EM 1110-2-2104

30 Jun 92
APPENDIX B
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR FLEXURAL AND AXIAL LOADS

B-1.

General

Derivations of the design equations given in paragraphs 4-2 through 4-4 are
presented below. The design equations provide a general procedure that may be
used to design members for combined flexural and axial load.
B-2.

Axial Compression and Flexure

a.

Balanced Condition

From Figure B-1, the balanced condition, Equations 4-3 and 4-4 can be derived
as follows:
From equilibrium,

Pu

0.85 fc b ku d

(B-1)

Asfs

let

ju

a
2

kud
2

(B-2)

from moment equilibrium,

Pue

0.85 fc b ku d jud

(B-3)

Rewrite Equation B-3 as:

P ue

0.85 fc b ku d d

0.85 fc bd 2 ku

0.425 fc 2ku

kud

2
ku2

ku2 bd 2

B-1

(B-4)

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From the strain diagram at balanced condition (Figure B-1):

cb
d

kbd

1
d

(B-5)
y

fy
since y = __
Es

kb

since eb

1Es c
Es c fy

(B-6, Eq. 4-4)

Pbe
Pb

(B-7)

eb is obtained by substituting Equations B-4 and B-1 into Equation B-7 with
ku = kb, fs = fy and Pu = Pb.

eb

0.425fc 2kb
0.85fc kbbd

kb2 bd 2
fybd

(B-8)

Therefore

eb
d

2kb
2kb

kb2
fy
0.425fc

(B-9, Eq. 4-3)

B-2

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b.

Sections Controlled by Tension (Figure B-1).

Pn is obtained from Equation B 1 with fs
Pn

0.85 fc b kud

Pn

0.85 fc ku

fy as:
(B-10, Eq. 4-5)

Asfy

fy bd

The design moment Mn is expressed as:

Mn

Pne

Mn

Pn e
d

Mn

0.85 fc ku

(B-11)

h d
2d

Therefore,

fy e
d

h bd 2
2d

(B-12, Eq. 4-6)

Substituting Equation B-1 with fs = fy into Equation B-4 gives

0.85 fc ku bd

fybd e

0.425fc 2ku

ku2 bd 2

(B-13)

which reduces to

ku2

2 e
d

1 ku

fy e
0.425fc d

(B-14)

Solving by the quadratic equation:

ku

e
d

fy
0.425f
c

e
d

e
d

B-3

(B-15, Eq. 4-7)

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30 Jun 92
c.

Sections Controlled by Compression (Figure B-1)

Pn is obtained from Equation B-1
Pn

0.85 fc ku

fs bd

(B-16, Eq. 4-8)

and Mn is obtained by multiplying Equation B-16 by e.

Mn

0.85 fc ku

fs

h bd 2
2d

(B-17)

The steel stress, fs, is expressed as fs = Es s.

From Figure B-1.

c
d

or
k ud

1
d

Therefore,

fs

Es c 1
ku

ku

(B-18, Eq. 4-10)

Substituting Equations B-1 and B-18 into B-4 gives

0.85 f ku bde

Es c 1

ku

0.425 fc 2ku

ku
bde

ku2 bd 2

B-4

(B-19)

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30 Jun 92
which can be arranged as

ku3

2 e
d

1 ku2

Es c e k
0.425f d u
c

1Es ce
0.425fc d

(B-20, Eq. 4-11)

B-3. Flexural and Compressive Capacity-Tension and Compression Reinforcement

(Figure B-2)
a.

Balanced Condition

Using Figure B-2, the balanced condition, Equation 4-13 can be derived as
follows:
From equilibrium,

Pu

0.85 fc kubd

fs bd

fs bd

(B-21)

In a manner similar to the derivation of Equation B-4, moment equilibrium

results in

Pue

0.425 fc 2ku

ku2 bd 2

fs bd(d

d )

(B-22)

As in Equation B-6,

kb

since eb

1Es c
Es c fy

(B-23)

Pbe

(B-24)

Ps

and using Equations B-21 and B-22:

eb

0.425 fc (2kb kb2)bd 2 fs bd(d d )

0.85 fc kbbd fs bd fs bd

B-5

(B-25)

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which can be rewritten as

fs
(d d )
0.425 fc
fs
fy
0.425 fc
0.425 fc

kb2 d

2kb

eb
2kb

or

d
d
k
0.425 fc
fy
fs
0.425 fc
0.425 fc

2kb

eb
d

2kb

b.

fs 1

2
b

(B-26, Eq. 4-13)

Sections Controlled by Tension (Figure B-2)

Pn is obtained as Equation B-21 with fs = fy.
Pn

0.85 fc ku

fs

fy

(B-27, Eq. 4-14)

bd

Using Equations B-11 and B-27,

Mn

0.85 fc ku

fs

fy e
d

From Figure B-2

s
c d

; fs

Es s ; c

B-6

kud
1

h bd 2
2d

(B-28, Eq. 4-15)

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Therefore,

fs
Es

kud

1

y
kud
1

or

ku

1 d
d
1 ku

(B-29, Eq. 4-16)

Es y

Substituting Equation B-21 with fs = fy into Equation B-22 gives,

0.85 fc ku bd

fs bd

0.425 fc 2ku

fy bd e
fs bd(d

ku2 bd 2

(B-30)

d)

Using Equation B-29, Equation B-30 can be written as:

ku3

e
2
d
2 1 e
d

1 ku2

1 ku

fy
e

0.425f d
c

d e
fy 1

0.425fc d d

d
d
d
d

e
d

(B-31, Eq. 4-17)

e
d

c.

Sections Controlled by Compression (Figures B-2)

Pn is obtained from equilibrium
Pn

0.85 fc ku

fs

fs bd

B-7

(B-32, Eq. 4-18)

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30 Jun 92
Using Equations B-11 and B-32,

Mn

0.85 fc ku

fs

fs

h bd 2
2d

(B-33, Eq. 4-19)

From Figure B-2

s

c
; fs
c

Es s ; c

kud
1

which can be written as

fs

Es c 1
ku

ku

(B-34, Eq. 4-20)

1 d
d

(B-35, Eq. 4-21)

Also,
s
c d

c
c

which can be rewritten as

Es c ku

ku

From Equations B-21 and B-22

0.85fc kubd

fs bd

0.425 fc 2ku

fsbd e
ku2 bd 2

B-8

fs bd(d

(B-36)

d)

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30 Jun 92
Substituting Equations B-34 and B-35 with kb = ku into Equation B-36 gives

ku3

2 e
d

Es c
(

0.425fc

1 ku2

) e
d

d k
d u
(B-37, Eq. 4-22)

1Es c
d
d
0.425fc

B-4.

e
d

d
d

e
d

Flexural and Tensile Capacity

a. Pure Tension (Figure B-3)
From equilibrium (double reinforcement)
Pn

As

As fy

(B-38)

For design, the axial load strength of tension members is limited to

80 percent of the design axial load strength at zero eccentricity.
Therefore,
Pn(max)

0.8 (

) fy bd

(B-39, Eq. 4-23)

For the case where 1 - h e 0, the applied tensile resultant

2d
d
lies between the two layers of steel.
b.

From equilibrium
Pn

Asfy

Pn

fy

Mn

Pn 1

As fs

or
fs bd

(B-40, Eq. 4-24)

and

h
2d

e d
d

B-9

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30 Jun 92
or

Mn

fs

fy

e bd 2
d

h
2d

(B-41, Eq. 4-25)

From Figure B-3,

s
a d

which can be rewritten as

ku
fy

ku

d
d
1

(B-42, Eq. 4-26)

From Figure B-3 equilibrium requires:

As fs (d

Asfse

e )

(B-43)

Substituting Equation B-42 and fs = fy into Equation B-43 results in

ku

d
d
1
d
d
e

1
d

e
d
d
d

e
d
e
d

(B-44, Eq. 4-27)

c. The case where (e /d) < 0 is similar to the combined flexural and
compression case. Therefore, ku is derived in a manner similar to the
derivation of Equation B-15 and is given as

ku

e
d

e
d

fy
0.425f
c

B-10

e
d

(B-45, Eq. 4-28)

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Figure B-1.

Axial compression and flexure, single reinforcement

B-11

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Figure B-2.

Axial compression and flexure, double reinforcement

B-12

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Figure B-3.

Axial tension and flexure, double reinforcement

B-13