PETROGRAFI

Cabang ilmu pengetahuan (geologi) yang mempelajari deskripsi

dan klasifikasi batuan dengan studi mikroskop
Identifikasi mineral dengan baik, berupa
-

Nama mineral
Tekstur internal kristal (zoning, inklusi, eksolusi)
Tekstur antar kristal mineral (ofitik, interloking,
mozaik, dan lainnya)
Tekstur diagenesa (alterasi)

Untuk kegunaan lebih lanjut :

-

Petrogenesa

Mineral Identification
MORPHOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
GRAIN SHAPED &
SYMETRY
CLEAVAGE &
FRACTURE
TWINNING
INCLUSIONS,
INTERGROWTHS,
ALTERATION
OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Polish sample: opaque minerals

Thin section : non opaque minerals

REFERENCES
Williams, Turner, F,J. & Gilbert, C.M., 1954, Petrography : An Introduction to the
Study of Rocks in Thin Sections, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 406 p.
Gill R, 2010, Igneous Rocks and Process : a practical guide, John Willey & Sons, Ltd,
http://webmineral.com/

PRINSIP REAKSI
MINERAL
[2,3,4]
Okki Verdiansyah MT.
KULIAH PETROGRAFI STTNAS
SEMESTER GENAP - 2016

SUBJECT
1) Rock Forming Mineral
2) Metamorphic mineral index
3) Sedimentation and diagenetic

PETA GEOLOGI REGIONAL INDONESIA 1 : 10.000.000

Tectonic belt from USGS, 2012

PRINSIP REAKSI
BATUAN BEKU
[2]
Okki Verdiansyah MT

KULIAH PETROGRAFI STTNAS

SEMESTER GENAP - 2016

Igneous Petrogenesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mid-ocean ridges
Continental rifts
Island Arcs
Active continental margins
Back-arc basins
Ocean Islands
Intraplate hotspot activity,
carbonatites, or kimberlites

OCEANIC BASALT VOLCANO

SEAMOUNT INDIAN OCEAN

Adapted from Winter (2001)

Calc alkaline magmatism and the MASH process

the uniform compositions of continental arc magmas are
generated through interaction between primitive arc
magmas and the continental lithosphere, by processes
including:
Melting of crustal rocks;
Assimilation of crustal rocks;
Storage of magma in lower crustal dike/sill complexes;
Homogenization to form hybrid calc alkaline magmas.

Richards(2004)

Upper crustal subvolcanic magma

chamber formed at
basementsupracrustal contact
Richards(2004)

Creating Diverse Magma

Compositions
Processes Occurring
in the Mantle
different degrees of partial melting of the
mantle
mantle melting at different pressures (depth)
role of volatiles in lowering the melting
temperature
fractional crystallization in the mantle
melting different compositions on mantle
(fertile vs. depleted)
THESE ACCOUNT FOR VARIABLE MAFIC COMPOSITIONS (e.g. ALKALIC
THOLEIITIC), BUT NOT THE WIDE RANGE OF IGNEOUS
COMPOSITIONS OBSERVED IN THE CRUST (e.g., MAFIC FELSIC).
To explain this diversity, we need to consider other processes that
occur in the crust.

Processes that change the composition of the magma

A. Fractional crystallization and crystal settling
B. Assimilation
C. Magma Mixing

Factors controlling melting of rocks

A. Temperature
B. Pressure
C. Water content
Partially melt peridotite basalt magma
Partially melt basalt andesite magma
Partially melt andesite rhyolite magma

Crustal Processes creating Magma Diversity

Magmatic Differentiation driven by:
o Fractional Crystallization
o Diffusion-controlled Crystallization
o Volatile Transport
o Liquid Immiscibility
Crustal Melting (Anatexis)
Magma Mixing
Crustal Assimilation

Processes that change the composition of the magma.

Fractional Crystallization & crystal settling

Processes that change the composition of the magma.

Magma and early forming crystals (minerals)

Crystal size and cooling rate

the relationship of how
large a crystal can
become is determined
by the amount of time
and space allowed for a
crystal to form.
small crystals cooled
quickly
larger crystals cooled
s l o w l y
acloutier copyright 2011

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Bowen, N. L., 1928, The evolution of the igneous rocks:

Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton
University Press, 334 p.; second edition,
1956, New York, Dover.

BOWENS REACTION SERIES (1922)

(Magmatic differentiation)

Chemical Processes
* Continuous Reaction Series
Evolving of alkaline feldspar (Na- & K-feldspar)
Chemistry substitution reaction :
ionic substitution

Physical Processes
* Decreasing Temperature
(~ 1200 oC 600 oC)
* Decreasing Pressure.
Minerals crystallization.

Ca2+ Na+ K+
Evolving of silica increasing of silica.
* Discontinuous Reaction Series
Substitution reaction : Mg2+ Ca2+
Evolving of silica increasing of silica.
Sumber presentasi Godang Trapezoid, 2015

Original Document : The Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Apr-May, 1922), pp. 177-198
The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis (N.L. Bowen, 1922) Bowens Reaction Series, 1922
Discontinuous Reaction Series
Ferro-magnesian silicates minerals
Continuous Reaction Series
Alumina silicates minerals

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

CaAl2Si2O8
(Mg,Fe)SiO3
CaAl2Si2O8 (>),
NaAlSi3O8 (<)
(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3

NaAlSi3O8 (>),
CaAl2Si2O8 (<)
Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
NaAlSi3O8

K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2

Intermediate - Felsic

KAlSi3O8
* Mafic rock biotite (1% max).
~ Al2O3 (0.06%), (in biotite)
* Intermediate rock biotite (~ 3%, wt).
~ Al2O3 (0.19%), (in biotite)
* Felsic rock biotite (~ 5%, wt).
~ Al2O3 (0.31%), (in biotite)
Alumina in Discontinuous Series Neglected

KAl3Si3O10(OH)2

SiO2
Sumber presentasi Godang Trapezoid, 2015

(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3
Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2

Sumber presentasi Godang Trapezoid, 2015

Proses
kristalisasi

Olivine Orthopyroxene

Large grains (brown, blue, and black along top) are

orthopyroxene; smaller grains (mostly green and
purple) are olivine; small opaque (black)

Olivine Orthopyroxene
Ca-plagioclase

Anhedral plagioclase, olivine

Euhedral plagioclase as inclusion in olivine

Orthopyroxene - Clinopyroxene
Ca-Na plagioclase

Clinopyroxene amphibole
Na Ca plagioclase

Amphibole (Hornblenda) biotit

Na plagioclase

Continuous Series

Igneous Rock : Minerals

Olivine
Forsterite
Fayalite

Pyroxene
Clino : Augite
Ortho : Hypersthene

Hornblende
Biotite
K-Feldspar
Orthoclase, Microcline, Sanidine

Plagioclase
Muscovite
Quartz

Magnetite
Ilmenite

Pyroclastics / volcanics Rock

Crystals of Rock Forming Minerals
Crystallite
Glass

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/713167024020258817

https://www.wunderground.com/weather-infographics/volcanoes

GUNUNG API (MAGMATIC ARC)

Bagaimana asosiasi endapan
epitermal terhadap litologi penyusun
Gunung Api
HS : ?
IS : ?
LS : ?

Pembagian fasies gunung api (Bogie & Mackenzie, 1998 dalam Bronto, S, 2006

Central

Batuan Gunung api

Koheren
Porfiritik
kristal mineral
(accumulate, euhedral crystal, rim reaction, zoning)
Massa dasar
Gelas volk. + (spherulite, microlite, kristalit)

Fragmental
klastika (kristal, litik, gelas)
gelas vulkanik (welded, diagenetic)

(a) Field photograph showing basaltic andesite with

xenocrysts of quartz and feldspar (bottom right). The
basaltic andesite is in contact with a quartz- and feldsparphyric dacite (top left).

(c) Thin-section photograph (in XPL) of porphyritic

dacite, showing a large embayed quartz crystal with a
mainly quartz and feldspar matrix.

(b) Thin-section photograph (in cross-polarized light; XPL)

of a xenocrystic basaltic andesite, showing a feldspar
xenocryst with an outer reaction rim

(d) Field photograph of phenocrysts within the porphyritic

rhyolite. Noteworthy features are a large, zoned, alkali
feldspar with a plagioclase outer rim (1), smaller quartz
phenocrysts (2), as well as alkali feldspar phenocrysts
without obvious plagioclase rims (3)

Vitrophyric, basaltic scoria

FIG. A.Plagioclase in hyalopilitic andesite from Sand Creek.

Magnified 30 diameters. Specimen No. 5. The glass inclusions are
mainly confined to a narrow zone near the margin. Has undergone
partial resorption and secondary enlargement.
FIG. B.Plagioclase in hyalopilitic andesite from Anna Creek.
Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 10. Glass inclusions are
uniformly distributed in rather large and irregular patches. Has
undergone resorption and slight secondary enlargement.
FIG. C.Plagioclase in hypocrystalline andesite from water's edge
under Llao Rock. Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 31. Glass
inclusions uniformly and thickly distributed throughout the original
crystal. Has undergone secondary enlargement without resorption.
FIG. D.Plagioclase in hypocrystalline andesite from Grotto Cove.
Magnified 30 diameters. Specimen No. 55. Glass inclusions uniformly
and thickly distributed, original crystal partly resorbed, and a
secondary enlargement pronounced.
FIG. E.Andesite at water's edge west of Eagle Cove. Magnified 60
diameters. Specimen No. 11. Shows a phenocryst of augite
surrounded in part by a rim of parallel growing hypersthene. See
page 82.
FIG. F.A plagioclase phenocryst. From the vitrophyric dacite of Llao
Rock. Magnified 60 diameters. Specimen No. 102. Polarized light with
crossed nicols. Shows distinct zonal structure and two directions of
cleavage, the basal parallel to the small face near to the figure 3 and
the prismatic parallel to the longest side. The section is cut nearly
parallel to the brachypinacoid. The intermediate shell 2 is more basic
than is the center.
FIG. G.A minute feldspar crystal containing a large inclosure of
brown glass with outlines parallel to the sides of the crystal. From
the vitrophyric dacite of Llao Rock. Magnified 400 diameters.
Specimen No. 101. This glass inclusion contains a single gas bubble
which appears like a broad black ring.
FIG. H.Corroded hornblende crystal with resorption rim of augite
and magnetite. From the dacite of Grouse Hill..
FIGS. I, J, K.Crystals found in the cavities of basalt from the base of
Red Cone, No. 156. Figs. I and J are hypersthene and fig. K is
pseudobrookite. FIG. L.Olivine phenocryst. From the basalt of
Desert Cone. Magnified 65 diameters. Specimen No. 169. Alteration
product
FIG. M.An olivine phenocryst almost completely altered to an
opaque mass of which magnetite appears to form the bulk.