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CONTENTS
PREFACE
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1 -2
1 -3
2.
Purpose
Scope and Application
Detinitions
4.2
Complaints Procedure
Actions on Complaints
6.
Duty of Employer
RECORDKEEPING
6.1
Keeping of Records
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 :
Appendix 2:
Appendix 3:
Appendix 4:
Appendix 5:
Appendix 6:
DOSH Malaysia
PREFACE
Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is required for a healthy indoor work environment.
Poor indoor air quality can cause a variety of short-term and long-term health problems.
Health problems commonly associated with poor I A Q include allergic reactions,
respiratory problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
I A Q problems occur in buildings that are served by a common ventilation and/or air
conditioning system. I A Q problems can be due to indoor air pollutants o r t o inadequate
ventilation.
There a r e many sources of indoor air pollutants and among the c o m m o n o n e s are environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) emitted due to burning of tobacco products;
various chem ical substances such as formaldehyde emitted from furnishings; volatile
organic compound; emitted from the use and application of solvents; a n d ozone
emitted from photocopiers and laser printers. I t should be noted here that ETS has
been recognized as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) in 2002 and exposure t o it w i l l increase the risk of coronary heart
disease.
This code of practice has been drawn up t o ensure that employees and other occupants
are protected from poor indoor air quality that could adversely affect their health and
well being, and thereby reduce their prodrrctivity.
Employers a r e encouraged to use this code o f practice as a guide t o comply with the
general duties of employers prescribed under section 15 of the Occupational Safety
and Health A c t 1994 (Act 5 14). Even though compliance with this code is not
mandatory at the moment, it can be used as evidence of good practice in a court of
I aw.
Minister of Human Resources
Malaysia
July 2005
DOSH Malaysia
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
T h e purpose of this Code of Practice is to set minimum standards that will protect
s n d other occupants of an indoor or enclosed environment
the health of e n ~ p l o y e e a
served by a c o m m o n mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning system.
1.2 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
"cafeteria" means a restaurant where a person chooses and pays for his meal a t a
counter and carry i t to a table;
DOSI-I Malaysia
Ministry of H u m a n Resource
I.
DOSH Malaysia
Every en~ployershould assess the risks arising from the indoor air
quality at the place of work to the health of his employees.
2.1 -2 The assessment should be carried out during normal business activity
and must take into consideration the following:
(a) The sources of indoor air contaminants;
(b) Employees' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke;
(c) EmployeesTexposure to air contaminants, either from indoor or
outdoor sources;
(d) The prescribed activities;
(e) The adequacy of mechanical ventilation at the place of work;
(f) The necessity to monitor a n employee's exposure; and
( g ) The necessary actions to be taken to improve the indoor air quality
at the place of work.
2.1 -3
The assessment carried out under paragraph 2.1.2, must include the
measurement of the indoor air contaminants listed in column I of Table
1. Appendix 2 gives f'urther guidance on indoor air quality assessment.
DOSH Malaysia
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Formaldehyde
Respirable particulates
Total volatile organic compounds
Where:
Cisfheceilinglirnif
mg/m3 is milligrams per cubic meter ~ f ~ rat
i r25O Celsius and one
nf mosphere pressure
ppm is parts c>fvapour or gm per" mill ion parts of contaminated air by
volunw
2.1.4
2.1 .S
Code of Practice
OM
imioor-A ir Quuliry
DOSH Malaysia
3.1. I
A n employer should ensure that his employees o r any other occupants at the
place of work are not exposed to any of the contaminants listed in Table 1
exceeding the corresponding maximum limits.
3.1.2
(a) elimination o r relocation of the source of the air contaminants, and the
appropriate location of the air supply o r e x h a u s t o p e n i n g s of t h e
mechanical ventilation system;
(b) substitution of the building material or office chemicals with those that
are less l~armful;
(c) improving ventilation;
(d) i~istallationof air cleaning devices;
(e) control of exposure t o environ~nentaltobacco smoke;
(f) a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t r o l s including w o r k s c h e d u l i n g , provision of
information. instruction and training; establishment of healthy work
practices, procedure o r policies; o r
(g) a combination of the above measures.
DOSH Malaysia
Complaints Procedure
An employer should establish a procedure to deal with complaints from
employees and other occupants with signs and symptoms related t o poor
indoor air quality. Appendix 5 gives guidance on the establishment of the
complaint procedures.
Upon receipt of a complaint, the employer must ensure that a n investigation
is conducted t o ascertain the cause of the complaint. and a report prepared,
without delay.
Actions on Complaints
Where a complaint is received in accordance with the procedures established
under paragraph 4.1, the employer should ensure that:
(i) the complaint is communicated to the building owner; and
(ii) i f the complaint is found to be valid, the employer or/and owner should
take action t o address the problem tl~roughthe institution of the control
measures spelled out under paragraph 3.1 .
.u
DOSH Malaysia
Duty of Employer
5.1.1
A n employer should ensure that all his employees are informed, instructed
and trained o n the -
(0
causes of poor indoor air quality and the effects to health arising from it;
(i i)
d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s f r o m e n v i r o n m e n t a l t o b a c c o s m o k e a n d its
contribution to the overall indoor air quality; and
(iii)
6. RECORDKEEPING
6.1
Keeping of Records
6.1. I
A11 records that are generated under this code of practice should be kept for
a period of not less than thirty years. Appendix 6 explains the guidance on
record keeping.
6.1.2
*
APPENDIX 1: INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
A, 1 BACKGROUND
Good indoor air quality is desired for a healthy indoor environment. Poor indoor air
quality can cause a variety of short-term and long-term health problems. Health
problems commonly associated with poor I A Q include allergic reactions, respiratory
problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
I A Q problems arise in non-industrial buildings (an indoor o r enclosed work space
that is served by a common ventilating and/or air conditioning system where there
are person a t work, but does not include premises that a r e used primarily a s
manufacturing and production facilities and vehicles) when there is an inadequate
present
quantity of ventilation air being provided for the amount of air conta~ninants
in that space. Hence, I A Q and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
(HVAC) are closely related.
C h e m i c a I c o n t a m i n a n t s , s u c h a s c a r b o n dioxide, c a r b o n m o n o x i d e ,
formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds and environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS);
b) Physical conditions, such air temperature, air velocity and humidity;
c) Biological agents, such as mites, virus, and spores; and
d ) Radiation such as radon.
Code qf Pructice on Indoor Air Qualily
DOSH Malaysia
A.4
ETS is defined as substances in indoor air arising from tobacco smoke. T h e main
source of ETS is cigarette smoking. ETS comprises s m o k e that i s generated from
the combustion of cigarette in between puff (main components) a n d also comprises
s m o k e that is exhaled o u t by t h e smoker. ETS contains m o r e than o n e thousand
chemical substances and m o r e than 20 toxic chemicals a n d carcinogens. Chemicals
usual ly associated with ETS a r e 11icot ine, n itrosam i nes, po lyarom atic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, acrolein, formaldehyde
and hydrogen cyanide.
T h e International Agency f o r Research on Cancer (IARC) had announced in 2002
that ETS i s a human carcinogen and it increases the risk of coronary heart diseases.
Sick-Building Syndrome
--
Code ofPrnctice
DOSH Malaysia
Legionnaires' disease
Legionnaires' disease is o n e of the building-related illnesses. Identification of the
existence of this disease began in 1968 after an epidemic of illness characterized by
fever. headache a n d muscular pains was found t o be associated with t h e a i r
conditioning system of a health department building in Pontiac, Michigan, USA.
T h e bacteria that cause Legionnaires 7 disease, legionella pneumophila w i l l grow in
any environmental reservoir in which its nutrient, water and temperature requirement
are met, a n d enters the air when such sites are disturbed. Although this organism i s
ubiquitous in the environment, airborne concentrations only occasionally reach levels
adequate t o infect otherwise normal subjects.
Water-cooling towers and warm water systems in buildings have been identified as
major sources of this organism. Without treatment of the water o r without adequate
maintenance of t h e system, legionella can proliferate and then be distributed
throughout the building by the air-handling system.
ci
DOSH Malaysia
DOSH Malavsia
Method of Measurement
a.
Sample position
T h e sampling probe should be located between 75 and 120 c m from the floor
at the centre of the room o r an occupied zone.
b.
N u m b e r of sampling points
Indoor
At least o n e sample should be taken from each floor or from each area serviced by
a separate air-handling unit. For large floor spaces, the recommended numbers of
sampling points are as follows:
Area of
building
(m2)
Minimum number of
sampling points
3,000 - 4,999
5,000 - 9,999
1 0,000 - 14,999
15,000 - 19,999
20.000 - 29,999
30,000 o r more
Outdoor
At least two samples should be taken at the entrance to the building or a t the entrance of the fresh air intake.
DOSH Malaysia
Equipment to be used
-i 25%.
For respirable particulates, sampling is carried out using an instrument with a size
selective device having a median cut size of 4 micrometer and the following penetration characteristics:
Indoor air quality assessor should register with the Director General of Occupational Safety a n d Health.
Qualifications, experience and training
Those eligible for consideration for registration must possess the following qualifications, experience a n d training:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Registration Procedure
An applicant must apply in writing to be registered with the Director General and h e
items:
g
must f o ~ w a r dtogcthcr the t b l l o w i ~ ~
a)
b)
a certified Lrue copy of the National Registratian Identity Card (for Malaysian citizen) o r Passport (f'or foreign resident);
DOSH Malaysia
T h e completed application shall be forwarded to:
T h e Director General
Department of Occupational Safety and Health,
Levels 2,3, & 4, Block D3, Parcel D
Federal Government Administrative Centre,
62502 Wilayah Persekutuan Putra Jaya
T h e prospective applicant may be asked to attend an interview o r present the finding of an assessment he had conducted, i f necessary.
Registration Validity
Successful applicants w i l l be registered for a maximum period of three (3) years.
The Director General may, however, prescribe a shorter duration. Notwithstanding,
the Director General may revoke the registration of any person before its expiration
date if:
a)
he has been convicted of an offence under the Act o r any regulations made
there under.
Renewal of Registration
A person applying to renew registration with the Director General should:
DOSH Malaysia
11.1
DOSH Malaysia
I.
Code of Practice
OM
LLJ
DOSH Malaysia
Ministry of H u m a n Resource
--
Assessment report including the results of indoor air contam inant measurement;
Complaints a n d investigation reports; and
Training records.
Contents of Reports
Assessment report
a)
b)
C)
ISBN 983-20
14-51-4