( )

Speaker ()

listener ()

Over there ()

= this (thing)
= that (thing)
= that (thing over there)
,, and cannot stand alone; they
have to be followed by a noun in a sentence.
This umbrella is expensive.

That book is mine.

( )
= this
= that
= that (over there)

and
= which
= which (thing)

,, and can be a topic in a sentence

even by just themselves; thus, they can be
immediately followed by the topic marker .

Both and (thing) are followed by the

subject marker if they are the subject of the
sentence.

This is a pen.

That is meat.

Which is Marys bag?*

Again, just add the question marker if you

want to change it into an interrogative
sentence.
Is this a pen?

Is that meat?

The answer would depend on the point of

reference.
(Speaker) Is this meat?

(Listener) Yes, that is meat.

(Speaker) What is that (over there)?

(Listener) That (over there) is a hat.

*Both translations are acceptable. Notice that

the first sentence uses the particle to mark
the subject in the sentence; in the second
sentence, the topic is
which is followed by the topic marker , while
is part of the predicate.
Which is Roberts watch?

Which vegetable is delicious?

Which bicycle is yours?

( )
= here
= there
= over there

= where

,, and are used to tell the

location of a person/thing. These must not be
confused with ,, and that refer to
the structure itself.
What is that (over there)?

That is a bank.

Where is the bank?

The bank is over there.

(person/thing)
(person/thing) = whose (person/thing)
Whose bag is this?

That is Sues bag.

Whose mother is that?

That is my mother.

Topic Marker
is changed to when the topic is different,
but the predicate is the same. stands for
too or also.
Mary is a student.

Takeshi is also a student.

Takeshi is Japanese.

Ken is Japanese, too.

Negation of Nouns

Noun +
Noun +
Noun +
All three may be used, but is the
required form in the whole Basic 1 course.
Simply place after the noun that
you want to negate.
Not a student

Not a dictionary

There is no need to use after negating a

noun in a sentence. is equivalent
to ; thus, adding at the end of
a sentence would make it redundant.
Mary is not a student.

This is not a dictionary.

Use of and
is added at the end of a sentence to seek
confirmation or agreement. It could stand for
right?
Mr. Lee, your major is literature, right?

This pork cutlet is delicious, dont you agree?

That is not a Japanese newspaper, right?

, on the other hand, is used to assure the

listener of the information provided. It could
stand for Im telling you Be careful when
using it.
In case youre wondering, Mr. Smith is British.

I tell you, this is not fish.