Building Materials 23 Table 17 Properties of Fabric Praneny PYC casted PYFE Comted Siieane Coated Neoprene Coated Conversion to Polyester Fabrie Glass Fabric Giase Fabric Nylon Fabre change fram Imperial units Sowcle Gaviyof Fabric 1.38 255 255 at Weight of Fabric Yarn KN/m? 13.5 250 250 n2 6.35 tot! Short Term Tnsie Suength 1100 18002400 1500-2400 500.960 45 tri of FabieYon Nim Tenacity Nyter 080 120 1410 095 ote: ¢ toe it the” < short om sang to inst ‘weight in goal Gena into of abe aes . eof yorn ane a treks iste Modus of Fabric 14 65 6s 6 18 hos ‘am iNet lo Modulus Linear 12 30 30 5 Dense ot Fabie toe Wight ofa Typical Fabric ——_8(0.7men tick) 18¢tewn tik) 11 (0.9m thick) 110 8men tes) 301 ont Nim Shar Ter Tena Stonath of Fae 8/80 width ‘war ection 1800¢0.7mm thick) '8500(tmm thick) 1500(0.4mm tick) 2000(0,8rm thick) 0.116 t/a ee (Fal) ection 1700 3800, 5000 1800) ong Torm Tensile Stongth 0 os os of Coated Fabre (2 yeas) ‘nr continuous lone 38 operon of sere Suen Tea Srangth of Fabric N . Warp recon £200(0.7mm thick) 270 (3m tick 400(08mm thick) 500(08mnvthick) 0.225% st (Fil) rection 350 350 : 250 700 longsion ot Fabric i: Ma drecvon 1 5 5 28 “hit (FN ection 20 7 5 2 ‘heer Stength of Fave sal 48 0(1-m) : small 0225 15° ices . : 6) ——tetweon lta Seopa a Soutmn coun cwshing (h/¢>6) between horzonta Crushingihia'<6) —laeatsuppons: wallmay Benaing leo hove vert Ioerat suppor Mssony wa aera ts ane tee butingand hie ira inane | Aintree and . 622 20-38 Bening 2 is ventcatdstanco posvessed movony FER VES wee h bowoen herzental +e also havo vertical lateral Table 1.8 continued F Horizontal Beam and Slab Elements - Floors Masonry Eloment Section and ‘Typical Depths (cf) ‘Typical Spans (2) Typical Critical Factors for Plan rm) (ay (em) oy ue Siting/ Remarks sn ach on feellee I] soa 28 as wa 2000 sang or eating PRES Pt fom taede a gute ; +e Fo Sov wen oon 12.28 an 18-40 10.46 Detection and split: i ‘ BencingBuilding Materials Table 1.2 continued Horzontal Beam and Siab Elements = Roots Section and Typical Depths (¢) Typical Spans (4) Plan (rm) 9) (=) Gh} a GD eH ees een ae Mascara SE ys0o 3.24 3.50 25.160 ‘aus ang domes 4 « oN soto 26 5.40 16:20 Typical ua 20-120 30-60 30-60 3 Masonry Chivcat Factors for Sking/ Remake Bending at edge of sol ‘Shall has funicular Feinfocemont may be Bending or crexing ‘Auch nes toneslae ‘shane for fond cu Lin rava about § Domes hove boon ult spanning vp to 40m 20m Vaults built at high evel requebutversee32 Table 1.8 continued Wall and Roof Systems Building Materials Table 1.8 continued ee ote I eer ee a TH i BEd y - in ith in 7 Lt Lower neigh parm hghor value of Li Wind tres ae lower on towers of eeu secnon Below Ground Elements Masonty Element Seaton Typical Heights (#) Typical ——-Remams (m) o) Hid =a] einforad _mesony 16 320 1015 Walt made of reinrced hotlow blocks oF units wih retaining walt a reinforced concrete pockets: 4) about Ho aH =a ‘ orony sable ig 1 s10 12 Aube rasan lock was nly mre onan than teste thick mass concrete retaining wallBuilding Materials Table 1.9 Honzantal and Vertical Suppont Elements Typical Heights (m) hd between Critical Factors Wertz Section a “a Cote Suppers _ fer Sina casvan-pace coher t= ceacoer 77% wr OS ee as Enutingtvd>10) fate beans res Cumnemecioy wheeas as wate He Been ere asm con. pen wat 2 ez teas tea — ot Corortion mato tle t= . es eo toss coining tun ie thse = mh Dern Se rmcincom PAO i nal oy TTT A ze 2s 15.30 Bucking ana avery of righ alte Sutter toe en e20 frunbng(nvd=0) inane vole ih Gunenmiscia) perm coves t Connections pect dining a 025 Seong Sot Comers Manalng sees ect tap ant “a 1205 ie aning sess Poneto sor “ wx sas sucha hresssing tes 9 lomo ™ BO Sino nia oes fcans comoe fy a wanted ste nso mon(ne ay seid sab nlreed + prsvessed Reinlorced two-way ra we Oncowoy sidbed se SET te {on is) eters Two-way walt sab infos prostessed Feinlotced one-way joist wth hallow Docks (lr blocks) fe Typical (mm) 100.250 125-200 100-250 225-600 300-850 350-650 450.650 150.200 ie} 9.28 sae 14.28 1825 Horizantal Seam and Slab Flements « Typ (ra) an 0.18 9.15 2022 a7 Floors 20:35 2080 36-72 10.22 Typicat ue a sas 23.95 18.26 30.38 18.24 25.22 20.8 Building t laterals Cone conics te Sizing’ Remarks Bending Sion supported sins of Lid in owen ange Bending Sunsbie lor hese Esters Detieenon Boncing Shes sapane wth ight 09 Dimensions 4. onde ae bslow Detection Bending Form moulds of stan ord size availabe More eosty. 10 for, than ibbed stb Dimensions for 2 10 100-2007, $b ae 200-1800mm, ‘care 60-100em oproxsmataly Sensing Smal holes inthe ose fnsliymade forcericesitding Materials ‘Table 1.9 Continued Horizontal Beam and Slab Elements - Floors 25 en Section and Pan Type! Depths (2) Types! Spon (1) Typical Gil Factors for Co Gd © te ue Stangy Remrte fax sah widow dap fan (oe) "i i 125209 58 a 1525 aa ——_Shanround columns ened wos 8 bio 3038 loro Computed beam and . ‘pin and tomcat tees fans wih tenance . Soca rsa su2 sut0 1525" nas shane ect pons 8a fate Hous fou utes Sunang Dimonson 8 tout fBania bs footed eLdeam ators so0700° 15.2858 15801820 as ua anced ‘Sear soos 122 Steg) 20.39 sout Sm gna San aes teen foo. Set nore bene hve te owe wes of Ldn then ange ens Datecion "oa soso 1425 gz, moda Banang sansa Bess 122o Shs Som 202 int ee hohe lites ‘Smoly support ‘beams hove the lower ‘oven ange DBimansion 2 i about 5001200 mimBuilding Mazer Horizontal Beam and Slab Elements - Floors Typicat Depths (¢} “Typical Spans (1) Typiea! Gum) ‘eat os , Le 300-500 17.20 10.45 2050 35-40 Live oad Detiction liecwon than fu rostered oor Panialy —presvessee {ib b0d Hoot flock ana ost Noor : Je [i]t ss20 ee 37 10-22 20-35 ening Block and jst 2 a Invpace topping 50 ri 76 mm tek, rrocest pusteseg ¢2 SS © 100.208 8 8 3545 we las detection pane Loop Bening V7sinm doen ten but with ond Topeing deh. 9. a, 5075 Hoek Prssnies oom RESETS |y TATTTY soos ete 6.10 20.32 35.0 Bending cote sab Lunt Joists are recast but have castin-pace topping of depth. 3, 35:50mm thick (ote prasvarsed) ‘Widespan sab reinforced ro0-200 4.12 37 10.22 20.32 Benaing 100.2725 4.9 4 16.30 355 Detection Slabs ae precast wth ceaatinpace topping Sho oten pronpes ‘uring eonativetion as0-800 14-30, sas 30.60 20.30 ve lose ‘Sheor Handling senses Beams have cast-in place topping 50. “Tamm tick Prec prostersedBuilding Materials, “Table 1.9 continued Horizontal Beam and Slab Elements - Roofs Conorete Etoment Section ane Pion Typical Depths () “Typical Spans (2) Typical Citical Faeto:s for foe) oy) (ue Sixing/ Remarks Reinforced one-way 125.500 5.20 38 10:20 20-20 Detierion ie Bening feild oneonay ESARAAT fo 500.1200 20-50 os 20.45 25.0 Detection sites ¥ Shoot (oon) Banding : Demensions or fainted ewo-way A 625-1500 25-60 916 30-55, 20.25 wate t Benuing Dimensions 35 to eateed Mot sd gy «00.900 18.38, “ 15:25 2 Shes foun atone stout oo ae Detcnon Benaing botow a 100.200 48 on0 20.8 20.80 Comrosewe senath Sas) ot unt Live Toad varation hove 50-/amm esi inclace toon Prestesied double 350-800 14.30 12.25 40.80 30-25 Benaing ten Shear Hanan sess Pesvessed sglesT 7502500 30-100 15.25 0-00 30.38 Bonding and shear tam Hanatiogsveses Baars are precast bot nave 60-75iem ext inelaco (058.09 Ferioeed aerated 100200 48 2s 6.16 20.25 Bending erate sibs Shoe conned by- (mm) (in) th) lid ‘Suing/ Remarks Reinforced tovened gt nal 75.100 9.15 30.50 120-200 Cover to ass Umbra ae ce ‘ Silent hone Aeintorced typerboic 2h Be tet a 855 sate eas. Baten stn pes t based RY age veams may & Comes “aN O 75.3032 15120 $0400 ons Shot buchos a Cove oa bout 60 rm ¢ Rentoced ene yyy Hi 1512538 9-30 yo «0.80 (wie) Sng. aa Eira sou 815 pyrene ENP PETG eo msm esiria “Gorn, D ih Shot oer sree UUhrato about 19-15, Aeatored show gia ¢# Bei 00-700 12:28 10203285 25:95 —eeton 2 Benton t Comers” stitor wih skew gid. than th fd Boral to se thus allowing. tpBuilding Materials 33 Table 1.9 continued Wall and Frame Systems Benen Section and Pin Types Spans (2 Typical Remarks om ts ue Sie sve pest 1224 40402220, ointintantamamter val tcomerorabotL/A ieee oat ra S ° ‘tom comer it tare sae feats EG ares ees a Co 15-60 50-200 Arches usually continuous and fully rigid bet - tounge pots —— Tina swt tt ££. SS i 2 oz 2040 22.30 Connections between precast comonents 639 with castaneace cancrate gna areast ommanent fomierh System ward for buldings uo 10 aD0Ut 20 stovnys gh Soane wen incest ont Pee entaie aro cmngtcrtmrons Arse TIT) one cose > tn0 nr ety a 2 tr tore aa, ts bod System is inkerendy gid and used for buildings wo 10 = asses oe i] pol sysens a [ seve nin may res ed na oe ot ‘System economic up to about 15 storeys pes FEE Precast beams and i GAZ 20-40 14.18 ‘With rigid connections. system ean only go up to about 2 oor unite CeesTable 1.9 continued Wall and Frame Systems Building lement Typica! Heights (9) Tole Remates (roreye) Hw Motustorey eastin 5.15 scteys 1s. CCastin-place frames without ex versca!srasieg 2° place tomes seonomt upto about 1 storers Creravo sbovt 20-30, Srwar walle or coms 10-55 storeys 4s Shan wall or cove ntoracs with sed tomo 10 roe {Given values of height tata (4/44) lige tr wate lesz tan abut 20 storeys hgh Frames tuber ana core 20.65 0 o7 ‘Alto know a a a stn Framed tbo tects wt coe cow swuctwes win TH f 5, 10-20 storeys a2 Cove srw al tl stbity Suoonded too or SIH 7 Oiiw Only tated pan sos with suroende Hoos renngi hame |B 7 Table 1.9 continued Below Ground Elements Concrete Element Section “Typical Heights (1) Typical Remarks _ @ cy Hie fatsing wa ai 2 1012 binndon i abou 2.2012 q Tos hops to pevet sing - 14 25.20 Used for eubay, eben we mpage com 1 Ei Loading pends on 20 tye one depthBulking Materials ‘e Table 1.10 continued Horizontal Beam and Deck Elements - Roots Sie ewes ‘Section and Ekvation Tyotal Depths (2) ‘Typical Spans (2) Typical ical Facto nny = ® ue Sis Roman citlomeaisldek Any ge FF wis 28 2204070 oaecion sue dvi ol jer—e 3 2s f10 2590 shanti ‘ Good bond of inset: . orn Cin! eloeed Ed IE wi 2 ez m008Batecan awa ca cis z : Seen céotomd wo tose 51212102835 tecton Son crntT Olen ay tent mie toute ws cotter) com an ooteco 1240 5.201865 15-25 ——atcon cout oo Buesing ot Ae Lye Wgetinerotedseel ty FR, wos 4n0 eats 200 atetan ao aa Datecion Bag votag ae FTF 2, ees ates eo 660 20-200 sien L i tei Bending suena: Buekling f top fannTable 1.10 continued Horizontal Beam and Surface Elements » Roots Building Mater Section and Elevation Tyna! yok omaks tm Ue ota telesales oe 20:60 10:18 Wa bucking eum T |, poe Sheu Soe at at ri set wuss Je 1275 soa 108 ain svn Spel spacing of wes 612m a i ‘Truss cambered for spans» 26m + Sloring. rots sea 0.20 ass 0 “uss oon beh up om me AF D> | - TS Table 1.10 continued Element Section and Plan Horizontal Beam and Surface Elements « Roofs Steet Remarks ‘wort spe tome 4e bowd raced bare velt hot Typical Spon) Type wer OF a ee fot ee ee ee es | + ‘Space rome has pinned or somtigi joints and works 2 Sedimensiona roticulsted structure Plan geometry based on rectangulst, wiangusr or hexagonal eis Site of gid about 1.4h and about 512% of spon. £ betyeral ‘Vault may have single or double lyer of sector Libratio aboot 5:6Building Materials Table 1.10 continued Horizontal Beam and Surface Elements ~ Roofs ___sies foe ‘Section and Pan Tcl Spans (0) Typies! Remake _ _ eae) ue _ at |: conse eh vo nose soo.1s0 oe wi 9 tye of cl-omed cowgated shes tata onthe! with nse beeen - ate Cateye ot Go-1s0 9-509 —«10.—=—=—_—abesttouppon orion eamsandincatthe tem He S teo.coo 85, Roots have single curvature (gute) shape oF syncestic Hanging cabo coot double eunature (saucer) shape fe te mera ee a er en ee en ples ei py ED! Sogeaver domed 50.350 sr outie-layer domes ato constucted spanning vo 13 we 200m Dowbilayer srssed 30-100 10.20 Single-tayer skin contraction possible spanning uo to about 25m shin folded plat Fate usually couse by connections o bucking 30-100 cary Stal shete ae li long the striht line generators on Doutintaer sessed {hp hp surface and sighy twisted across thoi wth skin byperboFe para ad tet 250.1000 25:30 Low Lif catio gives toot wind upit and requires ony small change i shape om at pan shape ‘Ar supsened atinlass ‘el membrane46 Table 1.10 continued Frame Syste een Secon on Pon Tl Spars) ~S~SCypmal”~Cem meee ae sie oe do perp $88 20200 540m iin on te tome r I ET] i Typical spacing of ames L76-176 [ ll iif wen wo ee ee eee PON Oi Reese oaes £,3 . Seta 0 Sales bom ns ‘0 fot). 1280 fae nr ttt ow pe so vor ee on Fi™, reg tan sites cometctteae ork fi fe t.4 ute ip tome 620 mot mas seer pad teem tr on - galas teeta on aco eel 1 Wien wccne masons Tf. Spentconis ap soe 35 ses Fee a Se ac cure Serna tla ncrae sea ee y eee re Matas Shaws ad sin ol oh atte °° i ge i ie in = eon Sea eT na ie tw qtBuilding Maveriais Table 1.10 continued Frame Systems Benen Section and Pan Typical Heighs (1) Typical Remarks Gtoreys) vine i Se ws a vos RY f 1040 sory a Foes iy conc and inact wih shar wars te » Pridd Frame provides due svonthin eau - py hl] at ‘ Soa ss and gd Ww 0-60 srs 87 ona ult wae ede sdesnay tae wath bt see Foes bo + 20-00 nore 37 ‘Deep cot ne beam sho fen ae 20 hs Tope can Beove he a pried tobe w Lape Oye ws ube 60-110 stays 37 Disgorals he barca! and veal oad ae sen Table 1.10 continued = Below Ground Elements Stoo! Benent Section “Typical Spans (1) Typical Remarks oy 3) ua : Seleomgsea shes ET 28 0.2 30-50 —_Fige arches wausly mae tm gated cldtareg Faw te sts sets wtcrugatons beutS0 400% ts hd boted together wath hah vont bots Compression a shet eepends oh sana doth fo48 Building 1 Vericai Suppon Elements Horzonal and Twpcat Heights (a) nid s _ ____Vernca Section to we tree! “ee Cuedtomiated ier ae o12 15:0 sping ans fava wid = 2-3 conn crusting (hie 18) Nutr clas Eran sn smo lr feo as Seeding (n/d>18) han ose gu Sue tame wal pane a ea 2038 Evang snd bursing Sth ssshy a = cinerea fom comes wah isvaion required plywood whe shee Sok tine column Me. eae 15.20 Warping or dation Mr clumns i some teqots tw 10 ve aL ttanmnon gran Table 1.11 continued Horizontal Beam and Deck laments» Floors woos Simone Section and Plan Typical Depths (ch Typical Spans (0) Typicot Cie Factors to (remy) i tt) ue Sung? hemos role vor wT ee ~ostas aoe te 2 Seeagth i Grew dlcton Pirwood Hor decking Sm $d Ty I 12:30 05-125 03.09 3 30.40 Detlection rom ions Seen Sctwaod fos bods w2 oso 0608 22s 25.35 atcton Serna Sots wi for bod "otwoed 200-200 ~ 8:12 26 620 1220 oles fordwood foo 10 a saz 22.28 Sprang atts bow 10-600%n Gtodtoninaed ibs 80-1400 755 sa tos0 1418 etston toe - Rov do sbout3 S10 Drvert nasbiy ot nen we jit with 00.2000 20.998 150 exo Brecon wood anger na et Virsion tube diagonalssuiting Materials Table 1.11 continued Horizontal Seam and Deck Elements - Roots Woo: foe Section and Elevation Teal Tyee Span (2) Typies Ciel Factors for fa) & w Ua Sking/ Remois a oa anks id 25.75 13 26 520 45.60 Detlection wae tb Planks assumad to be: Spy proces ot! ekg to asa7s oat2 14 $0.70 olen Decingasumadio ne cnt sr ‘ 80 . 10.26 . tecren sumo ain ard ty SE tows ts eae 3085 ataion shane boc Sino suoponed ; Simonton #1 soot Sooo Teh cong wih nasu00 96.2 640 25:90 Drchngossumdiobe ts Pi Seno supe co eee ee ts i 0! oe ‘avon rT wos 49 220 20.28 atston ood oe foozs0 to $025 30.35 Saws ame 0 be hit diol suppres one tee men fe uti ‘ =olood AEs 150-300 6.12 25 e-16 tos Available tength and Rawat wow ate 38 $02 18:20 epmet woos simply suppoced 30d faring bout 2m50 Building Mate: Table 1.11 continued Monizontat Beam and Dack Elements - Roots # Element Section and Elevation ‘Typical Depths (a) ‘Typical Spans (1) Typical Cates! Factor f= (ens) wn) (oy (ny ue Sieing’ Remo: (Glusataminateauimber 180-1400, 4:30 12-100 15:20 Detection beam wiinvoot deck [| f?O T Beams assumed 1 3 ee spncing L/3-Li5 Fao ab about © ued prvend_ box 7 200-200 foes oe =” Oo i; l: ae hese web "9 Deane assumed ‘Open web joist with +t ‘500.2000 30-100 10.15 + Cas es at ty te + ; + — bo Ban tat ah 4, 190300 fess 89 summon Eos Fat top timber girdos fw 1500-3000 6mBuilding Materials Horizontal Beam and Surface Elements - Roofs Wood Section and Pan Types Spans (4 Typist Renee = _ im te) up _ siete i panel fe 9200655 Pang Raine etiooL 200 andihness ot iste pen wot = on 000 bg + rut swans SO DE ta ason 28 Shs ge beams with rt of abu 60-80 Sa or memtote aa pce | + oe awit sued 6 a0 oso a Sati dg bam Seoytieait woe : fuschia v8 sons 26 Simple consrct Prod sot (fan and wth soe onson members at bose r2400go.m20 7 Tras, dome members hive 3-way id racial ines or Iamolacurve patterns wen srojectad on plan {Conneconssami-rigd o raned ‘Sadiomnstatinber oe 15.25 50.80 7 “ypiah, embers on 2 intersecting pre amatiar ines Larsen ot makinsamond shapes when projected on plan ‘sped sectanguar 1280 40.260 5.10 Gti cere with ty panels fd hyperbolic Ratio La spout 69-20 Fesbolow) 12:30 sorco 87 Grid mbes Honda to allow shaping to cue [Shape tszonably close fo fencuar shape fr dad load aTable 1.11 contin Fig glued taminates timber tame Piywood box pons liames Plywood aor and wal panels raced frame Section and Plan YY {luas tiated wen EN bed es zt ‘Typical Spans (L) ( 40-115 124100 20-180 ~Pso.325 Frame and Wall Systems Typiea! ve 3050 18.22 20.40 Building Maroras Remarks ‘Seacng o amas about 46m {aminated fame maybe curved ano! varying dash but rote expaasive than von sagt Memes avo L/h about 5-7 Frame not rigid ae own plane £0 veneat bracing eeessay 29. with rid gables connectea 1 100! aisne Box beams nage of sot suction umber tages pase land led to plywood tide pee, seting mw Spacing of ames sbout 4:6 Morimum convene vanaporabie lenght 16.250 Arch shape fs nel funicular for moran oad care ‘rehes may have rectangular or euler pam Ratio L/h about 5-7 Enclosures wally builtin lato constucton stich vertical taming mombars ae et continuous Frame may te braced with diagnel steel rods o:plwood Danotsdeting a5 Gaphagmspuilding Materials yebie 1.12 Bement Domes etng shaped Folded plas stuctres tng shaped panels {aminated panel ‘Axonometic eee Typicst Spans (t) ay 5-20 5-20 1s 46 riieal Factors fh ‘Sizing fit, 15-00 “nes atactod by size 15-00 iL sYféted by sna Hsiao apa! 36 12.20 53 Plastics Romarks mes may ava ang o ctr Madey boing togather shaped panels Plastic panels ypcally 26mm thick bus thicker than th a edges the2or Beiter shaped panet Pancls maybe double. kin wih insulation bonwean Panels must be staged hove to overcome febity Mada fom good auaity or with 40-60%nm inslaton between skins Use for too but ain loads bearing panels an¢ for flors in 2 oF 3 soxey Dulsings of smal plan arenBuilding Mate Catia stayed sir sunperted smembeane Pneumatic tame (Grestessed tube) tobe spans spacing of cables oar stengin Shape ona ameter of tube Wind oF snow once 3 Table 113 __Surfate Eements - Roots Fabric : _ ie Typical Soni) Typical Curvatures——_CriialF Pama Element Axonomevic wy merks om et) co) for sizing aoe wnt 25-35 80-120 Radssofcunatine Surface of tent hat Teor stenginaniasticsaecot toa ispeestersee Typical preswessin~ ‘she 50 sen Prosuessdetaminedy Josds and eunatua, eee 80-100 250.328 Taarsvongih Surface of tant has Sa ota, ils shape anit acing of cables, prostsses by puling ‘dus of curatire onesies Land wind and snow Pestess in fbie sod ions esbies cetermined by toads and curate, pvevied balou Radiusof cuatro S20 of cin math Leprenheres Wind or now toss about 5001500mm of net tur Typist svrago sues in net 0.x High svengih of et sows 199 raf ‘Athioperd earirata Radius of cuvature tiation sedge ow Tear stength Suen” of matrare ‘ Wind or snow lodés hoe eyclastc (Gams) : shove at eveh point and 2000 280-325 Tear atength of Cables anchored to = fing. beam that hae 3 funev'srshspe Low rise of rat gives ‘wind wpit on i Tubes requie te dames ane hgh grt stnss