Evolution of Modern Urban

Planning Models
By EnP Alan G. Cadavos
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 1

Summary by EnP. Cadavos (1)

I.

Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession

Modern Planning Profession was a response to unmanaged urbanization,

population explosion, environmental degradation in Industrial Cities
Conservation and Parks Movement (The Rise of Landscape Architecture,
Architecture USA)
Public Health Epidemiologists & Sanitation Professionals as Earliest Planners
Garden City Movement (Sir Ebenezer Howard and his disciples in UK)

II. City Beautiful Movement a response to urban decay and urban blight
during the Industrial Revolution

Daniel Hudson Burnham Masterplanning or Traditional Planning or Imperative

Planning or Command Planning
Le Corbusier Radiant City led to Skyscraper Cities and the common form or
template of CBDs

III. Regional Planning & New Towns Movement reacted to

overcongestion in Skyscraper Cities;

reconceptualized the city in relation to its peripheries; tried to address economic

polarization inter
polarization,
inter-area
area imbalance
imbalance, regional divergence
New Towns movement in America led to urban decentralization or sprawl ,
spurred on by the popularity of the automobile; the car is king mentality.

IV. City Functional Movement a reaction to over-emphasis of CBM on

form over function
form

Euclidean Zoning exclusionary zoning, separated incompatible land uses

Utilities-based Linear City (Don Arturo Soria y Mata)
Linear Industrial City (Tony Garnier)

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 2

Summary by EnP. Cadavos (2)

V. City Efficient Movement
attempted to rationalize urban planning in relation to economic production that had been
decentralized by transportation and communication technologies
Transport Planning
Ekistics integrated economics, sociology and physical design in human settlements
planning
Urban Renewal and Gentrification addressed the hollowing out of historic city cores by
means off revitalization
it li ti b
butt also
l resulted
lt d iin massive
i urban
b slum
l
d
demolitions,
liti
giving
i i rise
i tto
Advocacy or Activist or Equity Planning,

VI. New Urbanism or Neo-Traditionalism

combated indiscriminate, inhuman urban renewal and sought to revive the lost art of
l
place-making
ki and
d community-building
it b ildi
Neo-Traditional Neighborhoods
Smart Growth and Compact Development
Cultural Heritage Conservation

VII.Environmental
VII
Environmental Planning placed ecology and environmental constraints
at the center of planning

Ian McHargs Sieve Mapping and the Rise of GIS

Ecosystem-Based Planning
Ecological Footprinting
Eco-anarchism and Anti-Urbanism
Disaster Management Mitigation, Risk-Reduction, and Prevention
Sustainable Cities

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 3

In US, Conservation and

Parks Movement
Movement
Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. (1822-1903)
Father of American Landscape
p Architecture
Conservation and Parks movement included
George Perkins Marsh, John Muir, Gifford Pinchot,
US President Theodore Roosevelt who all pursued
a system of American parks
in 1870, wrote a comprehensive park planning
book named Public Parks and the Enlargement of
Towns
A park was never an ornamental addition to a city
but an integral part of its fabric and a force for
future growth on several levels: economic, social
and cultural
cultural.
Olmsteds Vision

Frederick
Law
Olmsted
Sr.

Mixed use
Dampen class conflict
Heighten Family & religious values
Use urban parks as aid to social reform

Was influenced by Beaux Arts design and cityaesthetics: grandeur, monumentality (drama &
tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, symmetry.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 4

John Muir

Frederick Law
Olmsted Sr.
Sr
Famous for the design of:
Central Park
Park, in New York
(Greens-ward Plan) together
with Calvert Vaux
Riverside, Illinois
Buffalo, NY parks system
Druid Hills, Georgia

Bostons
Emerald
Necklace
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 5

1858-1861 Central
Park, NY

In UK, Problems of
Manufacturing Cities in 19th
century
1. At the start of industrial revolution, public health
professionals were most concerned about public
planning. The ills of Industrial city included:
Lack of potable water due to polluted water bodies
Disposal of garbage including human excrement, and
animal wastes
epidemics due to congestion
street cleaning
Air pollution: smoke and smog
public transport
public housing was essentially tenements and cellars
lack of cemeteries

2. Mid to late 1800s local and national leaders in UK

created the sanitarian profession
sanitarians were vocal against epidemic diseases, filthy
streets, unhealthy disposal of garbage and sewage, air
pollution, and slum housing
With Ri
Richardsons
h d
Hygeia,
H
i an M.D.
M D acted
t d as Cit
City Pl
Planner

3. Edwin Chadwick started EPIDEMIOLOGY in 1842 by

inquiring into the living conditions of factory workers
germ debate during
g the time of
4. With the filth versus g
Benjamin Clark Marsh & John Snow, the Split between
Public Health (germ) and Planning (filth), Housing,
and Social Services took place.

Modern Town Planning

1. Main Goals

J h S
John
Snow
alleviate
ll i t d
deterioration
t i ti off liliving
i conditions
diti
Solve acute public health crisis associated with overcrowding and lack of
municipal and sanitary services
Greater concern for social well being
Improve urban design and aesthetics
Equip planners professionally to find technical solutions to urban planning

2. Under Englands Public Health Act of 1875, counties were divided into
urban and rural sanitary districts supervised by the central government
3 UK Local Governments Act of 1888
3.

stated that land use has to be regulated, thus giving birth to town planning
gave authority to boroughs, counties and towns - housing bylaws - power to
regulate housing - uniform streets with minimum widths - external lavatories access to back alleys
y for waste disposal
p
(g
(garbage
g and waste water))
population densities set - maximum 50 houses (250 people) per acre

4. UK passed the Town Planning Act of 1909.

5. 1st National Conference on Planning & Congestion (1909)

p
g in 1872
6. In US,, Public Health Association called for cityy planning

7. The legitimate parents of modern planning are: Public Health

Administration, Sanitary Engineering, Public Housing, Social Work, and
Baroque Urban Design
8. Planning is as old as urban formation but the initial interest was social
welfare and human living conditions rather than built environment

Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850(1850-1928)

Wrote Tomorrow (1898) followed by Garden Cities
of Tomorrow (1902)
Concerned
C
d about
b t abject
bj t living
li i conditions
diti
and
d need
d
to change the physical form of cities:

disperse population/industries outside the city

create new sanitary living conditions
Design new cities under the capitalist framework to be
workable and livable

Drew inspiration from London World's Fair of 1851:

Advanced
Ad
d conceptt off Social
S i l Cit
City a polycentric
l
ti
settlement or cluster, surrounded by greenbelt
wherein a central city of 58,000 people was to be
surrounded by garden
garden cities
cities of 30,000
30 000 people
people,
each city separated by permanent green space or
farmlands. Rails and roads would link the cities with
industries and nearby towns supplying fresh food
pointed to the importance of planning land use and
city features beforehand, rather than organic and
uncontrolled growth
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 8

Ebenezer Howards Garden City

Three magnets
g
in his p
paradigm
g depicted
p
that
both the city and the countryside had
advantages and disadvantages. Creation of
jobs and urban services in the City resulted in
poor natural
poo
aua e
environment
o e while
e the
e
Countryside offered an excellent natural
environment but few opportunities

Garden City
1. Population ~ 30,000
2. Area ~ 1,000 acres (405 hectares)
3. agricultural greenbelt surrounds town ~ 5,000 acres (hence "garden") in
addition to garden for each house
4. high residential density (15 houses per acre/ 37 per ha)
5. Industrial and commercial zones with greenbelts between zones
6. rapid transport from Garden City to Central City by rail
7. concentric rings progressing outward. Towns would grow by cellular
addition into a complex multi-centered agglomeration of towns set
against a green background of open country
8 Objectives of Garden City
8.

Secure better regular employment for professionals at higher purchasing power

reduce land use conflicts
Secure healthier surroundings for all true workers of whatever class
promote convenience and comfort
p

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 10

Ebenezer Howard and The

Garden City Movement

Among the disciples of Ebenezer Howard were

Architects Barry Parker, Sir Frederic J. Osborn
In 1902-03, a Sir Raymond Unwin designed
L t h
Letchworth
th garden
d city,
it 35 miles
il (56 kkm)) north
th off
London from 1903 to 1920
Louis de Soissons designed Welwyn from 1920 to
1934
Letchworth and Welwyn Garden Cities were
influential in the development of 30 "New Towns"
after World War II by the British government,
government
including Stevenage, Hertfordshire and the last
(and largest) being Milton Keynes,
Buckinghamshire.
Buckinghamshire
German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno
Taut created Germany's first garden city of
Hellerau in 1909, the only German garden city
where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 11

Letchworth, Hertfordshire, UK : First Garden City

Designed by Sir
Raymond Unwin

Cottages
g at Birds Hill in Letchworth

Shops in the Wynd at Letchworth

Welwyn
Garden City
b Louis de
by

Soissons

Hampstead Garden City

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 14

Letchworth Garden
City

Welwyn Garden
City

London and its Greenbelt

London and its

Greenbelt
Greenbelt
testament to
success of Sir
Ebenezer
Howard!

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 17

City Beautiful
Movement
Movement
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 18

City Beautiful Movement

(1800--1950s)
(1800
Movement that emphasized aesthetics in urban
g and p
planning
g -- g
grandeur,, monumentalityy
design
(drama & tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, and
symmetry.
City was designed as total system with main
circulation arteries, wide boulevards, a network of
parks and promenades starting from a prominent
waterfront, clusters or blocks of focal civic buildings
that would include city hall, courthouse, library,
opera house,
house museum
museum, plaza
plaza, shrines
shrines, towers
towers,
arches, obelisks; this movement copied many
features from European capitals.
Ithis movement embraced all public works designed
with classical facades and built as grand portals to
cities -- bridges, river embankments, railroads,
colleges and universities, Roman Catholic basilicas,
public baths, etc.
this movement was praised for its aesthetics and
circulation/transport planning but generally criticized
as utopian -- Beauty stood supreme, had little
concern for health and sanitation (hospitals,
sewerage solid waste)
sewerage,
waste), mass housing
housing, economic
growth (factories), natural hazards, geology, zoning
(incompatible land uses).

Worlds Columbian Exposition of

1893 in Jackson Park,
Park Chicago
strengthened the CBM
Historian Mel Scott
described the
Chicago Expo as
"temporary
wonderland
o de a d o
of g
grand
a d
perspectives,
shimmering lagoons
and monumental
palaces an
enthralling amalgam
of Classical Greece
Greece,
Imperial Rome and
Bourbon Paris"

Grand Basin

Court of Honor, Worlds

Columbian Exposition 1892-93,

The Fisheries Building

Palace off Fine Arts

City Beautiful Movement

strengthened (1890s(1890s1950s)

Improving the city through

beautification

Sanitation
Aesthetics
Civic Improvements
Building Design
Civic Spirit

Cities influenced by CBM: Chicago

(1909), San Francisco (1905), Detroit,
Denver Columbus
Denver,
Columbus, Madison
Madison, Montreal
Montreal,
Canberra (Griffin and Mahony, 1913),
New Delhi (1911) in India, Braslia
(19 ) iin B
(1957)
Brazil,
il Ab
Abuja
j iin Ni
Nigeria,
i
Islamabad,Pakistan (1959)

The Horticultural Building

The Statue of the

Republic

Daniel Hudson Burnham

(1846--1912)
(1846
co-designed Worlds Columbian Exposition of 189293 in Chicago with Olmsted which drew millions of
visitors
i it
and
d stimulated
ti l t d concern ffor urban
b d
design
i
Father of American City Planning and Prophet of
City Beautiful Movement in America
Greatest achievement is the Plan for Chicago
(1909); and Plan for the Region of Chicago (1956);
Also designed Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, San
Francisco (1905), Manila (1903-06) and Baguio City
(1911).
Pursued Baroque aesthetics characterized by
grandeur, monumentality (drama & tension),
exuberance, cohesiveness, and symmetry.
Criticism of Chicago Plan
Planned as an aristocratic cityy for merchant p
princes;;
Did not in provide for realities of downtown real estate
development, hence resulted in overbuilding and
congestion
Created a business core with no conscious provision for
business expansion in the rest of the city
commercial convenience should have been significant

Burnham also designed Masonic Temple Building in

Chicago, Flatiron Building in New York City, Union
Station in Washington D.C.

Plan for San

Francisco, 1905

Daniel Burnhams quote

Make no little plans. They have no magic and
probably themselves will not be realized
realized. Make big
plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering
that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will
never die,
die but long after we are gone will be a living
thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency.
Remember that our sons and grandsons are going
to do things that would stagger us
us. Let your
watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Think
big.
Every
Every citizen should be within walking distance of
a park.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 23

Plan for Chicago 1906

1906--09:
Chicago was envisioned by
B h as P
Burnham
Paris
i on a P
Prairie
ii

Chicago Today

S
Sears
T
Tower

Mill i
Millennium
P
Park
k
Wrigley Bldg

Burnhams Plan for Manila 19031903-1911

Charles-Edouard
CharlesJeanneret (1887
1887--1965) Le
Le
Corbusier

Swiss-French architect-planner, last of the City Beautiful

M
Movement
t planners;
l
wrote
t the
th book
b k Urbanisme
Ub i

We must decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their

density. That paradox could be resolved by building high on a small
part of land.
There
There ought to be no more congested streets and sidewalks,
sidewalks no
more bustling public squares, no more untidy neighborhoods. People
would live in hygienic, regimented high-rise towers, set far apart in a
park-like landscape. This rational city would be separated into
discrete zones for working,
g living
g and leisure. Above all, everything
y
g
should be done on a big scale big buildings, big open spaces, big
urban highways
"By this immense step in evolution, so brutal and so overwhelming,
we burn our bridges and break with the past. (no heritage
conservation)
We must improve circulation and increase the amount of open
space.

Focused more on architectural style (cubist aesthetics) than

planning shift towards a preoccupation with visual form
form,
symbolism, imagery and aesthetics rather than the basic
problems of local population;
He was criticized for the planning paradox address congestion
by creating more congestion
congestion.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 27

Le Corbusiers Radiant
City (Le Ville Radieuse)
objective was to decongest the entire city by
increasing density at the core; to
to concentrate
population without congestion.
City consists of uniform 60-storey large towerblocks and apartment-buildings that zigzag
across as a huge park
park. Modern building
technology could make the design possible. It
would house 3 million people.
Each group of buildings would be isolated from
the others in a park-like
park like setting
setting. Flat roofs
roofs, planar
surfaces with little ornamentation, and box-like
building shapes
Housing and office towers were grouped in
abstract formal relationships that ma
maximized
imi ed
exposure to the sun.
Stadiums, recreational facilities, and museums
were placed along waterfronts.
Le
L Corbusiers
C b i design
d i influenced
i fl
d the
th d
design
i off
CBDs with High-rises/Skyscrapers in office parks
Modernism created a consistent urban image
based on the tall building, the automobile, and
the
h limited-access
li i d
hi h
highway.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 28

Radiant City (Le Ville

Radieuse)
Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City,
1923) a modernist city consisting of uniform
tower blocks set within gardens meant for 3
million people
Applied concepts to City of Chandigarh, new
capital of Punjab, India; and to Brasilia, Brazil;
Boston and Toronto Plan was devoid of economic,,
social, transport, and other considerations
urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible and
simplistic. The bureaucratically-imposed plan was
found to be socially-destructive.
Standardization
St d di ti proved
d iinhuman
h
and
d di
disorienting;
i ti
the too-vast open spaces were inhospitable. Lack
of human-scale.
In the United States, took the form of vast
regimented public housing projects (Tenements)
( Tenements )
that damaged the urban fabric beyond repair.
Today these megaprojects are being dismantled,
as Tenement-blocks give way to rows of houses
fronting streets and sidewalks. Downtowns have
discovered that combining, not separating,
different activities is the key to success. So is the
presence of lively residential neighborhoods, old
as well as new. Cities have learned that
preserving history makes a lot more sense than
starting from zero.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 29

Le Corbusiers vision
of Paris, 1955

Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City, 1923)
a modernist city consisting of uniform tower blocks set
within
ithi gardens
d
meantt for
f 3 million
illi people
l
Applied concepts to City of Chandigarh, new capital of
Punjab, India; and to Brasilia, Brazil; Boston and
Toronto.
Plan
Pl was d
devoid
id off economic,
i social,
i l ttransport,
t and
d
other considerations
urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible and simplistic.
The bureaucratically-imposed
y p
p
plan was found to be
socially-destructive.
Standardization proved inhuman and disorienting; the
too-vast open spaces were inhospitable. Lack of
human-scale.
In the United States, took the form of vast regimented
public housing projects (Tenements) that damaged the
urban fabric beyond repair. Today these megaprojects
are
a
e be
being
gd
dismantled,
s a ed, as Tenement-blocks
e e e b oc s g
give
e way
ay to
o
rows of houses fronting streets and sidewalks.
Downtowns have discovered that combining, not
separating, different activities is the key to success. So
is the presence of lively residential neighborhoods, old
as well as new..
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 30

Corbusiers design was good for temporary living

(i e hotels) but not for permanent residence.
(i.e.
residence

Tenement
T
tH
Housing
i and
d th
the Breakdown
B kd
off A
American
i
communities (1912(1912-1960s):

black Americans and Latinos occupy Harlem

NYC and later, the Ghettos in Bronx which were
former quarters of Jewish minority who have
become increasingly rich

Le Corbusiers influence on highhigh-rise Socialist Housing in

formerlyy communist East Europe
p

Brasilia, Brazil (1957) as Radiant City

by Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyer

Plaza of the Three Powers

National Congress
Our Lady Aparecida
Metropolitan Cathedral

Radiant City
attempted in
Brasilia at
huge financial
costs
t and
d
environmental
costs(forests)

Presidential Palace of the Dawn

Palacio da Alvorada

New Towns Movement (1920(1920-1950s)

Reacted to overcongestion in Le Corbusiers Skyscraper Cities

particularly New York City and Toronto Canada
y ideas of Ebenezer Howard which theyy
Pursued Garden City
believed could produce better communities

an island of greens; green spaces are interconnected

separation of pedestrian traffic from motor traffic
series of superblocks or neighborhood clusters around greens
based upon prior land assembly

Considered endless grid-iron tracks as wasteful and unnecessary

and pursued other ways to address community problems and
issues
Six Principles of New Towns Movement
Plan simply, but comprehensively
Provide ample
p sites in the right
g p
places for community
y use
Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used
without wasteful transportation of people and goods
Cars must be parked and stored (not on the streets!)
gp
private and p
public land into relationship
p
Bring
Arrange for the occupancy of houses

Approach was to formulate home building corporations, financed

by companies seeking long term investments (adopted in the
Philippines as Peoples
People s Homesite and Housing Corporation
Corporation now
NHA)

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 34

New Town, Radburn, New Jersey, ca. 1929

Radburn, New Jersey

separation between
motor traffic and
pedestrian traffic
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 36

Greenbelt, Maryland 1937

1937--39

New Towns
Movement in
the US

Frank Lloyd Wright

(1867--1959)
(1867
Major US architect involved in site planning and community
planning, had 41 commissions, 532 designs, 1000+ drawings
Wright
g was major
j p
proponent
p
of urban decentralization in
reaction to overcongestion in US cities -- was believed to be
an eco-anarchist
Broadacre City design, forerunner or apotheosis of
suburbanization trend the anti-thesis to compact
d
development
l
t and
d ttransit-oriented
it i t d d
development.
l
t
Much activity is done by automobile.
Under Broadacre City design, settlements would have size of
about 10km2 (1000 has) with all services and amenities of a
small city
city schools,
schools museums
museums, markets
markets, offices
offices, trains etc
etc.
and farms and factories could co-exist side by side with
homes. Families would have one acre each (4,050m2) from
federal land reserves, with sufficient space for gardens and
small farms. Plus a helicopter.
p
Helicopter element made Broad-acre sound like science
fiction.
He also designed neighborhoods and subdivisions employing
the Quadruple Block Plan wherein houses are set on small
square blocks of four equal sized lots surrounded on all sides
by roads, set toward the center of the block so that each
house maximized the yard space and included private space
in the center. This also allowed for more interesting views
from each house. This design would have eliminated the
straight rows of houses on parallel streets with boring views
of the front of each house.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 38

Frank Lloyd
y Wrights
g
Broadacre Cityy

low density
low-density
car-oriented
freeways +
feeder roads
Multi-nucleated

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 39

Henry Wright
g (1878(1878-1936)

Wright produced The Report of the Commission in

Housing and Regional Planning for the State of New
York
Sti l t d th
Stipulated
the elements
l
t off a regional
i
l plan:
l
Introduced concept of superblock in New Town
development in the US
implemented in Radburn, FairLawn, New Jersey
S
Superblock
bl k is
i an island
i l d off greens, bordered
b d d by
b
homes and carefully skirted by peripheral
automobile roads, each around open green spaces
which are themselves interconnected. There are
numerous greenways which serve as pedestrian
pathways.
The rough Philippine equivalent of a superblock is a
g
subdivision dominated by
y
modest-size rectangular
gardens and greenery.
Wrote Rehousing Urban America (1935);
explained how New York developed from a city of
small trade centers to an industrial belt, to a
financial and managerial center
co-designed Western Kentucky University

Clarence S. Stein (1882(1882-1975)

Co-founded Regional Planning Association of

America (1923) with Henry Wright and Lewis
Mumford
P i i l planner
Principal
l
who
h pursued
d Eb
Ebenezer H
Howards
d
Garden City ideas in conceptualizing 22
government-sponsored New Towns or greenbelt
resettlement towns in America
America, under the shortshort
lived US Resettlement Administration

Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York;

Hillside Homes, Bronx, New York;
Chatham Village
Village, Pittsburgh;
Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles;
Reston, Virginia;
Columbia, Maryland
Greenbelt Maryland;
Greenbelt,
Greendale, Wisconsin;
Greenhills, Ohio;
Greenbrook NJ

Efforts
Eff
t were cutt short
h t by
b Great
G t Depression
D
i
Wrote book New Towns for America (1951) which
was inputted into the US Housing Act of 1954.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 41

Clarence Perry (1872(1872-1944)

Conceptualized Neighborhood Unit equivalent
to UKs Neighborhood Precincts
Neighborhood unit (1929) is a self-contained,
low-rise,, pedestrian-oriented
p
residential q
quarter,,
incorporating garden city ideas, that would be
bounded by major streets, with shops at the
intersections and a school in the middle. Around
0.272 km2 to 6.2 km2 (620 has), 6000 residents,
and a school for 920 children.
Perry intended his neighborhood unit to satisfy
most needs of residents and bring advantages of
traditional small town living into the city
city.
Six principles of Neighborhood unit: (1) Size to
support an elementary school, generally a half
mile in diameter at most, (2) boundaries on all
sides by arterial streets
streets, (3) open spaces for small
parks and recreation of about 10% of the total
neighborhood area, (4) institutions such as
schools, community centers, and churches
grouped around a central point
point, (5) local shops
around the circumference at traffic junctions, and
(6) internal street system with lots of cul-de-sacs
and street widths sized to facilitate internal traffic
and discourage through traffic
traffic.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 42

Regional Planning
Movement
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 43

Sir Patrick Geddes (1854(18541932)

Scottish
S
tti h bi
biologist,
l i t sociologist,
i l i t and
d city
it planner
l
responsible
ibl ffor
introducing the concept of "region" to planning and city architecture;
Known as the Father of Regional Planning
Famous Books

1904: City Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens & Culture Institutes

1905: Civics as Applied Sociology
1915: Cities in Evolution

Popularized the framework Folk

Folk Work Place
Place and the planning method
Survey Analysis Plan precursor of rational-comprehensive or
synoptic planning
He made extensive use of survey method; Planning must start with a
survey off the resources off a region, off human responses to it, and off
the resulting complexities of the cultural landscape;
He coined the terms city-region and conurbation as the
conglomeration of urban aggregates
aggregates.
He characterized the life-cycle of cities as Inflow (waves of migration to
large cities), Build-up (overcrowding), Backflow (slum formation, central
city blight), and sprawling mass, resulting in amorphic spread, waste
and
d unnecessary obsolescence.
b l
H
He th
thus prophesized
h i d th
the ill
ill-effects
ff t off
hyper-urbanization and the rise and decline of cities.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 44

Sir Patrick Geddes

G
Geddes
dd stressed
t
d th
the social
i lb
basis
i off th
the city
it the
th relationship
l ti
hi
between people and cities and how they affect one another.
Geddes focused on individual action and voluntary cooperation
tempered by attention to relations with the physical environment

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 45

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie

(1879--1957)
(1879
English town planner-architect who became member of Siegfried
Barlow Commission after World War II
II, later on Professor of Civic
Design and Town Planning at University College London
best known for the re-planning of London thru the County of London
Plan (1943) and the extended Greater London Regional Plan (1944)
which are called the Abercrombie Plan, where 1.25 million people
were dispersed to new towns and rural areas
Abercrombie Plan started the New Towns movement in the UK
which included the building of Harlow and Crawley and the largest
'out-county' estate, Harold Hill in north-east London.
He made award-winning designs for Dublin City and re-planned
Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth, among others.
He founded the Council for the Preservation of Rural England
(CPRE) in 1926 as first chairman and later Honorary Secretary.
Abercrombie was knighted in 1945. In 1945 he published A Plan for
the City & County of Kingston upon Hull
Hull, with the assistance of Sir
Edwin Lutyens.
Abercrombie was commissioned by UK government to redesign
Hong Kong after WWII. In 1956 he was commissioned by Ethiopia
E
Emperor
H
Haile
il S
Selassie
l
i (R
(Ras T
Tafari)
f i) to d
draw up plans
l
ffor the
h capital
i l
of Addis Ababa.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 46

Lewis Mumford (1895(1895-1990)

American thinker called the Last of the Great Humanists, Father of HistoricalSociological Approach to Planning. Wrote Technics and Civilization (1934),The
Culture of Cities (1938) City in History (1961)
Th City
The
Cit iin Hi
History
t
was sweeping,
i
masterful
t f l hi
historical
t i l analysis
l i off city
it d
development
l
t
all over the world, describes why cities came about and what their continuing
function is.
planning
g as multi-disciplinary.
p
y Was extensively
y involved in Regional
g
conceived of p
Planning in the US East Coast.
Mumford believed that society is dehumanized by technological culture and that it
must return to a perspective that places emotions, sensitivity, and ethics at the
heart of civilization
civilization. Urban and regional planning should emphasize an organic
relationship between people and their living spaces.
saw the city not only as a place with poor living conditions, but also as a threat to
democracy and the breeding place of fascism, as the masses of people in the big
city could be kept ignorant and were to easy to mislead.
recognized the physical limitations of human settlement and urged that
fundamental basic needs of society be the bases for the judicious use of
gy;
technology;
advocated harmonious life among civilized groups in ecological balance with the
place they occupied.
the modern city (New York 1960) is following the patterns of Imperial Roman city
(the sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on
in the same vein, then it will meet the same fate as the Imperial Roman city.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 47

Benton MacKaye (1879(1879-1975)

American forester, conservationist and regional planner, who

was called "father of the Appalachian Trail." He proposed the
Appalachian Trail in Oct 1921 more than 2,000-mile footpath
from Maine to Georgia
g blazed through
g the efforts of
volunteers. He advocated preserving cultural and recreational
areas in an increasingly urbanized environment. He believed
that we should tame new technology for ecological purpose
As a government planner, he spearheaded the idea of the
"townless highway."
He was one of the founders of the Regional Planning
Association of America (1923)
published The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional
Planning, 1928
Prominent in regional conservationism

applied the transect to vast river valleys

Regional ecology tied to natural systems
Cyclical time and organic interaction with landscape versus
industrial time and engineering
Ridgeland areas offer indigenous balance
Valleys filled with industrial excess
C
Conservative
ti effort
ff t based
b
d on radical
di l analysis
l i

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 48

City Functional
M
Movement
t
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 49

City Functional Movement (1910(1910-70)

1. Movement meant to respond to every aspect of city problems

Reacted to preoccupation with urban design of the City Beautiful Movement in US and
Garden City Movement in UK
Greater concern for the functioning of cities rather than design aesthetics -- function over form
Govt efficiency,
Govt.
efficiency progressive education and recreation
recreation, good,
good affordable housing
Enlist businesses & civic organization
Emphasized opportunity rather than focus on economic and social evils of city
aligned planning to broader fields of public service

Zoning was designed to separate incompatible land uses

However, today many land uses are no longer exactly incompatible
Ironically, Excessive zoning creates homogeneity which leads to sterility and inconvenience.

2. Focused on utility infrastructure and on land use zoning rather than master
planning
l
i

3 Zoning originated in New York City in 1916 by Edward Bassett as the

3.
the first
attempt to control land use by a municipal government The particular
purpose at that time was to contain the invasion of factories into the Fifth
Avenue business district and the shadowing of adjacent properties
byemerging skyscrapers
skyscrapers.
4. Constitutionality of zoning as part of police power of the State was upheld by
US Supreme Court in 1926, as a result of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty
Company(1926), hence the term Euclidean zoning.
5 Edward Filene and Justice Louis Brandeis
5.
Brandeis, Boston Plan of 1915
1915-16
16
6. Picked up in Germany -- Grundriss-plan of 1910 was Master plan for Greater
Berlin ; Rudolf Hillebrecht In Hamburg, Germany
7. in Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Helsinki & Tapiola, Finland; and Melun Senart,
France
France.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 50

Don Arturo
Soria y Mata

Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1844-1920) Spanish engineer,

suggested the idea Ciudad Lineal (linear city) an elongated
urban formation running
g from Cadiz,, Spain
p
to Paris and the
rest of Europe, up to St. Petersburg, Russia.
logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of city lay-out;
houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility
systems supplying water, communications and electricity. He
considered impact of technolog
technology on urban
rban form
form.
The linear city would have five functionally specialized
parallel sectors.
a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
production and communal enterprises,
p
, with related
a zone of p
scientific, technical and educational institutions,
a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of
residential buildings and a "children's band",
park zone,, and
ap
an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in
the Soviet Union).

As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to

the end of each band, so that it would become ever longer,
without growing wider
The city may run parallel to a river and be built so that the
dominant wind would blow from the residential areas to the
industrial strip.
Ernst May,
y, a famous German functionalist architect,,
formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new city in the
Soviet Union, primarily following the model established in
Frankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-story
communal apartment buildings and an extensive network of
di i h
dining
halls
ll and
d other
th public
bli services.
i

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 51

Linear
City

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 52

 ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 53

Tony Garnier (1869

(1869--1948)

Noted French architect and city planner, forerunner of

avant g
garde 20th century
y French architects
In 1901, after extensive study of sociological and
architectural problems, he formulated an elaborate
solution to use architecture to create industrial
utopias that would help control unchecked urban
growth and keep the working classes in line.
Proposed a modern linear industrial city called Une
Cite Industrielle (1917-18) designed for about 35,000
inhabitants living in lushly landscaped residential
areas.
He removed churches or law enforcement buildings,
in hope that man could rule himself. He was
influenced by the writings of Emile Zola
Zola.
Concept partially adopted in his hometown of Lyons,
France.
Four main principles: functionalism, space, greenery,
and high sunshine exposure
exposure.
His basic idea included the separation of spaces by
function through zoning into four categories including
leisure/recreation, industry, work, and transport.
His plan allowed vocational
vocational-type
type schools to be near
the industries to which they were related so that
people could be more easily educated.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 54

 ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 55

Thomas Adams became father of

urban planning in Canada

1. was active in UK, USA and Canada from 1911-38

2. Formed Town Planning Institute of Canada in 1919 117 members in most provinces and midwifed the
passage of Canadian city planning law in 1921
3. Adams adopted utilitarian approach to planning government intervention (versus English common law land ownership)
4. Adam saw fundamental conflict between right to life
versus right to property. However, Adams belonged to
the British liberal tradition, not socialism/communism.
Town plan should provide for the proper and efficient
carrying-on of business.
5. Adams encouraged development of small well-planned
towns and the decentralization of industrial plants.
6 Adams
6.
Ad
d
drafted
ft d model
d l planning
l
i llegislation
i l ti ffor provinces
i
to adopt

Made Planning mandatory

Approval of local plan by province/state after notification and
hearing process
Approval of land subdivision required
Arbitration, compensation, and betterment
Zoning for use, height, and bulk permitted
Building densities to be limited
Policy authority in hands of planning boards.
Executive responsibility to a professional planner.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 56

City
Ci Efficient
Effi i
Movement

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 57

Pioneers of Transport Planning

spurred by US Federal Highway Act of 1916 and
Interstate Highway Act of 1956
Rapkin (1954) - developed transport and land
use study. Traffic is a function of land use e.g.
Chicago and Detroit Transportation Plans.
Wesleyy Mitchell ((1954)) - advocated that p
plans
should be in dynamic not static terms. He was a
leading figure in setting up the Penn-Jersey
Transportation Study, an urban growth
simulation model
model.
Lowdon Wingo and Harvey S. Perloff (1961)Urban transportation can be viewed as a basic
spatial
p
organizer
g
of the metropolitan
p
region;
g ; they
y
showed interdependence of economics,
transport, land use and accessibility
Britton Harris (1960) - a systems framework
Robert A
A. Garin and Ira Lowry (1964) - A Model
of Metropolis published by Rand Corporation.
Garin-Lowry Spatial Allocation Model. Gravity
Model.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 58

C. Britton
Harris, ( 18952005) University
of Pennsylvania

Dr. Harvey S. Perloff

(1915-1983) UCLA
Dean of Urban Planning

Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr.

(1888--1974)
(1888

First to write a comprehensive textbook on Urban and

Regional Planning
Emphasized quantitative, statistical tools to study social
phenomena; Proposed to treat a town or region as an
evolving system and simulate its growth as a system in a
recursive manner while studying directly the influence of
different public policies on the pattern of town evolution
Planning process should follow the cycle of human
behavioral process
conducted pioneering research on how residents use their
city in the course of daily life, social and physical concepts
of neighborhood, and urban growth dynamics.
Five goals of Spatial Planning

health
safety
convenience
economy
amenity

Co-founded American Sociological Association and US

Social Science Research Council.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 59

Planning relies more and more on

positivist and empirical methods:
methods

Attempted to address the elements of uncertainty and

t
extraneous
ffactors
t in
i planning
l
i ffor h
human settlements
ttl
t

T.J. Kent Blueprint Planning and Urban General Plan (1964)

Edwin C. Banfield -- Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, in
Meyerson M
Meyerson,
M. and Banfield
Banfield, E.C.
E C (eds.).
(eds ) New York: Free Press
Martin Meyerson -- Building the Middle-Range Bridge for
Comprehensive Planning
Albert Z. Guttenberg - "A Multiple Land Use Classification System."
(1959)

Regional Science and Regional Economics both treat

planning as social physics aimed at the discovery of
presumed natural laws or regular occurrences in social
interaction, economic activity and spatial phenomena.
Spatial Interaction push and pull factors, centrifugal and

centripetal forces
Spatial Modelling
Gravity Model by Robert Garin and Ira Lowry

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 60

Suburbanization & Motorcities

Suburbanization Intensified with the Baby Boom Generation or
Population Explosion after World War II.
Primarily driven by the popularity of automobile as mode of
t
transport
t (General
(G
l Motors,
M t
Ford,
F d and
d Chrysler
Ch l iin USA
USA; before
b f
they
th
lost to Toyota and Nissan in the late 1990s) the car is king
mentality as popularized by broadcast media
Public resources were increasing diverted from historic inner-cities
to gated residential subdivisions meant for the wealthier classes
City cores lost out to suburbia and exurbia in terms of capital
improvement and employment
Inner cities looked abandoned hollow cores or the donut shape
according
g to Peirce Lewis.
Intensification of air pollution and climate change since 1950s as
studied at Harvard University by Albert Arnold La Fon Gore.
Amorphic Sprawl refers to the low-density fragmented use of
land for consumptive urban purposes at a scale expanded faster
than what population growth requires and occurring along the
margins of existing metropolitan areas in a generally amorphic
(formless) manner.
Over time, this pattern means more and more houses are built
farther away from the urban core that require more energy use per
person and that need to be supported by piecemeal extensions of
urban infrastructure such as roads, sewer, power and water.
Distances become too great for walking and this forces
dependence on the automobile; hard for old people when they can
no longer
l
d
drive;
i
h
hard
d ffor young people
l who
h arentt yett old
ld enough
h tto
drive
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 61

Suburbanization and Amorphic Sprawl

-- what
h t an awful
f l waste
t off space!
!

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 62

Urban Renewal Movement in North

A
America,
i 19501950-70s:
70

Ed Logue

Rexford Guy
Tugwell
(1891-1979)

Robert
Moses
Moses,
New York

Richard King
Mellon,
Pittsburg

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 63

Catherine
Aldo Rossi, 1931-97 Bauer
Wurster
Abraham Levitt and William Levitt
(1905-64)
founded Levittowns in Long Island,
NY and in Pennsylvania

Urban Renewal: Robert Moses

Robert Moses, park commissioner and
h d off th
head
the city
it planning
l
i commission,
i i
New York City, oversaw major public
works projects and emerged as one of
th mostt powerful
the
f l unelected
l t d public
bli
officials in the United States. Between
1924 and 1968, Moses conceived and
executed public works costing $27
$
billion. He was responsible for building
virtuallyy every
yp
parkway,
y, expressway,
p
y,
and public housing project in the NY
region, as well as Lincoln Center,
Shea Stadium,, and two world fairs. He
built hundreds of new city playgrounds
and ordered the planting of 2 million
ttrees.
ees
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 64

Robert Moses, Chief

Planner of New
York City

Urban Renewal and Tax Increment Financing

Urban Renewal is a US Federal program under the
Comprehensive Housing Act of 1949 which was designed
to help communities improve and redevelop areas that are
outworn physically deteriorated
outworn,
deteriorated, unsafe
unsafe, or poorly planned
planned.
Urban Renewal helps communities realize specific capital
projects or public assets parks, streets and streetscape
improvements,
p
,p
parks and p
plazas,, g
greenways,
y , community
y
centers, and facilities that would not happen on their own.
It finances incentives for private investments to create jobs,
revitalize neighborhoods and provide a full range of housing
options.
options
The basic idea behind urban renewal is that future tax
revenues will pay for revitalization. The City Government
draws a line around an area (the urban renewal boundary)
and identifies desirable improvements within that area (the
urban renewal plan). The city issues urban renewal bonds
to pay for the identified improvements. As property values
i
increase
iin th
the area d
due tto new iinvestment,
t
t th
the rise
i iin
property tax revenues (called tax increment) is used to
pay off the urban renewal bonds. This financing method is
called tax-increment
tax increment financing, and it is the most common
method of paying for improvements in an urban renewal
area.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 65

Gentrification
iis a mode
d off urban
b renewall which
hi h
entails up-scaling previouslyblighted areas to attract new
business and new occupants; the
Elite and their money would be
motivated to return to the inner
city
g
revitalization of blighted
waterfronts and inner cores of
industrial cities which had been
previously abandoned by the Elite
and consequently invaded by the
urban poor
Tends
T d to
t result
lt in
i Yuppification
Y
ifi ti
(e.g. condominium clusters) and
in social exclusion of lower
classes.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 66

Montreal, Quebec

Gentrification meant social exclusion : large

large--scale
demolition of slums and black neighborhoods in the 1960s
Urban Renewal through Gentrification was initially
called racist and segregationist and contributed
t Civil
to
Ci il Ri
Rights
ht protest
t t lled
db
by D
Dr. M
Martin
ti L
Luther
th
King. James Baldwin called urban renewal as
Negro removal.
Manuel Castells (1983,p.160):
(1983 p 160): Gentrification was
driven by the combined influence of gays,
Bohemians, hipsters, artists and yuppies who
wanted upscale neighborhoods with high real
realestate values suited to their lifestyles:
Single, dont have to raise a family, no need to
maintain communityy traditions,, social life in night
g
bars and cabarets, non-conventional service
occupations

Gentrification is often centerless and soul-less

as against
i t N
New U
Urbanism
b i which
hi h iis centered
t d on
reviving some traditions. Gentrification is focused
on comfort/convenience while New Urbanism is
f
focused
d on community

it
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 67

Social Protest Movements and the Rise of

Advocacy or Activist or Equity Planning

Gentrification and large-scale demolition of slums and

black neighborhoods in the 1960s gave rise to the
Advocacyy or Activitst or Equity
q y School of Planning,
g, and
the applied disciplines of community development and
conflict management
Advocacy Planning school asserts that the planning
process should take the side of the poor, the last, the
least, and the lost.
Planners should work for the redistribution of power and
resources to the powerless and the disadvantaged; to
defend the interests of weak and the poor against the
established powers of business and government.
Action Activist Mobilization
Goals are Social justice and Equity in Housing, provision
of services
services, environmental protection
protection.
Advocacy planning has both reflected and contributed to
a general trend in planning away from neutral objectivity
in definition of social problems, in favor of applying more
explicit principles of social justice
justice.
shifted formulation of social policy from backroom
negotiations (haggling among varied interest groups) out
into the open as Government and Private Institutions
are forced to face the clamor of organized community
groups
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 68

Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff (1965): father of advocacy planning, idol of
Barack Hussein Obama during Obamas community
development work in Chicago. Called for development of
plural plans rather than a unitary plan
plan, claimed that public
public
interest is not scientific but is political.
Paul Davidoff
Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) Conflict
Pragmatics or Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in
Community Organizing highlight victimization
victimization of the last,
last
the least, and the lost.
anarcho-syndicalist community-organizing and mosquito-like mass
mobilization that confronts the State and dares the State to live up to its
principles
p
but without Marxist/Maoist ideology
gy of taking
g over the
own p
State

Sherry Arnstein Eight Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen

Participation (1969)
Alan Altshuler
Allan
All D
D. H
Heskin
ki conceptt off empowerment

t (1977)
Norman Krumholtz originator of transactive planning and
became President of the American Institute of Certified
Planners
Thomas Reiner A Choice Theory of Planning
David F. Mazziotti - The Underlying Assumptions of
Advocacy Planning

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 69

Saul David Alinsky

Norman Krumholtz

Allan
H ki
Heskin

New
N Urbanism
U b i or
Neo--Traditionalism
Neo

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 70

Jane Jacobs (1916

(1916--2006)
Co-founded the movement of New Urbanism also called NeoTraditionalism
strong critic of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s which,
she claimed, destroyed communities and created isolated,
unnatural urban spaces
Wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)
one of the most influential books in planning
In The Economy of Cities (1969), Jane Jacobs asserts that
diversity in geographic concentration
concentration, not geographic
specialization, spurs urban growth. It is the diversity of
geographically proximate industries that promotes innovation
and growth. As measured by employment, industries grow
slower in cities where they are heavily over-represented. But
Cit diversity
City
di
it promotes
t growth
th as knowledge
k
l d spills
ill over
industries.
common theme of Jacobs work has been to question whether
we are building cities for people or cities for cars
Jacobs advocated dense
dense, mixed
mixed-use
use neighborhoods and
frequently cited New York City's Greenwich Village as an
Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)
example of a vibrant urban community
She prescribed that neighborhood should have mixed functions
and therefore mixed land uses to ensure that p
people
p were there
for different purposes, on different time schedules, but using
many facilities in common
Other exponents of New Urbanism: Andres Duany, Elizabeth
Plater-Zyberk, Leon Krier, Rob Krier, Daniel Solomon, Stefanos
Polyzoides Elizabeth Moule
Polyzoides,
Moule,

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 71

New Urbanism or NeoNeoTraditionalism

Traditionalism

Movement in Architecture and Settlements

Planning which sought to revive the lost art
off place-making
l
ki
abhors the patterns of Suburbanization and
Amorphic Sprawl because suburbs are
anomic (anomie)
(anomie), apolitical
apolitical, and antisocial
antisocial.
Opposes the proliferation of suburbs and
exurbs
seeks to rebuild inner city neighborhoods
around
d iimportant
t t traditions
t diti
and
d core values;
l
reorders the built environment into the form
of complete cities, towns, villages, and
neighborhoods
employs multi-use development scheme on
focal points such as waterfronts, spectacular
or distinctive settings
Festival atmosphere, ethnic settings,
bazaars and tiangges, street concerts
Pedestrianization fosters informal human
interaction that revitalizes the community

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 72

Rachel Louise Carson

(1907--1964)
(1907
first modern eco-feminist who sparked the environmental movement in the
United States
American biologist who wrote Silent Spring (1962); books title suggested a
time when bird populations are greatly reduced as a result of pesticides bioaccumulation and could no longer be heard singing in the Spring.
Principle
P i i l off bi
bio-magnification
ifi i - the
h process b
by which
hi h a pollutant
ll
b
becomes
increasingly concentrated as it moves up the food chain and builds up in the
human body over an individuals lifetime.
Carsons advocacies led to the formation of US Environmental Protection
A
Agency
(USEPA) in
i 1970,
1970 th
the E
Environmental
i
t l IImpactt A
Assessmentt S
System,
t
the Council of Environmental Quality; the Environmental Defense Fund was
created in 1967 with money from her estate (first ENGO)
testified before the US Congress and campaigned against pesticide DDT Di hl Di h
DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane
lT i hl
th
that
th t weakens
k
the
th eggshells
h ll off raptors;
t
results in bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in the food chain
Ironically Carson died of cancer in 1964 before she saw the fruit of her
labor:
In
I 1992,
1992 a panell off di
distinguished
ti
i h dA
Americans
i
d
declared
l dR
Rachel
h lC
Carson's
'
Silent Spring as one of the most influential books of the last century.
She was a superwoman who almost single-handedly alerted Americans to
the dark side of industrial technology.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 73

Environmental Planning
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 74

Ian L. McHarg (1920

(1920--2001)

The first modern Environmental Planner who

Introduced ecological planning primarily through
map overlays
l
th
thatt graphically
hi ll iintegrate
t
t
environmental information.
constraints mapping, sieve analysis, multidisciplinary suitability analyses to identify land
development constraints
Pioneered the use of environmental impact
p
statements (EIS)
Wrote Design With Nature (1969); Won US Medal
of Arts 1990
1990.
form must follow more than just function; it must
also respect the natural environment in which it is
placed
placed.
According to Ian McHarg, "the task [of design]
was given to those the engineers who, by instinct
and
d ttraining,
i i
were especially
i ll suited
it d tto gouge and
d
scar the landscape and city without remorse."

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 75

Ian L. McHarg built the foundations for

Geographic Information System (GIS)
Land Ownership/Conservation
p/
Lands
Transportation Network
Land Cover
Agricultural Soils
Surface Water
Topography
Orthoimagery
Geodetic Control

Manual Sieve Mapping was popular before the full

d
development
l
off GIS and
d GPS in
i 1980s
1980 at MIT
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 76

Six Evils of Industrial Cities

1. Overcrowding and Traffic-Congestion
2. Pollution & Urban Heat Island Effect
3. Waste and Environmental Decay
4 Amorphic
4.
Amorphic Sprawl
Sprawl or Scattered
Scattered Development
Development
5. Leapfrog Development or Checkerboard Development
6. Economic Polarization resulting in Mass Poverty and Urban Blight
in Primate Cities
Settlement patterns are dysfunctional, ugly, monotonous
Residents live in perceptually undifferentiated areas, many are
centerless and borderless, without a soul.
People are abandoning or moving away from historic inner
inner cities
but going to places which are not better. This is called the
Geography of Nowhere.
With the breakdown of human communities, people experience
b anomie
urban
i the
th person is
i so overcome b
by ffeelings
li
off
anonymity like a nameless, faceless statistic (Dr. Herbert Gans)
Meaninglessness of life leads to a life of violence, crime, domestic
abuse and social discord.
Gans
G
criticized
iti i d architectural
hit t l d
determinism
t
i i the
th ffallacy
ll
th
thatt
architecture alone could solve the problems of poverty and civic
dis-engagement

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 77

Dr. Herbert J.
Gans, pioneer of
Policy
Policy Planning
Planning
and Blueprint
Planning

James Howard
Kunstler The
Geography of
Nowhere, The
Rise and
Decline of
Americas ManMade
Landscape.
1993

Industrial Cities are not self

self-sustaining
sustaining
Inputs

Outputs

Energy

Solid wastes

Food

Waste heat

Water
Raw
materials

Air pollutants
Water pollutants
Greenhouse gases

Manufactured
goods

Manufactured goods

Money

Wealth

Information

Ideas

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 78

N i
Noise

Industrial Cities as Urban Ecosystems

Urban ecosystem is a biological
community where humans
represent the dominant or
keystone species and the built
environment is the dominant
element controlling the physical
structure of the ecosystem.
In contrast to natural
ecosystems, the urban
ecosystem is not self-sustaining
and relies to extracting
resources from its hinterland.
hinterland
It is dominated by humans in
high-density formation and in a
manner shaped by nonbiological factors:

Cut-throat Economic Competition

Social complexity -- dynamic and
heterogeneous
Authority structures to impose
Law and Order in a
heterogeneous

Flows of people, capital,

information. across urban
boundaries
Resource flows into urban
areas across urban boundaries water, food and other natural
resources, building materials.
(influence on region and
b
beyond)
d)
Waste flows (solid, liquid, airborne, including hazardous
wastes) - influence on wider
region and beyond, and on
global cycles
g
y
and systems
y

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 79

79

92
92

33
33

85
85

29
29

Rural Suburban Commercial

residential

Downtown

Urban
Park
residential

Suburban
residential

Rural
farmland

Ambient temperature
p
is highest
g
at the
Central Business District
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 80

La
ate afternoo
on tempera
ature ((C)

Late
e afternoon
n temperature ((F)

Urban Heat Island Effect

Megalopolis
g p
term byy Jean Gottmann
Sprawling Metropolis with more than 10
million population
Hyper-Urbanization or Over-urbanization
means that the rate of population growth in
g
exceeds the increase in the
megacities
capacities of nature (carrying capacity -food,water,air,land) and the caring capacity
governments/LGUs to mobilize resources
of g
and personnel to address peoples problems.
It is also related to the phenomenon of Urban
Primacy occurs mostly in Third World
countries where a large metropolis enjoys
extraordinary share of a countrys population,
resources, and investments by reason of
hi t i l or political
historical
liti l precedence.
d
Urban Primacy exemplifies the economic
polarization of a country.

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 81

False Urbanization

refers to the unexpected large-scale migration of

rural people into urban areas even though
factories and urban firms have yet no available
employment for unskilled labor force with low
education. This can happen in big or small cities.

Hyper--Urbanization: Megacities of the World

Hyper

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 83

Premature Urbanization
Forced or Premature
U b i ti occurs as the
Urbanization
th main
i
result of land conversion wherein
prematurely
y developed
p
rural land is p
for urban uses an irreversible
change in land use -- even though
the populations meant to use or
benefit from such urban land are
not yet present.
If you build it, they will come,
catchline from the 1989 Kevin
Kostner movie Field
Field of Dreams
Dreams
Uncontrolled Urban Sprawl

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 84

What makes a city different?

Spa a p
Spatial
proximity
o
y
Infrastructure
Historical association
Concentration of socio-economic activity
C t
Centres
off creativity
ti it
Social practices and the built environment

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 85