FLUID MECHANICS II

MDB 2053
May. 2016
Mini project HH-1

Student name [1]: MOHAMAD ISYRAF FITRI BIN MOHD SHAH ID:20793
signature:
Student name [2]:LUQMAN NUR HAKIM BIN ROSELEY ID: 20592
signature:

Date of Submission:
Before 5.00pm, Monday May 30 2016

QUESTION 1 : HOW FLUIDS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM

SOLID

We define state of matter as the structure that

matter takes on . Today, there are four sorts of matter
which is solid, fluid, gas and plasma. It is distinguished
three of them are fluid which is liquid, gasses and plasma.
Fluid are characterized as substance that deformed
persistently and for all time when they are subjected to a
power. It constantly distorts or flows under a connected
shear stress. Fluid and gasses are named fluids are
generally thick and keep up a clear volume and gasses,
which are less thick and expand to fill their holder.

LIQUIDS
Closely packed
molecules that
exert strong
forces on their
neighbors as
they
weave around
one another

Gases
Always far apart from
one another as they zip
around along their free
paths of motion,
colliding with the walls
of their container and
occasionally with one
another

Solid
The particles (ions,
atoms or molecules)
are closely packed
together.
The forces between
particles are strong
so that the particles
cannot move

Fluids can be differentiated from solids by their

powerlessness to withstand misshaping strengths . As
opposed to solids, they keep on deforming for whatever
length of time that the force on it are connected. Looking
at the aspect of atomic structure , fluids follow the shape
as the ability to flow (also depicted as the capacity to take
on the shape of the container). This additionally implies
that all fluids have the property of fluidity .
While solids not able to move freeluy however just
vibrate in their position, therefore, it has a steady, distinct
shape, and a clear volume.
In the same time ,solids can be subjected to shear
stresses, and to normal stressesboth compressive and
tensile.

Liquids show not opposing deformation(if yes very

slight ) . Here , we can define a property called viscosity as
the resistance to flow of a fluid and the resistance to the
movement of an object through a fluid . Tentatively, under

states of laminar fluid , the force required to move a plate

at consistent pace against the resistance of a fluid is
corresponding area of the plate and to the velocity
gradient perpendicular to the plate. This constant of
proportionality is known as the thickness . Genuine fluids
show viscosity as are fit for being subjected to low levels
of shear stress .

QUESTION 3 : HOW FLUIDS FLOW CAN BE CLASSIFIED .

In material science, fluid has a wide range of
perspectives steady or unsteady, compressible or
incompressible, viscous or nonviscous, and rotational or
irrotational, to name a few. Some of these qualities reflect
properties of the fluid itself, as well as other people
concentrate on the movement of the fluid
Note that liquid stream can get extremely complex when it
gets to be turbulent. Physicists haven't built up any
equations to depict turbulence since how turbulence
functions relies on upon the individual system whether
you have water falling through a funnel or air spilling out
of a plane motor. Normally, you need to fall back on
computers to handle issues that include liquid turbulence.
Classifications of fluid flow can be done based on the
flow patterns and the patterns give out lots of differ
characteristics . Hence , to be precise , we are going to
classify fluid flow to few conditions which are ,
classification based on variation with time ,
classification based on variation in space , fluid
thickness , fluid spinning and fluid turbulence .

Classification Based On Variation with Time

The classification of the fluid flow based on the
variation of the fluid flow parameters with time
characterizes the flow in two categories, steady and
unsteady flow.
Steady = If the flow parameters, such as velocity,
pressure, density and discharge do not vary with time or
are independent of time.
Unsteady = If the flow parameters vary with time then
the flow is categorized as unsteady.
In real conditions it is exceptionally uncommon to
have such fluids with parameters precisely steady with
time. The parameters more often vary with time but
variation is within a small range such as the average of
particular parameter is constant for certain duration of
time .

Steady
flow

Unsteady
flow

Classification Based On Variation with Space

Another was of classifiying the fluid flow is based on
the variation of the flow parameters with distance or
space. In which this will categorized our fluid flow into
either, uniform or non-uniform fluid flow.
Uniform = If the flow parameters remain constant with
distance along the flow path.
Non-uniform = If the flow parameters vary and are
different at different points on the flow path.
For a uniform flow , the area of the cross section of the
flow should remain the same . So a fitting example of
the uniform flow is the flow of a liquid through a pipeline
of constant diameter.
While for the non-uniform flow ,the diameter of pipeline
whereby liquiidpassed through it will varies

Uniform
flow

Nonuniform
flow

Classification Based On Fluid Thickness

Flluid flow can also be viscous or nonviscous. The
definition of viscosity is the measure of the thickness of
a fluid, and very gloppy and sticky fluids such as motor oil
or shampoo are called viscous fluids.
Viscosity is actually a measure of friction in the fluid. At
the point when a liquid streams, the layers of liquid rub
against each other, and in extremely gooey liquids, the
rubbing is great to the point that the layers of stream draw
against one other and hamper that stream.
Typically , viscosity varies with temperature, because
as the molecules of a fluid are moving faster (when high
temperatuer and the fluid is warmer), the molecules can
more easily slide over each other in which this causes the
reduction in viscosity of fluid .
Classification Based On Fluid Spinning
Through analysis on the angular motion of fluid
element ,we can classify the fluid flow as Rotational or
Irrotational .
Rotational = If the angle between the two converging
lines of the boundary of the fluid element changes while
moving in the flow .

Irrotational = If there is no change in angles between the

boundary lines
.
This implies there ought to be some distortion in the liquid
component in a Rotational Flow . Such deformation of the
fluid element or the shear strain is necessarily caused by
tangential forces or shear stresses . We aware with the
fact that shear stresses are caused by viscosity, hence the
flow of viscous fluids is rotational. However , this doesnt
mean that the flow of non-viscous or ideal fluid is always
irrotational.
Classification Based On Turbulence

Laminar Flow =
The stream of a liquid moving with a moderate speed has
liquid layers moving past different layers as though some
sheets are moving over different layers. Such stream of
liquids is called Laminar Flow.

In Laminar Flow viscous shear stresses act between these

layers of the fluid which defines the velocity distribution
among these layers of flow.
Turbulent Flow =
When the fluid pace of the otherwise calm layers expands,
these easily moving layers begin moving randomly, and
with further increment in flow speed, the flow of liquid
particles turns out to be totally irregular and no such
laminar layers exist any more. Shear stresses in the
Turbulent Flow are more than those in Laminar Flow .
A dimensionless parameter, Reynolds Number,Re is
defined as the ratio of inertial and viscous force to
characterize these two types of flow patterns.
This parameter defined :Laminar Flow, Re <2100
Turbulent Flow , Re>4000

REFERENCES
Batchelor, G. K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press.
Fluid Dynamics. (2001, August 14). Retrieved May 29,
2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_dynamics#Steady_vs_u
nsteady_flow
Joy, S. (2011, December 13). Fluid Flow and its
classification. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from
http://instrupedia.blogspot.my/2011/12/fluid-flow-and-itsclassification.html
N. (n.d.). Classification of Fluid Flow Based on Flow
Pattern. Retrieved May 29, 2016, from
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civilengineering/47264-classification-of-fluid-flow-based-onflow-pattern/