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Philippines
Listed companies: IFRS as issued by the IASB is required for all domestic
companies whose securities trade in a public market in Peru other
than banks, insurance companies and pension funds. Banks, insurance
companies and pension funds must comply with accounting standards
issued by the Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y Administradoras de
Fondos de Pensiones. Those standards are based on IFRS endorsed by the
Accounting Standards Council (CNC), and they are being implemented
gradually. To date, the CNC has endorsed IFRS as issued by the IASB up
to 2013.
IFRS endorsement
Which standards do companies follow? Listed companies other than
banks, insurance companies, and pension funds follow IFRS as issued
by the IASB. Banks, insurance companies, and pension funds, as well as
unlisted companies that use IFRS, follow IFRS as endorsed by the CNC.
The auditors report asserts compliance with: IFRS.
Modifications to IFRS: None.
Endorsement process for new or amended Standards? By Resolution
053-2013-EF/30 (11 September 2013), the CNC endorsed all IFRS as issued
by the IASB through 2013 without modification. It must be recognised
that when applying IFRS, companies apply some national legal and
fiscal requirements that might not be entirely consistent with IFRS,
such as the useful lives of depreciable assets specified in tax legislation.
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IFRS endorsement
Which standards do companies follow? PFRS, which are IFRS with
several limited modifications.
The auditors report asserts compliance with: PFRS.
Modifications to IFRS: The limited modifications made to IFRS in
adopting them as PFRS relate to revenue recognition by real estate
companies and some guidance for insurance (pre-need) companies,
banks, mining companies and recipients of government grants that is
not entirely consistent with IFRS.
Endorsement process for new or amended Standards? The process
includes the FRSC, the Board of Accountancy and the Philippine
Securities and Exchange Commission.
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Overview of IFRS
This section summarises, at a high level and in
non-technical language, the main principles in IFRS
issued at 1 January 2015. The IASB has not approved these
summaries, and the summaries should not be relied on
for preparing financial statements in conformity with IFRS.
The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
The Conceptual Framework sets out the concepts that underlie the
preparation and presentation of financial statements for external users.
The Conceptual Framework deals with:
the objective of financial reporting (which is to provide financial
information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and
potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions
about providing resources to the entity);
the qualitative characteristics of useful financial information;
the definition, recognition and measurement of the elements from
which financial statements are constructed; and
concepts of capital and capital maintenance.
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IFRS 6 specifies the financial reporting for costs incurred for exploration
for and evaluation of mineral resources (for example, minerals, oil,
natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources), as well as the
determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of
extracting the mineral resource. IFRS 6:
permits an entity to develop an accounting policy for exploration and
evaluation assets without specifically considering the requirements
of paragraphs 1112 of IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors. Thus, an entity adopting IFRS 6 may continue to
use the accounting policies applied immediately before adopting
IFRS6.
requires entities recognising exploration and evaluation assets
to perform an impairment test on those assets when facts and
circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of the assets may
exceed their recoverable amount.
varies the recognition of impairment from that in IAS 36 Impairment of
Assets but measures the impairment in accordance with that Standard
once the impairment is identified.
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Financial assets
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Financial liabilities
An entity classifies all financial liabilities as subsequently measured at
amortised cost using the effective interest method, except for:
financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss. Such liabilities,
including derivatives that are liabilities, are subsequently measured at
fair value.
financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does
not qualify for derecognition or when the continuing involvement
approach applies.
financial guarantee contracts (for which special accounting is
prescribed).
commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate (for
which special accounting is prescribed).
contingent consideration recognised by an acquirer in a business
combination to which IFRS 3 applies.
However, an entity may, at initial recognition, irrevocably designate a
financial liability as measured at fair value through profit or loss when
permitted or when doing so results in more relevant information.
After initial recognition, an entity cannot reclassify any financial liability.
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Impairment
Impairment of financial assets is recognised in stages:
Stage 1as soon as a financial instrument is originated or purchased,
12-month expected credit losses are recognised in profit or loss and
a loss allowance is established. This serves as a proxy for the initial
expectations of credit losses. For financial assets, interest revenue is
calculated on the gross carrying amount (ie without adjustment for
expected credit losses).
Stage 2if the credit risk increases significantly and the resulting credit
quality is not considered to be low credit risk, full lifetime expected
credit losses are recognised in profit or loss. Lifetime expected credit
losses are only recognised if the credit risk increases significantly from
when the entity originates or purchases the financial instrument. The
calculation of interest revenue is the same as for Stage 1.
Stage 3if the credit risk of a financial asset increases to the point that
it is considered credit-impaired, interest revenue is calculated based on
the amortised cost (ie the gross carrying amount adjusted for the loss
allowance). Financial assets in this stage will generally be individually
assessed. Lifetime expected credit losses are recognised on these
financial assets.
Hedge accounting
The objective of hedge accounting is to represent, in the financial
statements, the effect of an entitys risk management activities that
use financial instruments to manage exposures arising from particular
risks that could affect profit or loss or other comprehensive income. This
approach aims to convey the context of hedging instruments for which
hedge accounting is applied in order to allow insight into their purpose
and effect.
Under IFRS 9, hedge accounting is aligned with an entitys risk
management activities. Risk components of both financial and nonfinancial items qualify for hedge accounting. Rebalancing (modifying)
a hedging relationship after initial designation does not necessarily
terminate hedge accounting.
Hedge accounting is optional. An entity applying hedge accounting
designates a hedging relationship between a hedging instrument and
a hedged item. For hedging relationships that meet the qualifying
criteria in IFRS 9, an entity accounts for the gain or loss on the hedging
instrument and the hedged item in accordance with the special hedge
accounting provisions of IFRS 9.
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requires an entity (the parent) that controls one or more other entities
(subsidiaries) to present consolidated financial statements;
defines the principle of control, and establishes control as the basis for
consolidation;
sets out how to apply the principle of control to identify whether an
investor controls an investee and therefore must consolidate the investee;
sets out the accounting requirements for the preparation of
consolidated financial statements; and
defines an investment entity and sets out an exception to consolidating
particular subsidiaries of an investment entity.
Consolidated financial statements are the financial statements of a
group in which the assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash
flows of the parent and its subsidiaries are presented as those of a single
economic entity.
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the nature of, and risks associated with, its interests in other entities; and
the effects of those interests on its financial position, financial
performance and cash flows.
IFRS 12 applies to entities that have an interest in a subsidiary, a joint
arrangement, an associate or an unconsolidated structured entity. It
establishes disclosure objectives and identifies the kind of information
an entity must disclose in its financial statements about its interests in
those other entities.
IFRS 13 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an
asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between
market participants at the measurement date (ie an exit price). When
measuring fair value, an entity uses the assumptions that market
participants would use when pricing the asset or the liability under
current market conditions, including assumptions about risk. As a result,
an entitys intention to hold an asset or to settle or otherwise fulfil a
liability is not relevant when measuring fair value.
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IAS 2 Inventories
IAS 2 provides guidance for determining the cost of inventories and
the subsequent recognition of the cost as an expense, including any
write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost
formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Inventories are
measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Net realisable value
is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the
estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make
the sale. The cost of inventories includes all costs of purchase, costs of
conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their
present location and condition. The cost of inventories is assigned by:
specific identification of cost for items of inventory that are
individually significant; and
the first-in, first-out or weighted average cost formula for large
quantities of individually insignificant items.
When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories is
recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is
recognised. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realisable
value and all losses of inventories is recognised as an expense in the
period the write-down or loss occurs.
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IAS 17 Leases
IAS 17 classifies leases into two types:
a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards
incidental to ownership; and
an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and
rewards incidental to ownership.
IAS 17 prescribes lessee and lessor accounting policies for the two types of
leases, as well as disclosures.
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IAS 18 Revenue
Will be superseded by IFRS 15.
IAS 18 addresses when to recognise and how to measure revenue. Revenue
is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the
course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in
increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from
equity participants. IAS 18 applies to accounting for revenue arising from
the following transactions and events:
the sale of goods;
the rendering of services; and
the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends.
Revenue is recognised when it is probable that future economic benefits
will flow to the entity and those benefits can be measured reliably. IAS18
identifies the circumstances in which these criteria will be met and,
therefore, revenue will be recognised. It also provides practical guidance
on the application of these criteria. Revenue is measured at the fair value
of the consideration received or receivable.
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IAS 19 prescribes the accounting for all types of employee benefits except
share-based payment, to which IFRS 2 applies. Employee benefits are
all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service
rendered by employees or for the termination of employment. IAS 19
requires an entity to recognise:
These are all employee benefits other than short-term employee benefits,
postemployment benefits and termination benefits. Measurement is
similar to defined benefit plans.
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Termination benefits
Termination benefits are employee benefits provided in exchange for
the termination of an employees employment. An entity recognises
a liability and expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the
following dates:
when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and
when the entity recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the
scope of IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets and
involves the payment of termination benefits.
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The numerators used in the calculation of basic and diluted EPS must
be reconciled to profit or loss attributable to the ordinary equity holders
of the parent. The denominators in the calculations of basic EPS and
diluted EPS must be reconciled to each other.
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Provisions
A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount. A liability may be
a legal obligation or a constructive obligation. A constructive obligation
arises from the entitys actions, through which it has indicated to others
that it will accept certain responsibilities, and as a result has created
an expectation that it will discharge those responsibilities. Examples
of provisions may include: warranty obligations; legal or constructive
obligations to clean up contaminated land or restore facilities; and
obligations caused by a retailers policy to refund customers.
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Measurement
A financial asset or financial liability is measured initially at fair
value. Subsequent measurement depends on the category of financial
instrument. Some categories are measured at amortised cost, and some
at fair value. In limited circumstances other measurement bases apply,
for example, certain financial guarantee contracts.
The following are measured at amortised cost:
held to maturitynon-derivative financial assets that the entity has the
positive intention and ability to hold to maturity;
loans and receivablesnon-derivative financial assets with fixed or
determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market; and
financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value through profit or
loss or otherwise required to be measured in accordance with another
measurement basis.
The following are measured at fair value:
at fair value through profit or lossthis category includes financial
assets and financial liabilities held for trading, including derivatives
not designated as hedging instruments and financial assets and
financial liabilities that the entity has designated for measurement at
fair value. All changes in fair value are reported in profit or loss.
available for saleall financial assets that do not fall within one of the
other categories. These are measured at fair value. Unrealised changes
in fair value are reported in other comprehensive income. Realised
changes in fair value (from sale or impairment) are reported in profit
or loss at the time of realisation.
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The IFRS for SMEs is a small (230-page) Standard that is tailored for small
companies. It focuses on the information needs of lenders, creditors,
and other users of SME financial statements who are primarily interested
in information about cash flows, liquidity and solvency. And it takes
into account the costs to SMEs and the capabilities of SMEs to prepare
financial information. While based on the principles in full IFRS, the IFRS
for SMEs is a stand-alone Standard. It is organised by topic. The IFRS for
SMEs reflects five types of simplifications from full IFRS:
IAS 41 Agriculture
IAS 41 prescribes the accounting treatment, financial statement
presentation, and disclosures related to agricultural activity.
Agricultural activity is the management of the biological transformation
of living animals or plants (biological assets) and harvest of biological
assets for sale or for conversion into agricultural produce or into
additional biological assets.
IAS 41 establishes the accounting treatment for biological assets during
their growth, degeneration, production and procreation, and for the
initial measurement of agricultural produce at the point of harvest. It
does not deal with processing of agricultural produce after harvest (for
example, processing grapes into wine, or wool into yarn). IAS 41 contains
the following accounting requirements:
some topics in full IFRS are omitted because they are not relevant to
typical SMEs;
some accounting policy options in full IFRS are not allowed because a
more simplified method is available to SMEs;
many of the recognition and measurement principles that are in full
IFRS have been simplified;
substantially fewer disclosures are required; and
the text of full IFRS has been redrafted in plain English for easier
understandability and translation.
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