Mapping

Maps are a useful and convenient tool for presenting information

on landslide
Hazards. They can present many kinds and combinations of
information at different
Levels of detail. Hazard maps used in conjunction with land-use
maps are a valuable planning tool. Commonly, there is a threestage approach to landslide hazard mapping.
The first stage is regional or reconnaissance mapping, which
synthesizes available data and identifies general problem areas.
This regional scale (sometimes called small-scale) mapping is
usually performed by a Provincial, State, or Federal geological
survey. The next stage is community-level mapping, a more
detailed surface and subsurface mapping program in complex
problem areas. Finally, detailed site-specific large-scale maps are
prepared. If resources are limited, it may be more prudent to
bypass regional mapping and concentrate on a few known areas
of concern.
three types of general mapping
(1)Regional mapping.
Regional or reconnaissance
mapping supplies basic data for regional planning by providing
baseline information for conducting more detailed studies at
the community and site-specific levels and for setting priorities
for future mapping.Such maps are usually simple inventory or
susceptibility maps and are directed primarily toward the
identification and delineation of regional landslide problem
areas and the conditions under which they occur. They
concentrate on thosegeologic units or environments in which

additional movements are most likely. The geographical extent

of regional maps can vary from a map of a State or Province to
a national map, which delineates an entire country. Such
mapping relies heavily on photogeology (the geologic
interpretation of aerial photography), reconnaissance field
mapping, and the collection and synthesis of all available
pertinent geologic data. Map scales at this level are typically
at scales ranging from 1:10,000 down to 1:4,000,000 or even
smaller.
(2) Community level mapping
This type of mapping identifies both the three-dimensional
potential of land sliding and considers its causes. Guidance
concerning land use, zoning, and building, and recommendations
for future site-specific investigations also are made at this stage.
Investigations should include subsurface exploratory work in order
to produce a map with cross sections. Map scales at this level
typically vary from 1:1,000 to 1:10,000
(3) Site specific mapping
Site-specific mapping is concerned with the identification,
analysis, and solution of actual site-specific problems, often
presented in the size of a residential lot. It is usually undertaken
by private consultants for landowners who propose site
development and typically involves a detailed drilling program
with down hole logging, sampling, and laboratory analysis in order
to procure the necessary in for mation for design and
construction. Map scales vary but usually are about 1:600 or 25
mm(1 inch) equal to 16 m (50 feet).

Three Important Criteria for Landslide Maps

The three types of landslide maps most useful to planners and
the general public
are (1) landslide inventories, (2) landslide susceptibility maps, and
(3) landslide
hazard maps.
Landslide-inventory maps
A landslide inventory map shows the location, spatial extent and
type of landslides in a region, and records the date of occurrence
and the types of mass movements that have left discernible
traces in an area which can be identified in the field, or in aerial
photographs and satellite Landslide.
Inventory maps are prepared for multiple purposes
including:
1. Documenting the extent of landslide phenomena in areas
ranging from small to large watersheds, and from regions to
states or nations.

2. As a preliminary step toward landslide susceptibility, hazard,

and risk assessment.
3. To investigate the distribution, types, and patterns of
landslides in relation to morphological and geological
characteristics.
4. To study the evolution of landscapes dominated by masswasting processes. Imageries.

Landslide Inventory Maps are essential for susceptibility models

that predict landslide on the basis of past conditions. If these are
not sufficiently available more emphasis should be given on
expert assessment and evaluation. Therefore we need to know
where landslides happened in the past. The conditions under
which landslides happened in the past are analyzed and the
relevant combinations are used to predict future ones.
We need to understand the causal relations between landslides
and the causal factors. These conditions differ for different
landslide types, and therefore landslides should be classified into
different types.
Temporal information is essential to estimate the frequency of
landslides. Therefore we need to know when they happened.
Landslide inventories are also used to validate landslide
susceptibility, hazard and risk maps.
The generation of landslide inventories and a landslide database
that covers a certain period of time is a tedious procedure. The
methods that are considered useful for the generation of landslide inventory
maps can be classified into the following main groups

Image
interpretation
data
collected from
aerial
photographs, high resolution satellite images, or hill shading
images derived from detailed Digital Elevation Models. Also
image interpretation using multi-temporal images from

Google Earth has become a useful tool for landslide

inventory mapping.

(Semi) automatic classification of landslides from satellite

images or Digital Elevation Models.
o Based on spectral information by detecting fresh
landslide areas from multi-spectral satellite images;
o Based on altitude information by detecting landslides
from multi-temporal high resolution (LiDAR) DEMs, or
through radar interferometry

Field investigation by mapping landslide signs, scarp area,

accumulation areas, and verification of landslides mapped
through image interpretation and/or classification.

Community reporting, by interviewing local people on

locations, dates and impacts of past landslide event.

Archive studies, by studying newspaper archives, old

reports, road maintenance reports.

Figure M.1 and M.2 Represent inventory maps

Figure (M.1)

Figure (M.2)

Multi-temporal landslide map for the Monte Castello di Vibio area,

Umbria, Italy. The map was prepared through the visual
interpretation of five sets of aerial photographs flown between
1941 and 1997 at scales ranging from 1:33,000 to 1:13,000, and
field surveys in 2010. Crown areas are shown separately from the
deposits. Colors show landslides of different ages: (1) relict
landslides, (2) very old landslides, (3) landslides older than 1941,
(4) active landslides in 1941, (5) active landslides in 1954, (6)
landslides in the period 19551976, (7) active landslides in 1977,
(8) landslides in the period 19781984, (9) active landslides in
1985, (10), landslides mapped in the field in winter 2010.

landslide susceptibility map

landslide susceptibility map goes beyond an inventory map and depicts areas
that have the potential for landsliding These areas are determined by link some of
the principal factors that contribute to landsliding (such as steep slopes, weak
geologic units that lose strength when saturated or disturbed, and poorly drained
rock or soil) with the past distribution of landslides. These maps indicate only the
relative stability of slopes; they do not make absolute predictions.
Landslide susceptibility maps can be considered derivatives of landslide inventory
maps because an inventory is essential for preparing a susceptibility map. For
example, overlaying a geologic map with an inventory map that shows existing
landslides can identify specific landslide-prone geologic units. This information
can then be extrapolated to predict other areas of potential landsliding. More
complex maps may include additional information such as slope angle and
drainage

Landslide-hazad maps
describe the relative likelihood of future landsliding based solely
on the intrinsic properties of a locale or site, they are based on
the statistical analysis of landslide distribution and the identified
controlling factors and also based on variables such as rainfall
thresholds, slope angle, soil type, and levels of earthquake
shaking.
Maps usually divide the study area into zones according to
different levels of hazard to slope movement. They can also be
called landslide hazard zonation maps, old landslides are often
degraded and vegetated making their recognition difficult but this
should be attempted it is important that maps
The need for such landslide hazard information may vary
according to the future land use. The degree of landslide hazard
present is considered relative since it represents the expectation
of future landslide occurrence based on the conditions of that
particular area. Another area may appear similar but, in fact, may
have a differing landslide hazard due to a slightly different
combination of landslide conditions. Thus, landslide susceptibility
is relative to the conditions of each specific area, and it cannot be
assumed to be identical for a similar appearing area.
Even with detailed investigation and monitoring, it is extremely
difficult to predict landslide hazards in absolute terms. Sufficient
understanding of landslide processes does exist, however, to be
able to make an estimation of landslide hazard potential. The
planner can use this estimation to make certain decisions
regarding site suitability, type of development, and appropriate
mitigation measures. Thus, the planner is determining acceptable
risk.

Landslide hazard maps together with information on existing or

expected vulnerability can also be used to estimate the risk
associated with critical facilities like road and rail networks
hospitals or water pipelines such information may be used to
make decisions regarding the acceptable risk for one or more
facilities the need for relocation or the application of appropriate
remedial measures
An ideal landslide hazard map shows not only the chances that a
landslide may form at a particular place, but also the chance that
it may travel downslope a given distance
Limitations of land slide Hazard Maps
Landslide hazard maps do not predict when or exactly where
landslide will occur during a specific triggering event the hazard
zones simply represent differences in the chance off landslide
occurrence that can be expected over the long term