SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

[CHAP. 1

Given below are the unit sample responses of several linear shift-invariant systems. For each system, determine the
conditions on the parameter a in order for the system to be stable.
(a) h ( n ) = a n u ( - n )

(h) h ( n ) = a " [ u ( n )- u(n - 100))

( c ) h ( n ) = aInl

Is it true that all memoryless systems are shift-invariant?

Consider the linear shift-invariant system described by the first-order linear constant coefficient difference equation
y ( n ) = uy(n - I )

+x(n)

Determine the conditions (if any) for which this system is stable.
Suppose that two systems, SIand SZ,are connected in parallel.
( a ) If both S, and Sz are linear, shift-invariant, stable. and causal, will the parallel connection always be linear,

shift-invariant, stable. and causal?

(h) If both S, and Sz are nonlinear. will the parallel connection necessarily be nonlinear?
(c) If both S I and S2 are shift-varying, will the parallel connection necessarily be shift-varying?

Convolution
Find the convolution of the two sequences

+ 36(n - 6)
h ( n ) = 2S(n + 3 ) + S(n) + 26(n - 2 ) + 6(n

s ( n ) = 6(n - 2 ) - 26(n

-4)

The unit sample response of a linear shift-invariant system is

h ( n ) = 36(n - 3)

+ 0.5S(n - 4 ) + 0.26(n - 5 ) + 0 . 7 6 ( n .

Find the response of this system to the input x ( n ) = u(n - I).

A linear shift-invariant system has a unit sample response
h(n)= u(-n)

Find the output if the input is

A-(n)= ( i ) " r c ( n )

The step response of a system is defined as the response of the system to a unit step u ( n ) .
( a ) Let s ( n ) be the step response of a linear shift-invariant system. Express s ( n ) in terms of the unit sample response
h ( n ) , and find s ( n ) when h ( n ) = u ( n ) u(n 6 ) .
-

(b) Derive an expression for h ( n ) in terms of s(n) and find the unit sample response For a system whose step
response is

The unit sample response of a linear shift-invariant system is shown below.

CHAP. 11

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

( a ) Find the response of the system to the input u(n - 4).

( 6 ) Repeat for x ( n ) = ( - l ) " u ( n ) .

If x ( n ) = ( i ) " u ( n - 2 ) and h ( n ) = 2"u(-n

5 ) , find the convolution y ( n ) = x ( n ) h(n).

Given three sequences, h(n), g(n), and r ( n ) , express g(n) in terms of r ( n ) if

Let h ( n ) = a n u ( n )and x ( n ) = bnu(n). Find the convolution y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) assuming that a # 6 .

If x ( n ) = anu(n),find the convolution y ( n ) = x ( n ) * x(n).
The input to a linear shift-invariant system is the unit step, x ( n ) = u ( n ) , and the response is y ( n ) = S(n). Find the
unit sample response of this system.
If h(n) = A6(n) +(f )"u(n) is the unit sample response of a linear shift-invariant system, and s ( n ) is the step response
s(n) = 0.
(the response of the system to a unit step), find the value of the constant A so that lim,,,
The unit sample response of a linear shift-invariant system is

Find the response of the system to the complex exponential x ( n ) = exp(jnrr/4).

Evaluate the convolution of the sequence x ( n ) = n(i)"cos(rrn) with the unit step, h ( n ) = u(n).
Let
n(0.5)"

05n 55
n c O

and h(n) = ej%"u(-n). If y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h(n), what is the numerical value of y(-2)?

Given

and h ( n ) = S(n - 2 ) S(n - 3 ) 6(n - 4), at what value of n will the convolution y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) attain its
maximum value, and what is this maximum value?
A linear system has a response h k ( n ) = S(2n - k ) to the unit sample 6(n - k). Find the response of the system to
the input x ( n ) = u(n).
Consider the interconnection of three linear shift-invariant systems shown in the figure below.

hAn)
1I

x(n)

h~(n)

+
(+> =
+

11

h3(n)

~ ( n )

[CHAP. 1

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

If hl(n) = u(n - 2), hn(n) = nu@) and h3(n) = 6(n

- 2). find the unit sample response of the overall system.

Difference Equations
1.71

Consider the linear shift-invariant system described by the LCCDE

y(n) = -iy(n - I) +2x(n)
Find the response of this system to the input
2

x(n) =

n = 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 ,...
otherwise

Hint: Write x(n) as (1 + (-1)") u(n) and use linearity.

1.72

Consider a system with input x(n) and output y(n) that satisfies the difference equation
y(n) = ny(n - I)

+ x(n)

If x(n) = 6(n), determine y(n) for all n.

1.73

A linear shift-invariant system is described by the LCCDE

y(n)-5y(n

- I)+6y(n

-2) =x(n

- 1)

Find the step response of the system (i.e., the response to the input x(n) = u(n)).
1.74

A system is characterized by the difference equation

If the input is x(n) = 2u(n) - 3nu(n), find the response of the system assuming initial conditions of y(-1) = 2 and
y(-2) = 1.
1.75

Consider the system described by the difference equation

y(n) - y(n

- 1) + 0.25y(n - 2) = x(n) - 0.25x(n - 1)

(a) Find the unit sample response of the system.

(b) Find the response of the system to x(n) = (0.25)"u(n).
1.76

For a savings account that pays interest at the rate of I percent per month, if deposits are made on the first of each
month at the rate of $50 per month, how much money will there be in the account at the end of 1 year?

1.77

A savings account pays interest at the rate of 1 percent per month. With an initial deposit of $50, how much will
there be in the account after 10 years?

Answers to Supplementary Problems

1.42

(a) If x(n) = x(n

(b) No. (c) Yes.

+ N), by shift-invariance, y(n) = y(n + N). Therefore, y(n) is periodic with period N.