas should be considered:

steel n seabed. This is due to that a higher safety margin is

necessary and the fact that complete burial may not b obtained.

areas in seawater
areas below mudline

D.l .3.2 The current densty lor a coated steel surface is highly dependent on the quality of the coating marerials and ihe

density and the area of exposed steel surfaces. The fo.llowing

unprotected foreign structures

the pipeline system

in

electrical contact rvith

coating application.
Table

D.

The current density s determined by the environmental down cr

conditions. The selection of design current densities may be criterion
on experiences from similar pipeline systems in the
me environment or measurements,

based

the selection of coatng break[ures. The coating brekdown

:

sa-

-c@'ruu.,'

_Current density coated steel

The current density is normally not constant with time, For

bare steel surlaces in seawater the current density may dec- The presented values are based on satisfactory
coaring applirease due to the formation of calcareous deposit caused by cation. If the coating is particularly exposed
to wear and methe cathodic current.
chanical damage, higher values lxust be used.

Historical document

peline system.

8l
D.l.4 Anode materils
D,l.4.l Zinc anodes should conform to the following composition in order to reduce the susceptibility to intergranular

To establish the current density requirement lor coated steel.

the values in Table D. I should be multiplied by the percentain Table D.2.

Table D.2 Guide on coating breakdown criteria

(%

corroslon.

for

some coatings (expected lifetime 25 years)

Mean

Initial

max
Final

coatiugs
Vinyl systems

l0

Epoxy coal'tar

2
2

20
20
20

20
50
50
50

l0

Epoxy (high-build)
Rubber

0.2

0,t

Cadmium

0,03

Lead

0,06
0,002
0,005
0,125
0,006

Zinc

remainder

Copper
Silicon

D.I.3.3 For pipeline systems in contact \Mith the reinforcement of concrte structures. allowance should be made for

the
mA/m
nt. Initi
signific

current

to

layer is
higher
e outer
reinforcement may be taken as the area of the concrete sur.3 .4 The current density may be dependent on the temperature. For pipelines and risers carrying hot oil or gas an increase in the current density has been observed-

D.l

increase in the
In the temperature range 25oC to l00oC anoC

mA/ m2 per

as compared

to the values given in Table D.l may be used. The temperature to be considered is the temperature difference between

D.1.4.2 The following electrochemical properties of alloys

other than given in D.l'4 I should be documented by appropriate

tests:

Driving potential (mV) to polarized steel, i.e. the difference between closed circuit anode potential and the po-

Currentiapacrty (ampere ' hours/kd.

SusceptibititY to PassivitY.
Susceptibility to intergranular corrosion.

tentials given bY Table 6. I .

face.

current density in the order of

Aluminium
Iron

Thick film pipeline

min

ot

The lesting of the above-mentioned properties may be carried

out by long term free-running (i.e. without external power
source) laboratory testing, or field testing of full scale anodes.
Table D.3 gives some guidelines on typical values for
sentiai parameters for some technical anodes alloys.

hydrocarbon and seawater/sea bed.

Table D.3 Electrochemical parameters for some scrifciel anode elloys

Alloy
Al-Zn-Hg
Al-Zn-In

Al-Zn-ln
Al-Zn-ln
Zn
Zn

Environment
seawater
seawater

l)riving potential
(mV)

(5-30"C)

200

-30'C)

250- 300
r 50- 250
r00-200
200-250
150-200

saline mud (5-30"C)

saline mud (30-90'C)
seawater

saline mud (0-60"C)

- 500

Current capacity
(Ahi ks)

2600- 2800

- 2700
I 300
- 2300
400
I 300

2500

760760-

780
780

Consumption rate
kg/

year

3.4
- 3,5
3.85- 6.7

1.1
3.2

6.7 -22
lt.2 -11.5
ll.2 -11.5

es-

Historical document

ges

84

D'1.5 cunent ouut ceprcity of

D.l.s.l The current output

law.

anodes

ty

the
The an

AV

elements.

cpability of

deliveri

(Dl)

dependent

ity

D.1.8.2 The quality control at the anode manufaciuring plant

Driving potential
should include control systems on the following:
Circuit resistance (usually taken as the anodic resistance)
- Raw materials. i.e. chcking ol documentation.

The anodic resistance is determined by the resistivity of the

surrounding envionment and the geometric condiiions of
the anodes. Empirica.t formulae as shown in Fig. D.l may be
used.

If the anodes are grouped closely in array. interference between the anodes must be taken into account when calculating the anodic resistance.

Production equipment and process.

Testing during and after production.
Identification of products.
Chemical analysis of products.
Weight and dimensional tolerances.
Visual check of any surface defects.
Documentation (test certihcates).

D.I.5.2 For bare steel surfaces the anode current output capacity should be calculated in the initial stage when te current demand is greatest and at the end of the lifetime when
the anode is consumed to the utilization factor and the anode
has the lowest current output.

D,2,1 General

D.l.5.l lnstallation of additional anodes with smaller dimensions for the initial stage (for instance 3 years) to meet the
high initial current requirements may be more eonomical
than to hnd a single anode shape which meets both initial
and l'inal current demand.

D-2.1.1 Standards or recommendations for coating materials,

application and testing are listed below. Most test methods
will be found under the first group relerring to the most com_
mon .generic types of pipeline coatings. The second group
contains more general guidelines for coating applicatio an

For coated structures where an increase in the current density

may be observed the current output capacity should b
checked at the end of the lifetime when the anode is consumed to the uti.l.ization factor.

D,2.2 Acceptable standards for coating properties and test

methods referring to generic type
D2.2.1 Coal tar based coatings:

The total current output capacity should be greater than the

total current demand.

British Standard BS 4164, Specifcation for Coal Tar Based

Hot Applied Coating Materials for Protection of Iron & Steel.

D.1.6 Calcultlon of anode life

American Water Works Association. A\4,\.VA C 203. Stand_

ard lor Coal Tar Protective Coatings and Linings for Steel
Water Pipelines - Enamet and Tape
Hot
pped.

D,l.6.l The anode life L may

LW=
u=
E_
l=

inspection.

be determined as lollows:

L_ W.u
E.I

D.2 Standards for coating

(D.5)

National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE 2G 156.

Coal Tar Coatings lor Underground Use.
D.2.2.2 Asphalt based coating:

effective life of the anodes

net mass of the anodes

utilization factor determined by the amount of anode
materal consumed when the remaining anode material cannot deliver the current required
consumption rate of the anode
mean current requirement per anode during the life-

British Standard BS 4147, Specilication for Hot Applied Bitumen Based Coating for Ferrous Products.

Netherlands Corrosion Committee

published by T.N.O.

ll.

Communication

l_1.

NACE Publication 2H 157. Asphalt prorective Coarings for

time

Underground Pipelines

The fbllowing values for utilizaticn factor may be used:

Wrapped Systems.

The Asphalt Institute. Asphalt protective Coatings for pipeli_

nes - Construction Series No. 96
- Wrapped and lr,lastjc

Slender anodes; 0.90-0,95

Bracelet anodes: 0,75-0.80

Systems.

Othershapes: 0,75-0,85

N\CE Standard RP-02-7. Exrruded Asphatt Mastic Type

Protective Coatings lor Underground pipelines.
D,1.7 Current distribution

D.l.7.l The

anodes should be evenly distributed over the

steel surface to achieye a uniform current distribution.

For systems with complex geornetry model testing may

be

necessary.

It is recommended that the distance

between anodes on a
coated pipeline does not exceed 150 m. Close to platforms
and pipe crossings additional anodes should be installed.

D.2.2.3 Reinforcing materials for coal

coatings:

lar

and asphall based

Netherlands Corrosion Conrmittee Il. Conrn:unication

I 3.

NACE Publication 2J 262. Specilcations lor Fibrous

Class.

NACE Publication 2J 162. Specifications for Birumous

Saru_

Reinforced Type Underground pipe \\'rap.

rated Glass Pipe Wrap.

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=
R =

D.l.E Fabrlcation of

(lJ is given by Ohm.s D.l-g.l

on

,la=
AV

nodes

capacity

8s

AW\4'A C 203. Standard lor Coal Tar Protective Coatings

and Linings for Steel Water Ppelines

Hot

Applied.

Enamel and Tape

All surface preparation of

pipes lor pipelines

or

risers is nor-

mally to be in accordance with:

Swedish Standard SIS 055900. Pictorial Surface Preparation

NACE Publication 2J 32. Specifications lor Asbestos Pipeline Felt.

Standards Grade Sa

2 I12. or

better (Sa 3).

The following standards for surface preparation are considered to be equivalent:

D.2.2.4 Epoxy coating:

British Standard BS 4232. Surface Finish of Blast-Cleaned

Steel for Painting. Second Quality, or betler (First Quality).

British Cas Standard (preliminary).

D.2.2.5 Vulcanized rubber coating:
British Standard Code of Practice CP 3003: Part

l.

Rubber

To obtain good bonding the rubber coating should be applied

by extrusion of a continuous rubber stripe ultder controlled
tension to rotating pipe.

D.2.3 Application and inspecdon of coatings,

general

standards

U.S. Steel Structures Painting Council SSPC. Grade SSPC-SP

10. Near-White Blast Cleaning. or better (Grade SSPC-SP 5).

NACE No. 2, Near-white Blast Cleaned Surface Finish. or

beuer (NACE No. l).
For feld joint coating of weld areas on lay barge or similar,
for coal tar or asphalt based coatings, surface preparation by
wire brushing to remove all weld spatter rust dirt and dust
until a clean uniform grey-white metallic finish is obtained.

D.2.l.l Application and inspection of coating:

D.2.3.1 General:

NACE Standard RP-06-75. Recommended Practice, Control

of Corrosion on Offshore Steet Pipelines.

U.S. Steel Structure Painting Council SSPC. Steel Structures

Painting Manual.

British Standard BS 5493, Code of practice for protective

coating o[ iron and steel structures against corrosion.
References is also made to the standards given in D.2.2.

D.2.3.2 Surface preparation of pipes:

SLENDER ANODES

4.1

Ra

(D.2)

Stand off core greater than 30 cm

PLATE ANODES

R"

S =

(D.3)

2.S

mean length of anode side (cm)

Lffu>2"

BRACELET ANODES
AND OTHER SHAPES

(D.4)

R"

A =

exposed surface area of anode

Fis. D.l Anodic reslstance formulae (RJ

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Below are listed some recognized general standards for coating application including pipe metal surlace preparation, inspection and testing of final coatings. For application of pipeline coatings, the standard l,isted under D.2.2 are of primary
interest. The below requirement to surface preparation of minimum SIS grade Sa 2.5 or equivalent should always be governing for yard coating ofpipes.

APPENDIX E
PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPELINES AND PIPELINE SBCTIONS
covers Veritas' guidelines with respect to

pressure testing ofpipelines and pipeline sections.

The purpose of the pressure testing is to verify that the tested

sections are leakproof and have the required structural
strength to withstand the design pressure with the anticipated
level of safety,

It is assumed that the separate pipes have been individually

pressure tested in the pipe mill.
E.l.2 The Owner is to establish specifications for hydrostatic
testing describing procedures and equipment,
The procedure specification is to cover at least the following:

Pressure test specilcation designatior and revision number

Description of the sections to be tested (defining lengths,
elevations, in-line valves and connectors, branches, connection fo test equipment, e.g. isometric drawings, flowsheets and alignment sheets)
Test medium (including additives)
Mixing of test medium and additives

E.2.3 The minimum test pressure is to be at least 1.25 times

the design pressure. The hoop stress drring pressure testing is
normally not (o exceed 9091 of SMYS Higher suesses will
be considered in each case, During pressurizing. added test liquid versus pressure should be recorded in order to evaluate
the amount of residua.l air in the test secton.
E.2.4 After pressurizing sufcient time for stabilization rnust
be allowed having in
during
the pressure test rv'ill
Significant temperature di
id and
surrounding environment might lead to a long stabilization
time (several days).

E,2.5 The holding period shoutd normally be 24 hours. IL

however. a 100% visual inspection of the tested section is
carried out. the holding period could be limited to the time
necessary to carry out this inspection. but not Iess than 2
hours. For short sections as for instance risers 8 hours holding period tnay be acceptable. During the holding period the
pressure is to be recorded every l/2 hours.
E.3 Pressure test method no.
E.3.1 The testing sequcnce

Test pressures

Test holding time

Description of all testing equipment
Description of all testing instruments
Method for cleaning and removing of air lrom the test
section
Sequence of pressurizing

Monitoring and recording of test pressure

Depressurizing and discharge of test medium

E.1.3 Instruments and equipment for measuring pressure, volume and/or temperature is Lo have an appropriate measuring range with suflcient accuracy yerified by a recognized
test laboratory. The verification should normally not be older
than one year.

will

be as follows:

Caliper pigging (normally included)

Filling of test liquid

Stabilization ong sections)
Pressurizing to strength test pressure
Stabilization

Holding
Reduction to leak test pressure
Stabilization

Holding
Pressure release

Reporting

E.3.2 l\ith respect to hlling of test liquid and stabilization. reference is made to E.2.2 and E.2.4.

Pressure measuring equipment is to have an accuracy and reof 0.1 %.

peatability

If temperatures ae measured during the pressure test, the accuracy of temperature testing equipment is to be 0.1"C.
The volume measurement equipment, if used, is to have a
sensitivity of 0 I % of the added volume of liquid necessary
to produce a hoop stress equal to SMYS.

E.l.4 Below are

described

two alternative methods

of-pres-

sure testing.

8.2 Pressure test method no.

E.2.1 The testing sequence

will

be as follows:

Caliper pigging (normally included)

Filling of test liquid
Stabilization (long sections)
Pressurizing to test pressure

E..l Acceptance criteria

Sbilization
Holding

E,4.1 The test will be accepted if during the test all pressure
containing components in the tested section maintain their in-

Pressure release

Reporting

E.2.2 Filling of test liquid should be carried out in due time

prior to the actual pressure testing (several dayd. During filling. steps should be taken to ensure that the volume of al remaining in the test section is minimized,

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E.l General
E.l.l This appendix

87

(e.g. one in each end of a

8.4.2 ll the temperature is taken into account when interpret- cations along the section to be tested
long
sectiod.
to
test.
prior
to
the
ing the test results, then the Owner has.
present calculations clearly showing the effect on the pressure
E.6 Hydrosttlc test report
lrom variations in the following variables:
E.6.1 The Owner is to provide a test report for each section
Temperature of test liquid when filling
tested.

Temperature of environment
Restraints

The report is at least to comprise

During the actual test, the temperature of the environment

report as per attached lorm

- test
pressure time diagrams
- actual pressure volume diagrams plotted versus theoreti- cal pressure volume diagram
E.5 Wltnessing
all temperatures versus time is to be plotted
- ifandrelevant,
included
E.5 I The pressure testing shall be witnessed by Veritas' If
found necessary. Veritas may have surYeyors at relevant lo- - certificate of pressure measuring equipment

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has to be recorded at several relevant positions along the line'

The readings to be made everY hour,

88

HYDROSTATIC TEST REPORT

REPORT NO.
Owner.:
Pipeline Description: . .

Testing Contrastor; . . .

Construction Contractor:
Testing Specification

Section Tested From:

Pump Location:

To

Pressure Recorder Location (Elevatioil,

Length of Section:
Pipe Tested (Se, W.t., Grade, Type and Manufactured:

Volume of Section:

Type and Source of Test Mectium:

Additivs

Dye:

Quantity:

Quantity:

Inhibitor:

Quantity;

Strength Tt Pressure:

bar

Start ofTest:

bar

Leakproof Test Pressure:

bar

Start of Test:

bar

Time and Date Strength Test Started:

Time and Date Leakproot Test Started

Ended:
Ended:

Remarks:

Company Representative:

Date:

Contractor Representative:

Date:

VERITAS Representative:

Date:

Attachments:
Pressure-time diagrams
Pressure-volume diagrams

Temperature-time diagrams
Instumentation calibration sheet

End of Test:
End of Test:

bar

bar

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Dead Weight Tester No.