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one end open with variable axial and flexural support, under lateral load
Rodney Pinna
The School of Oil & Gas Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
ABSTRACT: Cylinders with open end simply supported and open and unsupported (SF boundary conditions)
have buckling loads which are lower than those of cylinders with more usual boundary conditions. SF cylinders also have collapse loads which are above their eigenvalue buckling load. This work examines the effect
on the buckling and collapse load of varying the axial and flexural restraint at the closed end of the cylinder,
for lateral load conditions. It is shown that as the restraint at the supported end is increased, the eigenvalue
buckling load increases, while the collapse behaviour of the cylinder reverts to a more typical cylindrical shell
behaviour, with the collapse load being sensitive to the presence of imperfections in the initial geometry.
Cylinders with one end open and the other end simply supported have been shown (Pinna, 2003) to
have behaviour which is relatively unusual. The
buckling load of shells with these boundary conditions may be considerably lower than that of cylinders with more typical boundary conditions, however, more unusually, the collapse load of such
cylinders may be above their eigenvalue buckling
load.
One such system where such boundary conditions
may occur is that of the suction caisson. These are a
form of foundation system used for offshore structures (Pinna, 2001, Tjelta, 2001). These essentially
consist of a cylinder, with one end open and the
other end closed. The closure may range from a very
stiff top plate, typically employed when the caisson
is used as a foundation for a jacket structure, to a
much more flexible structure, when the caisson is
used as an anchor for a catenary mooring system.
In the first of these cases, the boundary conditions
on the closed end of the cylinder may be approximated by a fully built in end. In the later case, the
restraint at the open end will be somewhat less and
will tend towards a simple support as a lower bound.
The major attraction of the suction caisson is the
ease of its installation. Installation is essentially a
three step process:
The caisson touches down on the sea bed
The caisson penetrates the seabed under self
weight, this typically penetrates the foundation to
between 5% and 30% of its length
1.E+02
SS cyl.
kh
1 INTRODUCTION
1.E+00
SF cyl.
Plate
solution
Long shell
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+01
1.E+03
1.E+05
1.E+07
Z
Figure 1. Comparison of buckling loads for SS and SF cylinders against standard solutions.
w = 2 w x 2 = N xx = N x = 0
S2
w = u = 2 w x 2 = N x = 0
S3
w = 2 w x 2 = N xx = v = 0
S4
w = 2 w x 2 = u = v = 0
(1)
inder with Z=100. This represents a cylinder of intermediate length. For all cylinders, r/t=100.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Bifurcation analysis
Bifurcation buckling results from the present analysis are shown in Figure 2, for varying amounts of axial restraint, and in Figure 3 for varying flexural restraint . It may be seen that in both cases, increasing
the restraint at the closed end results in a significant
increase in the buckling strength of the cylinder.
Both graphs show three results: the result for the
SF cylinder with varying restraint, and the solutions
for a SS and CF cylinder. The solutions for all these
cylinders are expressed in terms of the buckling coefficient, which is related to the buckling stress by:
16.00
L2 h
h
2D
(2)
SS cylinder
12.00
kh
kh =
8.00
CF cylinder
4.00
SF cylinder
0.00
1.E-01
1.E+02
1.E+05
1.E+08
1.E+11
SS cylinder
kh
12.00
8.00
CF cylinder
4.00
SF cylinder
0.00
1.E-01
1.E+02
1.E+05
1.E+08
1.E+11
kh
0.639
0.639
0.639
0.639
0.645
0.699
1.065
1.603
1.910
2.074
2.124
2.141
2.149
2.150
n
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1.6
1.4
1.2
P/Pcr
1108
0.8
0.6
11012
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
wo
20
30
20
30
1.6
1.4
1.2
P/Pcr
0.8
1108
0.6
0.4
11013
0.2
0
10
wo
3.E+05
11012
3.E+05
1108
2.E+05
P (N)
tion sensitivity of the system increases as the restraint is increased. This sensitivity is also shown
in Figure 6, where the P/Pcr is plotted against the
varying spring stiffness value. The typical knockdown factor of 0.6 which is used for laterally
loaded cylinders is also plotted in this Figure.
In these plots, it may be seen that as the stiffness increases, and the eigenbuckling mode moves
away from the n = 2 value, sensitivities change
from showing a collapse load above the eigenvalue buckling load to returning to more usual
values. For large restraint, where the eigenvalue
buckling load is closer to that of cylinders with
stiffer restraint and n > 2, the sensitivity returns to
values which are typically associated with cylinders which have a lateral load component.
The collapse strength may also be plotted in
terms of the absolute load applied to the cylinder,
as is done in Figure 7. From this Figure, it my be
2.E+05
1.E+05
5.E+04
0.E+00
0
10
wo
20
30
20
30
7.E+05
6.E+05
1.6
5.E+05
P (N)
1.4
1.2
P/Pcr
3.E+05
0.8
2.E+05
0.6
1.E+05
0.4
11013
4.E+05
1108
0.E+00
0.2
0
1.0E-02 1.0E+01 1.0E+04 1.0E+07 1.0E+10
10
wo
Figure 7. Behaviour of cylinders in terms of the total lateral load acting on the cylinder. The upper plot shows
varying flexural restraint, while the lower plot shows varying axial restraint. The value next to each curve denotes the
spring constant used for the analysis. The order of the Figures corresponds to Figure 5.
1.6
1.4
1.2
P/Pcr
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.01
10
10000
1E+07
1E+10
1E+13
1.6
1.4
0.5
1.2
0.1
4 CONCLUSIONS
P/Pcr
1
0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
wo
30
P/Pcr
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
5 REFERENCES
0.2
0
0
Imperfection size w 0
Figure 9. Sensitivity of collapse load of a SF cylinder as the
initial imperfection size is varied.
Guggenberger, W. 1995. Buckling and postbuckling of imperfect cylindrical shells under external pressure. Thin Walled
Structures 23: 351366.
Hibbert, Karlsson and Sorenson. 2003. ABAQUS users manual, version 6.4. Hibbert, Karlsson and Sorenson: Rhode Island.
Pinna, R. Ronalds, B.F. 2000. Hydrostatic Buckling of Shells
with Various Boundary Conditions, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 56: 116.
Pinna, R. 2004. Buckling of suction caissons during installation. PhD Thesis. Perth: The University of Western Australia
Pinna, R. & Ronalds, B.F. 2003. Buckling and Postbuckling of
Cylindrical Shells with One End Pinned and the Other End
Free. Thin Walled Structures 41(6): 507-527.
Ronalds, B.F. & Pinna, R. 2003. Eigen buckling of cylindrical
shells in offshore structures: influence of geometry, loading
and end conditions. Structures and Buildings 156(SB2):
183-192.
Tjelta, T. I. 2001. Suction piles: Their position and application
today. Proceedings of the 11th International Offshore and
Polar Engineering Conference. New York:ASME.