RF Survey and 2g Planning

History of communication
In 1870s Elisha Gary & Alexander Graham Bell simultaneously research on same topic. Both
are works on to invent a system by which we are able to Communicate with other person who is
physically distant from us. They both are successful in same and approach the patent office with
in same day. But, Alexander Graham Bell got the patent from patent office because he reached
the patent office earlier then Elisha Gray. This device in know as Telephone After getting patent
first successful experiment is done in 10 March,1876.
Evolution of mobile communication

In 1895 after the research of existence of EM radio by J. C. Maxwell, G.Marconi starts to
research on the possibility to use the EM waves as medium of information in telephone system.
In 1899 he firstly gets the wireless access across the English Channel. The first successful
reception of radio graphic signal becomes possible in 1902. The patent of Radio Telephony in the
name of Nikola Tesla & Nathan Stuffield.
Telecom Regulatory Authorities in India

Department of Telecommunications (DOT)
The Department of Telecommunications is part of the Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology in the executive branch of the Government of India. Telecom services
have been recognized the world-over as an important tool for socio-economic development for a
nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated as a crucial factor to realize the socioeconomic objectives in India. Accordingly, the Department of Telecom has been formulating
developmental policies for the accelerated growth of the telecommunication services. The
Department is also responsible for grant of licenses for various telecom services like Unified
Access Service Internet and VSAT service. The Department is also responsible for frequency
management in the field of radio communication in close coordination with the international
bodies. It also enforces wireless regulatory measures by monitoring wireless transmission of all
users in the country.
ITU(International Telecommunication Union)

The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of
the United Nations which is responsible for Information and Communication
technologies. ITU coordinates the shared global use of the Radio spectrum,
promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to
improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world and
establishes worldwide standards. The ITU is active in areas including
broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical
and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology,
UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA
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convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV

broadcasting, and next-generation networks.
The ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the
Union, as well as ITU Telecom:
Radio communication (ITU-R):
Managing the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources is at the heart
of the work of the ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R).
Standardization (ITU-T):
ITU's standards-making efforts are its best-known and oldest activity; known prior to
1992 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT (from its
French name "Comitconsultatif international tlphonique et tlgraphique")
Development (ITU-D):
Established to help spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and
communication technologies (ICT).
The ITU's mission is to enable the growth and sustained development of telecommunications and
information networks, and to facilitate universal access to the emerging information society and
global economy. The ITU assists in mobilizing the technical, financial, and human resources
required by such development. A major priority of the ITU is bridging the so-called "digital
divide" by building adequate and safe information and communication infrastructure and
developing confidence in the use of cyberspace through enhanced online security. The ITU also
concentrates on strengthening emergency communications for disaster prevention and mitigation,
especially in less developed regions
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

It is the autonomous body of telecommunication in India. The responsibilities of TRAI are make
recommendations, on a request from the licensor, on the following matters, namely:
a. Need and timing for introduction of new service provider
b. Terms and conditions of license to a service provider
c. Revocation of license for non-compliance for terms and conditions of license
d. Measures to facilitate competition and promote efficiency in the operation of
telecommunication services so as to facilitate growth in such services.
e. Technological improvements in the services provided by the service providers.
f. Type of equipment to be used by the service providers after inspection of equipment
used in the network.
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g. Measures for the development of telecommunication technology and any other matter
relatable to telecommunication industry in general.
h. Efficient management of available spectrum.
1. INTRODUCTION :
1.1
GSM FUNDAMENTALS
Brief History
The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an ETSI (European Telecommunication
Standard Institute) standard for 2G pan European digital cellular with international roaming. The
main purpose of the group was to develop a 2G standard to resolve the roaming problem in the
six existing different 1G analog systems in Europe. In 1986, the task force was formed, and in
1987 a memorandum of understanding (MOU) was signed. In 1989, ETSI included GSM in its
domain. In 1991, the specification of the standard was completed, and in 1992, the first
deployment started. By the year 1993, thirty two operators in 22 countries adopted the GSM
standard, and by 2001, close to 150 countries had adopted GSM for cellular adaptation
Frequency Bands
This GSM system is a frequency and time division system. Each physical channel is
characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number. GSM system frequencies include
two bands at 900 MHZ and 1800 MHz commonly referred to as the GSM 900 and DCS 1800
systems
For the primary band in the GSM 900 system, 124 radio carriers have been defined and assigned
in two sub-bands of 25 MHz each in the 890 915 MHz and 935-960 MHz ranges with channel
width of 200 kHz (these sub-bands are always referred as downlink as well as uplink
respectively, we will see this concept in detailed in channel concepts later in this module).
Each carrier (a total channel width of 200 KHz) is divided into frames of 8 time slots
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For DCS 1800, there are two sub bands of 75 MHz in the 1710 1785 MHz and 1805 1880
MHz ranges
GSM Services
To study any system, it is very important to know the services, which the system supports or
provides. Analog cellular systems were developed for a single application that is voice and in a
manner similar to analog access to PSTN, other data services such as fax and voice-band
modems were defined as overlay services on top of the analog voice service. GSM is an
integrated voice-data service that provides a number of services beyond cellular telephone. These
services are divided into three major categories. They are Teleservices, Bearer services and
supplementary services.
1.2 Features of GSM

1.2.1 Increased Capacity
(a) The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
(b) GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair
comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel).
(c) Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference
from cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to
Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 12 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with
analogue cellular.
(d) This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the
reuse pattern.
1.2.2
Audio Quality
(a). Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provides good
quality speech transmission.
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(b). Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be
protected against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques.
(c). In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better
than analogue.
1.2.3 Improved speed and Confidentiality

(a). GSM offers high speech and data confidentiality Subscriber authentication can be performed
by the system to check if a subscriber is a valid subscriber or not..
(b). The GSM system provides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber. Calls are
encoded and ciphered when sent over air.
(c). The mobile equipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber. The
mobile has an identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured. This number is stored
in a standard database and whenever a call is made the equipment can be checked to see if it has
been reported stolen.
1.2.4 Frequency Reuse

a. There are total 124 carriers in GSM (additional 50 carriers are available if EGSM band is
used).
b. Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 (124 X 7)
calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused.
c. The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same
time.
d. The radio carriers available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over the
whole coverage area.
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e. The pattern to be used depends on traffic requirement and spectrum availability.

f. Some typical repeat patterns are 4/12, 7/21 etc.
1.3
CELLULAR TELEPHONY
1. A cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to
another cellular subscriber.
2. Information between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio communication.
Hence the subscriber is able to move around and become fully mobile.
3. The service area in which mobile communication is to be provided is divided into regions
called cells.
4. Each cell has the equipment to transmit and receive calls from any subscriber located within
the borders of its radio coverage area
Radio
Cell
Mobile subscriber
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1.4 CELL
A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the area where radio coverage is
given by one base station. Different cells are identified by a unique number called Cell Global
Identity (CGI). In a complete network the number of cells is large.
There are a limited number of frequencies available within the frequency band specified for
cellular systems. Each operator licensed to run a cellular network, has been provided with a
number of frequencies. A cell has one or several frequencies, depending on traffic load. To cover
a country, for example, the available frequencies must be reused. The same frequency cannot be
used in neighboring cells due to interference.
Neighboring cells cant have the same frequency.
2. GSM ARCHITECTURE
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1.
2.
3.
4.
2.1
MOBILE STATION (MS)

Base station subsystem
Network and switching subsystem
Operation and support subsystem
Mobile Station
A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:

1. The mobile equipment or terminal.
2. The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
Functions of MS
The primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the air interface of
the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of digitizing, encoding, error
protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted signals. It also performs the inverse
functions on the received signals from the BS.
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
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The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card into the terminal,
the user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without the SIM card, the terminal is not
operational.
The SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to
identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some parameters of the user such as
its International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, the only element that
personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore, the user can have access to its subscribed
services in any terminal using its SIM card.
2.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS).

The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) can be
divided into two parts:
1. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station
2. The Base Station Controller (BSC).
Base Transceiver System (BTS)

1. Handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
2. Consists of one or more radio terminals for transmission and reception
3. Each Radio terminal represents an RF Channel
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4. TRX and MS communicates over Um interface

5. Received data transcoding
6. Voice encryption/decryption
7. Signal processing functions of the radio interface
8. Uplink Radio channel power measurements
Base station controller (BSC)

1. Provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS
2. External Interfaces
a. Abis interface towards the BTS
b. A interface towards the MSC
3. Monitors and controls several BTSs
4. Management of channels on the radio interface
5. Alarm Handling from the external interfaces
6. Performs inter-cell Handover
7. Switching from Abis link to the A link
2.3 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriberrelated functions.
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The different components of the NSS are described below:
2.3.1 Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)

1. Performs call switching.
2. Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
3. Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
4. Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile user
5. Inter-BSC Handover
6. Paging and Billing
2.3.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions
belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a persons subscription
information until that subscription is canceled. The information stored includes:
1. Subscriber identity.
2. Subscriber supplementary services.
3. Subscriber location information.
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4. Subscriber authentication information.
2.3.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

1. Database that contains Subscriber parameters and location information for all mobile
subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by that VLR
2. Identity of Mobile Subscriber
3. Copy of subscriber data from HLR
4. Generates and allocates a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
5. Location Area Code
6. Provides necessary data when mobile originates call
2.3.4 Authentication Center (AUC)

1. Stores Subscriber authentication data called Ki, a copy of which is also stored in the SIM
card
2. Generates security related parameters to authorize a subscriber (SRES-Signed Response)
3. Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Kc) for user data encryption
4. Provides triplets - RAND, SRES &Kc, to the HLR on request
2.3.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

1. EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment within the
network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment
Identity(IMEI).
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2. EIR has three databases.,

a. White list - For all known good IMEIs
b. Black list - For all bad or stolen handsets
c. Grey list - For handsets/IMEIs that are on observation
2.4 Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

1. Connects landline to GSM
2. Circuit switching is used.
Frequency Spectrum
GSM-900 (Channels 125 operating band 900Mhz carrier spacing 200khz spacing 45Mhz)
GSM -1800 (Channels 374 spacing 95Mhz)
GSM -1900(Used in USA)
GSM systems Uplink
Downlink
Band
Duplex
Spacing
Duplex
channels
GSM 450
GSM 480
GSM 850
450.4-457.6
478.8-486
824-849
460.4-467.6
488.8-496
869-894
2x7.2
2x7.2
2x25
10
10
45
35
35
124
GSM 900
E-GSM (900)
R-GSM (900)
890-915
880-915
876-880
374
299
2x25
2x35
2x04
45
45
41
124
174
40
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
1710-1785
1850-1910
1805-1880
1930-1990
2x75
2x60
95
80
3. GSM Identifiers:
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3.1 International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

Old IMEI=TAC+FAC+SN
New IMEI=TAC+SN
TAC:-Type Allocation Code
FAC:-Final Assembly Code
SN:-Serial Number
3.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

IMSI=MCC+MNC+MSIN
MCC:-Mobile Country Code
MNC:-Mobile Network Code
MSIN:-Mobile Subscriber Identity Number
3.3Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

VLR making the TMSI and store in the VLR
3.4 Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN)

MSISDN=CC+NDC+SN
CC:-Country Code (India 0 or 91)
NDC:-National Destination Code
SN:-Serial Number
3.5 Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

Temporary ISDN number stores in VLR and HLR use for call routing.
MSISDN=CC+NDC+SN
3.6 Location Area Identity (LAI)

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LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC:-Mobile Country Code
MNC:-Mobile Network Code
LAC:-Location Area Code
3.7 Cell Identity (CI)

It defines the different sectors of cell.
3.8Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

BSIC=NCC+BCC
NCC:-Network Color Code (0-7)
BCC:-Base Station Color Code (0-7)
4. Handover or Handoff
The process of transferring an outgoing call or data channel from one channel connected
to the core network to another channel.
4.1 Handover causes:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rx Level (Signal strength, uplink or downlink)

Rx Quality (BER on data)
O & M intervention
Timing Advance
Traffic or Load balancing
4.2 Types of Handover

1. According to Frequency
Hard Handover:-In this handover connection break before make.This handover used in
GSM.
Soft Handover:- In this handover connection make before break. This handover used
in CDMA.
2. According to Area
1. Intra cell Handover
2. Inter cell Handover
3. Inter BSC Handover
4. Inter MSC Handover
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5. Multiple Access Methods Used in GSM

Multiple access techniques are essential to allow more efficient use of the radio spectrum. 1st
generation systems used only FDMA so that a complete radio carrier was allocated to a user
throughout their call. This made poor use of the spectrum, but was all that was possible with an
analog system.
Purpose: to allow several users to share the resources of the air interface in one cell
Methods:
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
1. Divide available frequency spectrum into channels each of the same bandwidth
2. Channel separation achieved by filters:
1. Good selectivity
2. Guard bands between channels
3. Signaling channel required to allocate a traffic channel to a user
1. Only one user per frequency channel at any time
2. Used in analog systems, such as AMPS, TACS
3. Limitations on:
1. Frequency re-use
2. Number of subscribers per area
5.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

TDMA became possible with digital systems such as GSM in which the data stream
could be divided into bursts and allocated to a timeslot. By sharing access to the spectrum, the
traffic capacity of the system is enhanced. GSM uses both FDMA to provide carriers and TDMA
to share access to the carriers.
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1. Access to available spectrum is limited to timeslots

2. User is allocated the spectrum for the duration of one timeslot
3. Timeslots are repeated in frames
6. Channel Concepts in GSM

1. Physical Channels
2. Logical Channels
6.1 GSM Physical Channels
1. GSM employs both FDMA and TDMA at the Air Interface

2. Each BTS may comprise a number of TRXs, with the carrier of each TRX operating on
a different frequency (FDM)
3. Each GSM carrier supports 8 time-separated physical channels (TDMA)
4. Each physical channel is allocated to a specific timeslot on the carrier
5.A group of 8 timeslots on a carrier is known as a TDMA frame
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One burst of data (0.577 ms or 156.25 bit periods) is a physical channel. This is used via
multi frame structures to provide all the logical channels required.
6.2 GSM Logical Channels

1. Two types of logical channel are defined; traffic and control channels
2. Each is further sub-divided as shown:
1. TCH Traffic Channels

TCH/F Traffic Channel (full rate) (U/D)
TCH/H Traffic Channel (half rate) (U/D)
2. BCH Broadcast Channels

FCCH Frequency Correction Channel (D)
SCH Synchronization Channel (D)
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel (D)
3. CCCH Common Control Channels

PCH Paging Channel (D)
RACH Random Access Channel (U)
AGCH Access Grant Channel (D)
CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel (D)
NCH Notification Channel (D)
4. DCCH Dedicated Control Channels

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SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (U/D)

SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel (U/D)
FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel (U/D)
U = Uplink D = Downlink
6.2.1. Traffic Channels (TCH)

1. One physical channel (1 timeslot) can support:
2. 1 TCH/F or 2 TCH/H
3.TCH/F: 13 kb/s voice or 9.6 kb/s data
4.TCH/H: 6.5 kb/s voice or 4.8 kb/s data
6.2.2. Broadcast Channels (BCH)

BCH channels are all downlink and are allocated to timeslot zero. BCH channels include:
1. FCCH: Frequency control channel sends the MS a burst of all 0 bits which acts as a
beacon and allows MS to fine tune to the downlink frequency and time-synchronize.
2. SCH: Synchronization channel enables TDMA-Frame number synchronization by
sending the absolute value of the frame number (FN), together with the BTSs BSIC
3.BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel sends network-specific information such as radio
resource management and control messages, Location Area Code etc.
6.2.3. Common Control Channels (CCCH)

CCCH contains all point to multi-point downlink channels (BTS to several MSs) and
the uplink Random Access channel:
1. RACH: Random Access Channel is sent by the MS to request a resources from the
Network e.g. an SDCCH channel for call set up.
2. AGCH: Access Grant Channel is used to allocate a dedicated channel (SDCCH) to the
Mobile.
3. PCH: Paging Channel sends paging signal to inform mobile of a call.
4. CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel is an optional GSM Phase II implementations for SMS
broadcast messages, for example road traffic reports or network engineering messages.
5. NCH: Used for GSM Phase II voice services such as Voice Broadcast Service (VBS) or
Voice Group Calling Service (VGCS).
6.2.4. Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

DCCH comprise the following bi-directional (uplink / downlink) point to point
control channels:
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1. SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated Channel is used for call set up, location updating and
also SMS
2. SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel is used for link measurements and
signaling during a call
3. FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel is used (when needed) for signaling during a
call, mainly for delivering handover messages and for acknowledgement when a TCH is
assigned.
.
7. CALL FLOW
Call set up can be classified into two major categories, they are (i) Call From MS (Mobile
Originated call) (ii) Call to MS (Mobile Terminated call)
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8. 3G
3G is the next generation of wireless network technology that provides high speed bandwidth
(high data transfer rates) to handheld devices. The high data transfer rates will allow 3G
networks to offer multimedia services combining voice and data. Specifically, 3G wireless
networks support the following maximum data transfer rates:
1. Mbits/second to stationary devices.
2. 384 Kbits/second for slowly moving devices, such as a handset carried by a walking user.
3. 128 Kbits/second for fast moving devices, such as handsets in moving vehicles.
These data rates are the absolute maximum numbers. For example, in the stationary case, the
2.05 Mb/second rate is for one user hogging the entire capacity of the base station. This data rate
will be far lower if there is voice traffic (the actual data rate would depend upon the number of
calls in progress).
The maximum data rate of 128Kbits/second for moving devices is about ten times faster than
that available with the current 2G wireless networks. Unlike 3G networks, 2G networks were
designed to carry voice but not data.
3G wireless networks have the bandwidth to provide converged voice and data services. 3G
services will seamlessly combine superior voice quality telephony, high speed mobile IP
services, information technology, rich media, and offer diverse content.
Some characteristics of 3G services that have been proposed are:
1. Always-on connectivity. 3G networks use IP connectivity, which is packet based.
2. Multi-media services with streaming audio and video.
3. Email with full-fledged attachments such as PowerPoint files.
4. Instant messaging with video/audio clips.
5. Fast downloads of large files such as faxes and PowerPoint files.
6. Access to corporate applications.
9. Architecture
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9.1. User Equipment (Ue)

SIM+MOBILE
SIM
1. Subscriber information
2. Authentication key(Ki)
3.Algorithm
Mobile
1. Radio Functioning
2. Modulation and Demodulation
3. Coding and Decoding
4. Encryption and Decryption
9.2. NODE B
2.Spreading
3.Scrambling
4.Measurement
5.Power Control
6. Operation and Maintenance Functioning
9.3. Radio Resource Management (RNC)

1. Power Control
2. Handover Control
3. Connection Specific Functioning
4. Resource Manager
5. Load Control
6. Packet Scheduler
7. Admission Control
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9.4. Mobile Switching Centre Server (MSC-S)

1. Signaling Handling
2. Measurement Report Handling
Media Gateway (MGW)

1. Traffic Handle
2. For Call Handle
3. Data Handle
4. Video Call Handle
10.
Frequency Spectrum
2100MHz
1920-1980MHz (Uplink)
2110-2170MHz (Downlink)
UMTS Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) =12

Bandwidth=60MHz
Channel Spacing=5MHz
Duplex Spacing=190MHz
UARFCN=Bandwidth/Channel Spacing
60MHz/5MHz=12UARFCN
1 UARFCN= 5MHZ
Frequency allocation in 3G
2100 MHZ U/L (1920-1980 MHZ and 2110-2170 MHZ)
1900 MHZ D/L (and 1930-1990 MHZ)
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In this 1 carrier is of 5MHZ and U-ARFCN is 12
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

By definition, the bandwidth of a WCDMA system is 5 MHz or more, and this 5 MHz is also the
nominal bandwidth of all 3G WCDMA proposals.
This bandwidth was chosen because:
It is enough to provide data rates of 144 and 384 Kbps (these were 3G targets), and even 2
Mbps in good conditions.
Bandwidth is always scarce, and the smallest possible allocation should be used, especially if
the system must use frequency bands already occupied by existing 2G systems.
This bandwidth can resolve more multipaths than narrower bandwidths, thus improving
performance
11.
Codes
Codes
Scrambling Code
Uplink
User ID
Downlink
Call ID
Channelization Code
Uplink
1. Data
2. Signaling
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Downlink
Different Services
1. Video
2. Data
3. Voice
11.1 Scrambling Code

It is used for user identification and cell ID. These codes are used to provide security and to
avoid interference. RRM (Radio Resource Management) provides these codes.
SC-Up Link(0-511) - 512 codes (For user ID)
SC-Down Link 1 to 16 million users (To identify user)
11.2 Channelization Code

In Up Link-To differentiate data and signaling.
In Down Link-To differentiate dedicated users.
Channelization Code Tree
Range of spreading factor is from 1 to 512 (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512) But in practical 4 to

256 are used. (4-512 D/L) and (4-256U/L)
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12. Channel concept in 3G

12.1. Logical channel
Logical channels were created to transmit a specific content. There are, for instance, logical
channels to transmit the cell system information paging information or user data. Logical
channels are offered as a data transfer service by the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer
to the next higher layer. Consequently, logical channels are in use between the mobile
phone and the RNC. Logical channels are characterized by the specific content to be
transmitted: user data (DTCH), control messages (DCCH, CCCH), broadcast data (CTCH)
and cell system information (BCCH).
12.1.1 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

System information is made available on this channel. The system information informs the
UE about the serving PLMN, the serving cell, neighborhood lists, measurement parameters,
etc. This information is permanently broadcast in the downlink
12.1.2. Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Given the BCCH information, the UE can determine at what times it may be paged. Paging
is required when the RNC has no dedicated connection to the UE. The PCCH is a downlink
channel.
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12.1.3. Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Control information is transmitted on this channel. It is in use when there is no dedicated
connection between the UE and the network. It is a bidirectional channel, i.e. it exists both
in the uplink and downlink directions
12.1.4. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Dedicated resources were allocated to a UE. These resources require radio link
management, and the control information is transmitted both uplink and downlink on
DCCHs.
12.1.5. Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

User data has to be transferred between the UE and the network. Therefore dedicated
resources can be allocated to the UE for the uplink and downlink user data transmission.
12.1.6. Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Dedicated user data can be transmitted point-to-multipoint to a group of UEs.
12.1.7. Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Similar to the RACH, it is a contention based uplink channel. In contrast to the RACH, it
can be used to transmit larger amounts of traffic.
12.2 Transport channels

12.2.1Broadcast channel (BCH)
It is used to carry logical BCCH
12.2.2Paging channel (PCH)

It carries logical PCCH.
12.2.3Forward access channel (FACH)

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It is used to carry information coming from CCCH, CTCH, DTCH, DCCH from common
and dedicated control channels. FACH carries data if data is less than 60 k bps
12.2.4 Dedicated Channel (DCH)

It is the dedicated transport channel which carries the information coming from logical
DTCH and DCCH. It should be noted that one DCH may carry several DTCH
12 3. Physical Channel:12.3.1 Common Physical Channel

1. Physical Common Control Physical Control Channel
1.
2.
3.
4.
Used to carry BCCH

Power = 10% Total Power
Channelization Code(CC256,1)
Speed 30 Kbps
2. Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

1. Used to carry FACH and PCH
2. Two SCCPCH(FACH and PCH)
3. Three SCCPCH(FACH, PCH and SAB)
12.3.2. Dedicated Physical Channel

1. Dedicated Physical Data Channel
2. Dedicated Physical Control Channel
12.3.3. Synchronization Channel:

1. Primary Synchronization Channel
Time slot Synchronization
Page 30
2. Secondary Synchronization Channel

Used for frame synchronization
12.3.4.Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Used to decode the group
12.3.5. Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Indicate the mobile for paging
Downlink Channel
Page 31
Uplink Channel
Page 32
13. Handover
Page 33
Handover
Soft Handover
Softer Handover
Inter System Handover
Hard Handover
Inter RNC Handover
Soft Handover:-
Softer Handover
Page 34
IFHO
Hard Handover
Page 35
14. Call Flow in 3G
Page 36
15. 4G (LTE)
Page 37
LTE stands for Long term evolution. It is also known as 3.9G.It is Release in 2008(R8).It is
used for the only data services.
Features
1. IP based network
2. Only packet services
3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
4. E-UTRA (700MHz-2600MHz)
5. Scalable Bandwidth (1,3,5,10,13,20MHz)
6. Frequency Reforming
7. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
8. 64 QAM Modulation
16. Architecture
16.1. User Equipment (Ue)

Page 38
SIM+MOBILE
SIM
1. Subscriber information
2. Authentication key (Ki)
3. Algorithm
Mobile
2. Modulation and Demodulation
3. Coding and Decoding
4. Encryption and Decryption
16.2. Evolved node-B (e-NodeB)

2. Spreading
3. Scrambling
4. Measurement
5. Power Control
6. Operation and Maintenance Functioning
16.3. Home subscriber server (HSS)

HSS is a data base that stores the information of each and every user in the network. It also does
the authentication and authorization of the users and services provided to them. In UMTS and
GSM, the database is referred to as Home location register (HLR). In LTE, a protocol named
DIAMETER is used to exchange the information between MME and HSS on S6a interface. In
practice, HSS and HLR are combined physically so that the seamless roaming can be made
possible between different radio access networks. HSS stores the user parameters like IMSI,
authentication information to authenticate the subscriber, circuit switch properties e.g. user
telephone number and the services a user is allowed to use e.g. SMS, call forwarding etc.,
Identity of current MSC so that incoming circuit switch calls can be routed correctly, ID of MME
or SGSN which is used in case users HSS profile is updated and the changes could be notified to
these nodes(MME or SGSN) and packet switched properties such as Access point name(APN)
the subscriber is allowed to use which in turn references the properties of a connection to the
Internet or other external packet data network.
16.4. Mobile management entity (MME)

It is the node which is responsible for the signal exchanges between base stations and core
networks and between the subscriber and core network. Basically MME does not involve in air
interface matters so it is the non- access stratum (NAS) signalling which is exchanged between
MME and radio network. In brief following are the basics tasks which MME performs.
16.4.1 Authentication:
Page 39
When for the first time subscriber attached with LTE network in particular we can say when it
comes under the coverage of E-NODEB for first time then E-NODEB helps in exchanging the
information between the subscriber and MME through its S1-CP (S1 control plane) interface
with MME. Then MME which is connected to HSS through S6 interface requests the
authentication information from HSS and authenticate the subscriber. After the authentication, it
forwards the encryption keys to the E-NODEB so that the data and signaling exchanges between
the E-NODEB and subscriber over the air interface can be ciphered or calculated numerically
16.4.2 Establishment of Bearers:MME actually deals with the control data instead of the user data. For the establishment of
bearer it actually communicates with other entities of the core network (SGW and PDN-GW) to
establish a user IP tunnel between a mobile subscriber and internet. It also helps in selecting a
gateway router if more than one gateway router is there in network.
16.4.3 NAS mobility management:In case when there is no communication happening between a mobile and radio network for a
decided amount of time then any connection and resources between subscriber and radio network
are released by the network. In a same tracking area (TA) the subscriber can move freely
between different base stations without notifying the MME. It saves the battery power of the
mobile device and helps in reducing the signal traffic in the network. If there is any data arrive
from the internet for this device then MME send a paging message to every E-NODEB in same
tracking area then mobile device responds to the paging message and connection re-establishes
16.4.4 Interworking support

Whenever a mobile device is reaching the boundary of LTE then the E-NODEB decides for the
suitable cell, for the device or for the network (GSM or UMTS). MME continuously makes
communication with other core network components of GSM, UMTS and CDMA to support the
traffic
16.4.5 Handover support:There are some cases in which there is no X2 interface available between two E-NODEBs and
mobile device is going from one E-NODEB to other E-NODEB then in that case two ENODEBs transfer messages between each other through MME
16.4.6 Supporting traditional services like voice and messages:

Page 40
As LTE is pure IP network and it should be compatible to GSM and UMTS to support the voice
and other services. MME plays the role of mapping the services from GSM or UMTS to LTE.
Details of how it supports the services are provided under major services section of EPCAs LTE
is pure IP network and it should be compatible to GSM and UMTS to support the voice and other
services. MME plays the role of mapping the services from GSM or UMTS to LTE. Details of
how it supports the services are provided under major services section of EPC
16.5 Serving Gateway (SGW)

The basic function of serving gateway is to manage the user IP tunnels between E-NODEB and
packet data network gateway. Serving gateway is connected to E-NODEB through S1-UP (S1user interface) and to PDN gateway through S5-UP interface. S1 and S5 tunnels for an individual
user are independent of each other and it can be modified as required. It is connected to MME
through S11 interface which provides the function of creation and modification the tunnels. The
S11 interface uses GTP-C (GPRS tunneling protocol-control) to transfer the messages sent by
MME to SGW. Generally in the standard MME and SGW are defined independently but these
entities can be defined on a same or different network node depends on the operator choice. This
allows the wireless standardization bodies to work on the signaling traffic and user traffic
independently. This was done because the additional signaling increases the load of the
processors which processes the signaling traffic and on the other hand rising user traffic demands
the evolution of more network interfaces and routing capacity
16.6 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW):The functions of PDN-GW are as follows:
1. This is the gateway to Internet. It connects to the SGW through S5-UP interface and to
Internet through SGi interface. In forward direction, it takes user data packets from SGW and
transfer to internet through SGi interface. In back ward direction, data packets are
encapsulated into S5 GTP tunnel and forwarded it to SGW which is responsible for that
intended user.
2. PDN gateway is also responsible for assigning IP addresses to the mobile devices. This
happens when a subscriber switched ON his/her mobile device. Mobile device sends its
request to E-NODEB which uses the S1-CP and forwards to MME. MME, after
authentication, request the PDN gateway on a control plane protocol for IP address. If PDN
gateway approves the request then it sends back an assigned IP address to MME. MME
forwards it to E-NODEB and E-NODEB further forwards it to the subscriber. Multiple IP
addresses can be assigned to a single mobile device. This is the case which happens when a
subscriber is using a multiple services provided by its network operators network such as IP
multimedia subsystem.
3. It plays an important role in case of international roaming scenarios. A roaming interface is
used to connect the GSM/GPRS, UMTS/HSPA, or LTE networks of different network
operators of different countries. For example, if a subscriber has moved to another country
and wants to connect to an internet then a foreign network will query the user data base in the
home network for authentication purpose.
17. Frequency Spectrum of LTE

Page 41
18. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Page 42
1. Super codes CDMA used in all 3G variants

2. OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical
multiplexing
3. Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing
4. OFDMA already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
5. Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond
6. Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier
interference varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous received power.
Page 43
19. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology. Multiple paths improve link reliability
and increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Radio Transceiver

1. LTE supports MIMO as the base option, with multiple transmitter and receiver antennas
in a same E-Node-B.
2. Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial multiplexing)
3. MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral efficiency.
MIMO Beam forming
1. Enhances signal reception through directional array gain, while individual antenna has
omni-directional gain
2. Extends cell coverage
3. Suppresses interference in space domain
4. Enhances system capacity
5. Prolongs battery life
6. Provides angular information for user tracking
Page 44
20. Channel Concept in LTE

There are three categories into which the various data channels may be grouped.
Physical channels
These are transmission channels that carry user data and control messages.
Transport channels
The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to Medium Access Control
(MAC) and higher layers
Logical channels
Provide services for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE protocol
Structure.
20.1. Physical Channel

The LTE physical channels vary between the uplink and the downlink as each has different
requirements and operates in a different manner.
Downlink
20.1.1 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
This physical channel carries system information for UEs requiring to access the network. It only
carries what is termed Master Information Block, MIB, messages. The modulation scheme is
always QPSK and the information bits are coded and rate matched - the bits are then scrambled
using a scrambling sequence specific to the cell to prevent confusion with data from other cells.
The MIB message on the PBCH is mapped onto the central 72 subcarriers or six central resource
blocks regardless of the overall system bandwidth. A PBCH message is repeated every 40 ms,
The PBCH transmissions has 14 information bits, 10 spare bits, and 16 CRC bits.
20.1.2 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

As the name implies the PCFICH informs the UE about the format of the signal being received.
It indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for the PDCCHs, whether 1, 2, or 3. The
information within the PCFICH is essential because the UE does not have prior information
Page 45
about of the size of the control region. A PCFICH is transmitted on the first symbol of every sub
frame and carries a Control Format Indicator, CFI, field. The CFI contains a 32 bit code word
that represents 1,2or3. CFI 4 is reserved for possible future use The PCFICH uses 32, 2 block
coding which results in a 1/16 coding rate and it always uses QPSK modulation to ensure robust
reception.
20.1.3 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

The main purpose of this physical channel is to carry mainly scheduling information of different
types:
1. Downlink resource scheduling
2. Uplink power control instructions
3. Uplink resource grant
4. Indication for paging or system information
20.1.4 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

As the name implies, this channel is used to report the Hybrid ARQ status. It carries the HARQ
ACK/NACK signal indicating whether a transport block has been correctly received. The HARQ
indicator is 1 bit long - "0" indicates ACK, and "1" indicates NACK.
The PHICH is transmitted within the control region of the sub frame and is typically only
transmitted within the first symbol. If the radio link is poor, then the PHICH is extended to a
number symbols for robustness..
Uplink:
20.1.5 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
The Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH provides the various control signaling
requirements. There are a number of different PUCCH formats defined to enable the channel to
carry the required information in the most efficient format for the particular scenario
encountered. It includes the ability to carry SRs, Scheduling Requests.
20.1.6 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

This physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
Page 46
20.1.7 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

This uplink physical channel is used for random access functions. This is the only nonsynchronized transmission that the UE can make within LTE. The downlink and uplink
propagation delays are unknown when PRACH is used and therefore it cannot be synchronized.
The PRACH instance is made up from two sequences: a cyclic prefix and a guard period. The
preamble sequence may be repeated to enable the E-NODEB to decode the preamble when link
conditions are poor.
20.2 Transport Channel

The LTE transport channels vary between the uplink and the downlink as each has different
requirements and operates in a different manner. Physical layer transport channels offer
information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher layers
Downlink:
20.2.1 Broadcast Channel (BCH)
The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
20.2.2 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)

This transport channel is the main channel for downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical
channels.
20.2.3 Paging Channel (PCH)

To convey the PCCH
20.2.4 Multicast Channel (MCH)

This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH information to set up multicast transmissions.
Uplink
20.2.5 Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
This transport channel is the main channel for uplink data transfer. It is used by many logical
channels
20.2.6 Random Access Channel (RACH)

This is used for random access requirements
Page 47
20.3. Logical Channel

The logical channels cover the data carried over the radio interface. The Service Access Point,
SAP between MAC sub layer and the RLC sub layer provides the logical channel
20.4. Control channels

These LTE control channels carry the control plane information
20.4.1 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

This control channel provides system information to all mobile terminals connected to the ENODEB.
20.4.2 Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

This control channel is used for paging information when searching a unit on a network.
20.4.3 Common Control Channel (CCCH)

This channel is used for random access information, e.g. for actions including setting up a
connection.
20.4.4 Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)

This control channel is used for Information needed for multicast reception.
20.4.5 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

This control channel is used for carrying user-specific control information, e.g. for controlling
actions including power control, handover, etc..
20.5. Traffic channels

These LTE traffic channels carry the user-plane data
20.5.1 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

This traffic channel is used for the transmission of user data.
20.5.2 Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)

This channel is used for the transmission of multicast data.
Page 48
PROJECT WORK
Planning of Network & Parameters Considered in Planning
Radio Planning Methodology
Overall picture
It is important to create an overall picture of the network before going into the detailed network
planning. This is the fact the main objective of this presentation.
Coverage Capacity and Quality

Providing coverage is usually considered as the most important activity of a new cellular
operator. For a while, every network is indeed coverage driven. However the coverage is not the
only thing. It provides the means of service and should meet certain quality measures. The
starting point is a set of coverage quality requirements.
To guarantee a good quality in both uplink and downlink direction, the power levels of BTS and
MS should be balanced at the edge of the cell. Main output results of the power link budget are:
1. Maximum path loss that can be tolerated between MS and the BTS.
2. Maximum output power level of the BTS transmitter.
These values are calculated as a result of design constraints.

-
BTS and MS receiver sensitivity.

MS output power level
Antenna Gain
Diversity reception
Losses in combiners, cables etc.
Page 49
The cell ranges are derived with propagation loss formulas such as Okumara Hata or Walfisch
Ikegami, which are simply to use . Given a maximum path loss, differences in the operating
environment and the quality targets will result in different cell ranges.
The traffic capacity requirement have to be combined with the coverage requirements, by
allocating frequencies. This also may have impact on the cell range.
Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site configurations, antenna and cables in the core of the coverage planning
strategy. The right choice will provide cost saving and guarantees smooth network evolution.
Some typical configurations are

- 3 sector site for (sub)urban areas
- 2 sector site for road coverage.
- Omni site for rural areas.
These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on careful analysis.
Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configurations, the cell ranges can be determined given the equipment losses and
gains. The site coverage areas can be calculated then and these will lead to required number of
sites for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the cost, eg.-Per km 2 to be
used for strategic decisions. After getting the overall picture, the actual detailed radio network
planning is done with a RNP tool.
Radio Planning Methodology

-
Marketing specifications
Define design rules and parameters.
Set performance targets.
Design nominal cell plan.
Implement cell plan.
Produce frequency plan.
Page 50
Optimize network.
Monitor performances.
Methodology Explained
Define design rules and parameters
-
Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently

Acquire software tools and databases
Calibrate propagation models from measurements.
Set performance targets

-
Clear statement of coverage requirements (rollout and quality)

Forecast traffic demand and distribution.
Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels.
Design nominal cell plan

-
Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage an d capacity targets.

Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements
Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design.
Estimate equipment requirement and cost.
Develop implementation and resource plans (including personal requirements)
Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning.
Implement Cell plan

-
Identify physical site locations near to nominal or theoretical locations, using search areas.
Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced with physical sites
Modify search areas in accordance with evolving network.
Produce Frequency Plan

-
Fixed Cluster configuration, can be done manually.

Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic tool.
Optimize the network

-
Campaign of measurements
Analyze results
Page 51
Adjust network parameters such as : antenna directions, handover parameters, and

frequencies.
Expand the network

-
In accordance with rollout requirements

In accordance with forecast traffic levels
To improve coverage quality.
To maintain blocking performances.
RF Planning Process
Understand the Customers requirements
-
Coverage requirements
In building coverage experiments
Initial Roll out plans
Pre determined number of sites
Survey
-
Traffic Distribution and Pattern

Growth areas
High density business/ residential areas
Propagation tests for in building coverage estimates and model calibrations
Prepare Planning Tool

-
Get Digitized maps

Load maps in the planning tool.
Use survey data and run the program.
Draft Plan
-
Divide the city into number of regionsBusy business areas

Areas that need excellent in building coverage areas
Use appropriate model and link budgets to calculate the number of sites required per
region.
Fine Tune plan

-
Perform more with drive test, confirm plan predictions.

Review plan with customer and fine tune the plan.
Understanding Customer Requirements

-
What are the boundaries for the network ?
Page 52
Are there any special pockets to be covered due to Govt. requirements ?

What are the areas in which medium to average in building coverage is acceptable ?
What are the areas where excellent in building coverage is needed ?
Areas with high growth potential
- Need colonies under development
- High revenue areas
- Shopping malls, offices complex, industrial estates etc.
Initial Implementation Strategy

-
High usage, high revenue users first?

High end residential and business areas?
Street coverage first?
Special areas like 5 star hotel, commercial building with fine in building coverage?
High way coverage critical?
Total coverage on day one?
Number of sites more than the competition?
Any Budget Limitations

-
Give an ideal plan to start with.

Let the customer cut corners.\
RF Planning Surveys
City Surveys
-
Basically a scouting exercise looking for :- Major traffic routes

- Markets
- Business Centers
- Shopping malls
- General customer behaviors
- Telephone density
- Congested areas with narrow lanes
- Narrow water canals/lakes/ponds
- General city layout
- Prestigious residential areas.
- VIP areas
- Parks/ playground/open areas.
- General Building types.. Multistoried, Row houses, apartments, colonies etc.
- Airport coverage
Page 53
In building Coverage Surveys

-
Classify BuildingsHotel/restaurants
commercial
Industrial
Residential
Shopping malls/markets
Propagation tests in a number of buildings in each variety.
RF signal on road Vs. inside building gives building penetration loss.
Repeat tests in as many buildings as possible to get an estimate of building loss for the
area.
- In building coverage affected mostly in ground floor/basement
- Typical values (examples only) :
> Hotel restaurants
15 dB
> Commercial buildings
20 dB
> Shopping mall
15 dB
> Industrial Estates
12-15 dB
> Residential buildings
15-20 dB
> Old/Historical buildings
25-30 dB
RF Propagation Test Kits
Battery powered Transmitter.
10 or 20 Watts output : frequency in GSM

900/1800 Mhz.
Portable mast
Adjustable up to 5 m. With 1 m antenna on top,

effective height above ground is 6 m.
Transmit antenna
High gain Omni or directional antenna as required
Receiver TEMS mobile
Hand held mobile phone with RS232 connection to

a laptop. Or an accurate portable RF sensitivity
meter / CW receiver if model calibration is
required.
Positioning system
GPS system, with PCMCIA card
Page 54
Computer
Laptop PC with TEMS software and GPS software
Cables accessories
Calibrated cable lengths (10 m) of low loss feeder

with known attenuation values; 12 Volts battery
with appropriate cable to connect to transmitter.
Power meter, VSWR meter.
RF Planning Tool
Planning Tool preparation and Model Calibration
There are many planning tool available today :
-
PLANET (MSI)
Cell Cad (LCC)
Odessy (Aethos)
Asset (Aircom)
NetPlan (Motorola)
Genex Probe (Huwaei)
A planning tool Should be

-
Easy to use
Compatible with tools like TEMS
Minimum hardware requirements.
Economical.
Maps collected from authorized sources

-
1:50000 or 1:25000 scale

50 m resolution for macro
Less than 30 m resolution for Micro cell planning using Ray tracing Tool
Maps are digitized under 3 categories

-
Land Use
Digital Terrain Map
Vectors (Roads, Railways, etc.)
Planning Tool preparation and Model Calibration

-
Most Planning tools use corrections for the land use or clutter.
Propagation Model tuned by assigning the values to
- Clutter factor (Gain or Loss due to clutter )
- Clutter Heights (for diffraction modeling)
Page 55
Different types of clutter are defined in these models/ tools

-
Dense Urban
Urban
Suburban
Suburban with Dense Vegetation
Rural
Industrial area
Utilities (marshalling yards, docks, container depots etc. )
Open area
Quasi Open Area
Forest
Water
Planning Tool preparation

-
DTM
i.
ii.
Provided by the map vendor

Provides contour information as a digital map.
Vectors
i. Highways
ii. Main Roads
iii.
Railways
iv. Canals / water ways.
v. Coast line
vi. Rivers.
Each categories is digitized as different layer
Displayed separately if required
Map information is set up in the planning tool.
Model calibration carried out.
Model Calibration
-
All tools have provision for manipulating clutter values.

Different tools have different directory structures and means of handling geographical
data.
The procedure mainly talks about ensuring correct data header files to include.
- BTS location
- EIRP of BTS
- Antenna Type
- BTS antenna height
- Description of surrounding area.
Procedure uses a general core model equation :
- The equation has constant k1 to k6 and a constant of clutter, clutter
Page 56
Initial values for the constants are set as per the model chosen (say Okumara
Hata)
PLANET program is run repeatedly to make RMS error values for all data files
ZERO or a minimum.
For each run of the program, the values of k1 to k6 are manipulated.
This completes model calibration.
SURVEY PHOTOS
Page 57
MAGNETIC COMPASS
Survey was done in the steps as shown in following pictures.

Antennas angles or sectors
1ST SECTOR
SECTOR
2ND SECTOR
Page 58
3RD
0 DEGREE
60 DEGREE
90 DEGREE
150 DGEREE
30 DEGREE
120 DEGREE
Page 59
180 DEGREE
240 DEGREE
270 DEGREE
330 DEGREE
210 DEGREE
300 DEGREE
Page 60
Tower location and nearby building
Page 61
RF -Planning in ATOLL
Page 62
Page 63
Page 64
Page 65
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Page 68
Page 69
REFERENCES
[1] Tushar Saxena and Rahul Raj RF survey and Drive test: the very first step towards
network planning, conference proceedings, ICRTC-2013.
[2] Jahangir khan, Handover management in GSM cellular system, International Journal
of Computer Applications (0975 8887) , Volume 8 No.12, October 2010, pg 14-24.
[3] Purnima K. Sharma, R. K. Singh, Cell Coverage Area and Link Budget Calculations in
GSM System, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.2,
Issue.2, Mar-Apr 2012 pp-170-176.
[4] G.Fischer, F.Pivit, W.Wiebeck, Link Budget comparison of different Mobile
Communication Systems based on EIRP and EISL, Advances in Radio Science (2004)
2:127- 133.
[5] Dr. S. A. Mawjoud, Evaluation of Power Budget and Cell Coverage Range in Cellular
GSM System AI-Rafidain Engineering vol.16 no.1, page no.37-47 in 2008.
Page 70
[6] Dinesh Sharma, Purnima K. Sharma, Vishal Gupta, R.K.Singh, A Survey on Path Loss
Models used in Wireless Communication System Design in IJRTE Vol. 3, No. 2 in 2010.
[7] Purima K Sharma, R.K.Singh, Comparative Study of Path loss Models depends on
Various Parameters, in IJEST Vol.3 No.6 in June 2011.
[8] GSM System Survey by ERICSSON Retrieved 2010-11-28.
[9] Wireless Concepts by ERICSSON Retrieved 2013-01-09.
[10] www.electronicsforu.com
[11] www.slideshare.net
[12] www.nsgroupllc.com
Page 71

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History of communication

Evolution of mobile communication

Telecom Regulatory Authorities in India

ITU(International Telecommunication Union)

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

1.2 Features of GSM

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

1.2.3 Improved speed and Confidentiality

1.2.4 Frequency Reuse

e. The pattern to be used depends on traffic requirement and spectrum availability.

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

MOBILE STATION (MS)

A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

2.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS).

Base Transceiver System (BTS)

4. TRX and MS communicates over Um interface

Base station controller (BSC)

2.3 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

UNIERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PATIALA

The different components of the NSS are described below:

2.3.1 Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)

2.3.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

4. Subscriber authentication information.

2.3.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

2.3.4 Authentication Center (AUC)

2.3.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

2. EIR has three databases.,

2.4 Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

GSM systems Uplink

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3.1 International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

3.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

3.3Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

3.4 Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN)

3.5 Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

3.6 Location Area Identity (LAI)

3.7 Cell Identity (CI)

3.8Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

4.1 Handover causes:

Rx Level (Signal strength, uplink or downlink)

4.2 Types of Handover

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5. Multiple Access Methods Used in GSM

5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

5.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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1. Access to available spectrum is limited to timeslots

6. Channel Concepts in GSM

6.1 GSM Physical Channels

1. GSM employs both FDMA and TDMA at the Air Interface

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6.2 GSM Logical Channels

1. TCH Traffic Channels

2. BCH Broadcast Channels

3. CCCH Common Control Channels

4. DCCH Dedicated Control Channels

SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (U/D)