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BASIC ELECTRONIC
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Volt
BASIC
ELECTRONICS
Published
by
Chonan Technical Service Training
Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
BASIC ELECTRONIC
FOREWORD
This service-training booklet has been prepared for service technicians of
authorized distributor to familiarize them with vehicle basic electronic. It is our
intention to increase the level of skill and knowledge of service personnel to
enable effective and efficient problem diagnosis and repair.
BASIC ELECTRONIC
http://training.kmc.co.kr
training@kmc.co.kr
BASIC ELECTRONIC
CONTENTS
1. General
8. Thermistor
45
2. Compositions/essence of electricity
45
46
4. Semiconductors
11
9. Photoconductive cell
47
12
48
13
49
17
51
5. Diode
5.1 Diode general
17
51
17
52
18
53
5.4.Characteristic of diode
20
54
21
13. Microcomputer
59
23
63
25
APPENDOX
67
26
26
28
29
7. Transistor
31
31
32
42
BASIC ELECTRONIC
1. General
6
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Today in automobile there are essentially used application fields of electricity and electronic beginning
from switch for simple on /off of lamp to many equipments of engine management system (EMS ) ,
antilock brake system (ABS ) , transmission control system (TCS ) , airbag, instrumentation system,
body electrical system (BCM), etc. requiring microcomputer control.
Because of use of so many sophisticated electrical equipments and electronic parts, there come forth
also many electronic defects in comparison to traditional mechanical defects as for car trouble
causes. Accordingly learning the basic knowledge of electricity and electronic seems exigent subject
for automobile maintenance and service.
.
Here it is hoped to become opportunity to understand basic principle and to learn how they apply in
automobile, apart from the complicated structure or any academic theoretic.
And it is hoped to be a little help in more efficient maintenance and trouble repair..
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Every material is composed of molecules each of which is in turn chemically composed of aggregates
of atoms.
Example: water molecule (H2O) = two hydrogen atoms (H2) + one oxygen atom (O)
M Orbit
Electron
K Orbit
Proton
Neutron
Atomic
nucleus
L Orbit
BASIC ELECTRONIC
If materials are electrically classified , they may be divided into conductor which transmit electricity
well, nonconductor which do not transmit electricity and semiconductors in middle between the two
while these characteristics are determined by electronic configuration according to atomic structure of
material .
1) Conductor : where electricity flows well
Here fall most metals where free electrons may well move in the interior of material . Order of
good conductance of electricity : silver copper gold aluminium tungsten zinc
nickel ....
2) Nonconductor : where electricity does not flow well
It is called insulator where free electron is not easily generated e . g . ceramics, glass, rubber,
plastics, wood etc .
3) Semiconductor : which has medial characteristics between conductor and nonconductor
Here fall silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), selenium (Se) etc . which are used as raw material of
electronic part.
As for automobile wiring, multistrand type is contained inside a clothing of cord where copper
(alloy) is mainly used as stuff material . Cord thickness is determined by electric current value,
load, continuity, temperature etc . The larger the electric current , the longer the cord and the
longer the electric current flow time , the thicker the electric cord shall be .
General Specification Table
Area
Strand
No. of
Electric
Allowable
(mm )
Diameter
Strands
Wire OD
Current
0.32 mm
(A)
0.5
0.32
2.2
0.85
0.32
11
2.4
12
1.25
0.32
16
2.7
15
0.32
26
3.1
20
0.32
41
3.8
27
0.32
65
4.6
37
0.45
50
5.5
47
15
0.45
84
7.0
59
20
0.8
41
8.2
84
0.5 sq (Allowable
electric current =
9 A)
2.2 mm
BASIC ELECTRONIC
MEMO
10
BASIC ELECTRONIC
4. Semiconductor
4.1 What is semiconductor?
In material, there are conductors easy for electric current to flow and nonconductor difficult for
current to flow by the electronic property. Semiconductor denotes material of medial property
between conductor and insulator. Namely, here electric current is neither easy to flow as in
conductor nor difficult as in nonconductor. Semiconductor is material that has such peculiar electric
property. So semiconductor is material that has medial type character between conductor and
nonconductor.
11
BASIC ELECTRONIC
State
Conductor
Specific Resistance
Material
10-6
Silver, copper
10-4
Platinum
Nichrome
Carbon electrode
10-2
Pyrite
1
Germanium
102
Silicon
4
10
106
108
Copper dioxide
1010
Bakelite
1012
Semiconductor
Nonconductor
1013
Mica , diamond
1014
1015
Glass
1016
1018
Quartz glass
12
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Therefore among impurity semiconductors, that added of impurity to increase the number of free
electron are called negative type semiconductor while that added of impurity to increase the number
of hole are called positive type semiconductor.
i
S
Si
i
<Silicon atomic structure>
13
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Hole
14
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Structure of P type semiconductor
BASIC ELECTRONIC
2) N Type semiconductor
This is made by adding the material ( P : phosphorus ; As : arsenic ; Sb : antimony) having five
outermost layer electron in intrinsic semiconductor. If element of valence 5 is added to bind with
silicon then one electron remains as surplus in octet so that electric conduction may be accomplished
easier by means of free activity of this remainder electron.
And it is called N (negative) type semiconductor because it assumes negative (-) electricity.
Electric current flows by means of electron in N type semiconductor (carrier : electron ) .
Superfluity electron
Hole
Depletion15
layer
Electron
Chonan Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
MEMO
16
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Anode()
Cathode()
Anode
Diode symbol
Cathode
17
Diode
Polarity
Chonan
Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Current flow
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Lamp turns on because diode has been connected in forward direction in circuit below.
Anode()
Cathode()
Lamp ON
Battery
No current flow
< Occasion that supply backward voltage / Electric current is not flowing >
Cathode()
Battery
Lamp Off
19
Anode()
BASIC ELECTRONIC
ID(mA)
Forward direction
Breakdown voltage
VD(Volt)
Silicon: 0.6~0.7 volt
Backward direction
Characteristic curb of diode
Voltage-Current characteristics
Graph of Forward Voltage-Current Characteristics Diode : Diode Current Flow to Applied Voltage
When forward bias voltage is applied below 0.7 V micro current flows : diode does not operate
When forward bias of threshold voltage of 0.7 V is applied diode operation current flows : diode
operates
20
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Volt
Diode
Input
Voltage
A.C
IR
Output
Voltage
A.C
Time
Input voltage
R VR = D.C
Volt
D.C
Time
Output voltage
Half -wave rectifier
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
Volt
Time
D2
D1
V=
A.C
D3
D4 R
Input
Voltage
V=
D.C
Volt
Time
Output
Voltage
22
BASIC ELECTRONIC
23
Chonan Technical Service Training Center
Alternator internal circuit
BASIC ELECTRONIC
A
B
C
Battery
Motor
Relay
Controller
1 ) If power transistor of controller turns on, then the relay turns on .
2 ) Motor operates as the relay turns on .
3 ) When power transistor turns off in controller, a high surge voltage about 80volts
is instantaneously generated between A and B according to Lenz law so that it becomes
+ voltage.
4 ) If this surge voltage of 80 volts flows in the controller, the controller may be damaged .
5 ) In order to prevent this problem , diode is installed in the relay so that the surge voltage
generated between A~B shall digress in direction from A to C across diode to be
extinguished for controller damage prevention .
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
Diode connection in forward direction and reverse direction in electric circuit
Forward bias direction connection
Anode()
Cathode()
Lamp ON
Battery
Anode()
Lamp Off
Battery
++
Cathode
Cathode
Anode
When checking
by using digital multi meter = Normal
0
condition
Red
lead
wire
Resistance : 0
Black
lead
wire
25
Red
lead
wire
Black
lead
wire
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Cathode
Cathode
Red
lead
wire
Red
lead
wire
Black
lead
wire
Anode
+
Black
lead
wire
Resistance :
Resistance : 0
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Following is a brief description of some diode type you might encounter.
6.1 Zener diode
1) Zener diode symbol
Cathode()
Anode()
This small reverse current flows until the diode reaches the zener breakdown point, V2 in figure.
At zener breakdown point, the zener diode is able to maintain a fairy constant voltage as the
current varies over a certain range.
Because of this attribute, the diode provides excellent voltage regulation.
Forward bias
Zener
breakdown
region
V2
0
Voltage
remains
constance
over large
current
Voltage
range
Reverse bias
Current
Zener diode characteristic
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
C1
Supply
Voltage
R1
R3
R4
Controller
Condenser
ZD 12Volts
TR
R2
Earth
Earth
Cathode()
Anode()
28
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Photo diode
Battery 12 volts
Lamp
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Cathode()
Anode()
LED
9 Volts. 3 Volts
Switch
Battery
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
7. Transistor
7.1 Whats transistor?
PNP type transistor is that where thin N type semiconductor in a semiconductor crystal has been
inserted between two P type semiconductors while NPN type transistor is that where thin P type
semiconductor has been inserted between two N type semiconductors. For symbols in
semiconductor, E denotes emitter terminal, B denotes base terminal and C denotes collector terminal
Each Part Symbol and Sorts of Transistor
Transistor according to association of semiconductor, there are PNP type and NPN type.
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
And, transistor according to usage and type, following name is attached.
2SA ----- For high frequency transistor of PNP type
2SB ----- For low frequency transistor of PNP type
2SC ----- For high frequency transistor of NPN type
2SD ----- For low frequency transistor of NPN type
P type
Collector(C
)
N
Type
N
Type
N type
Emitter
(E)
Collector(C
)
Base (B)
Collector(C
)
P
Type
P
Type
Emitter
(E)
Base (B)
Emitter
(E)
Collector(C
)
Emitter
(E)
Base (B)
Base (B)
NPN type transmitter structure & symbol
BASIC ELECTRONIC
NPN type
Collector(C)
Emitter(E)
Base(B)
Ib
[uA]
Current Ic
Current Ib
Vbe
Vcb
Ic [mA]
<Base electric current and
collector electric current>
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
positive pole so that these make emitter current Ic. Accordingly most IE becomes IC but very little
portion becomes base current IB.
7.2.3 Amplification function of transistor
As we have already discussed above in `Basic Operation', most electron (no less than 95 %) move to
collector but only a few electrons (no more than 5 %) join with base hole. So as electron current and
electric current direction are ordinarily defined oppositely while emitter current I E is divided into
collector current I C and base current I B , the following equation holds :
IE = IB + IC I E I B I C
Like this, big collector current may be deduced from small base current so as to be called electric
current amplification while relationship (ratio) between I B and I C are called electric current
amplification factor (h F E ).
For calculation example, if I B is 1 mA and I C is 100 mA then h F E is 100. Namely it means
transistor that can amplify input signal by hundred times. ( * Electric current amplification rate of
transistor varies according to usage, sort etc . )
hFE
IC
100
100
,
IB
1
hFE=100
C
B
E
Ic=100mA
Ib=1mA
Meanwhile in how to use transistor, there are three earth methods of emitter earth, base earth and
Input
collector earth among which the
emitter earth
method as in circuit above is most used.
Output
(Ib=uA)
.
C
B
E
Input
Output
(Ic=mA)
34
BASIC ELECTRONIC
And generally amplification means that of alternating current component , which we shall deliberate in
the following example :
In circuit shown in figure here, if AC signal is applied between base and emitter, base current I B
flows only when it is in forward direction (same as in diode). Whence collector current I C also
appears as output while being amplified only of half wave. Namely transistor does not operate during
negative (-) half cycle because here it is in backward direction between base and emitter.
Here let us apply DC between base and emitter. If AC is applied onto DC, AC component is added
upon DC so as to appear like what is shown in the following figure.
Voltage at this time is called bias voltage. Now for the first time we can see completely amplified
output waveform. Also we may obtain the amplified AC waveform only if we remove DC component by
connecting a condenser at output terminal.
Output
C
B
Input
Input
(Ib=uA)
Output
(Ic=mA)
Bias voltage
35
BASIC ELECTRONIC
To avoid inconvenience of using two electric supplies due to bias voltage as in the depicted circuit ,
actual circuits use various forms adequate to purpose of each circuit by such as an electric current
feedback bias, a fixed bias using a resistance, condenser etc. on the supply electricity source
connected to the output terminal..
* For reference to say, there is limit area where collector current does not increase any more even
though transistor base current continues to increase so as to be called the saturation region.
Accordingly transistor 's amplification action is accomplished only in specific area where collector
current increases in accordance with base current increase so as to be called the active area .
So far we have learned electric current amplification but now let us think case of voltage amplification .
According to the above explanation, we learned that collector varies proportionately with base
current . Let us think this as a variable resistor to control electric current . Then we can think the
following equivalent circuit .
E
R
Output (Eo)
C
B
Current Ic
E
R
Output
(Eo)
Input current
Current Ic
(Ib=uA)
<Equivalent circuit>
Output Current
(Ic=mA)
Output voltage
(Eo=E-(Ic*R)
36
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Under condition as above, output voltage to the base input waveform shows up reversely as may be
seen in figure. It is explained as total voltage E = voltage drop between collector and emitter (Eo) +
voltage drop due to resistance R (Ic R). Namely, if electric current Ic increases, voltage drop due
to resistance R also increases so that the output voltage Eo decreases. (Output voltage Eo = E (Ic
R))
Now let us learn base earth and collector earth methods along with transistor 's switching action .
Base earth circuit
Method of base earth is type of circuit as shown in figure to take base as earth and apply input signal
to emitter.
Output
E
B
Input
37
BASIC ELECTRONIC
If there is no electric potential difference between emitter and base, emitter current does not flow as
well as their flows no electric current at collector where voltage is applied in backward direction
through resistance. If forward voltage is applied between emitter and base as in circuit shown by
figure, collector current may also flow through resistance.
In this case, because sum of base current and collector current is equal to emitter current , ratio of
collector current to emitter current is below 1 so that electric current is not amplified.
In case of voltage amplification, if we suppose for example that 10mA flows in emitter, then some
1mA and 9mA flows in base and collector respectively so that voltage drop occurs, through
resistance, in collector that is the output .
Accordingly it becomes 9mA resistance [k] = output voltage so there is accomplished voltage
amplification to the input signal .
BASIC ELECTRONIC
them the most general and usually used method is emitter earth method whereas to summarize it
may be explained by the following characteristics table.
.
Characteristic of earth methods
Item
Emitter Earth
Circuit
Electric current
Collector Earth
Circuit
High
Low
Mid
Voltage amplification
High
Mid
Low
High
Mid
Low
Input impedance
Mid
Low
High
Output impedance
Mid
High
Low
Antiphase
Inphase
Inphase
Bad
Best
Good
amplification degree
R1=1
Collector
12V
Base
Motor
D235 (NPN TR)
Emitter
1~100
variable resistor
39
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Circuit description
- The R1's resistance changes NPN transistor base and bias that is approved to emitter voltage to 3
volts. There is serving resistance
- Variable resistor is thing to control NPN transistor's bias voltage by 0 ~ 3 volt
- That is, become transistor's base and emitter bias voltage high if variable resistance value is high,
and resistance value two. If is low, bias voltage becomes low
- Therefore flowing electric current is passed much to collector and emitter according to bias voltage
- Therefore, can control turning number of motor according to position of variableness resistance
passing as motor's electric current by bias voltage differs.
I E I B IC
hFE
IC
IB
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Batt
Batt
Load
ON/OFF
Input signal
Switching relay
C
E
Current
Ic
Load
Switching transmitter
Transistor 's base current corresponds to relay 's excitation current so that transistor may act as the
relay while not using mechanical contact as in relay 's contact point . And if load increases then
electric current Ic also increases, whereas, when we cannot
electric current by a
From supply
ignitionsufficient
key switch
transistor, we can make use of electric current amplification by means of connecting transistors in
multistage in accordance to load capacity.
So transistor 's switching action has the following advantages to the relay.
- Switching speed is fast (more than thousand times per second).
- Operation is stable and there is no chattering when on / offing the contact point as that in relay
because there is no mechanical contact . It is small type with less electric power consumption .
It has longer life than mechanical relay.
41
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Base
NPN Transmitter
Base
42
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Base Technical Service Training Center
BASIC ELECTRONIC
1. When multi-meter measures between B~E and B~C in forward direction under normal condition,
it is electrified ( showing ordinarily some hundred mV in case of digital meter but a low resistance
value in case of analog type meter). Inversely when measured in reverse direction, it is not
electrified so that there is little change in indication value of multi-meter (by which there is
displayed a voltage same as for case when measuring rod was not connected in case of digital
meter while there is displayed an approximately infinite resistance value is displayed in case of
analog meter).
2. Next if also measured for interval of E~C forwardly and backwardly with the measuring rod, there
is little change in indication value of multi-meter for both of the reciprocal cases because it is not
electrified for both cases. Whereas in some cases according to transistor sort and characteristic
when red (+) rod is connected to collector and black (-) rod is connected to emitter (in case of
NPN, but reversibly in case of PNP), quite a high resistance value may be displayed even though
it would not be infinite ( so namely a little current may flow).
For reference to say, when testing transistor or diode, if measuring under condition where it has been
connected to circuit , it may be affected by connected circuit resistance value, it is desirable to
measure under condition isolated from circuitry. And in case where generally transistor or diode has
been broken , it is displayed as primarily short circuit form .
BASIC ELECTRONIC
connection becomes base line in PNP transmitter.
4) If you set mode switch in R1000 at circuit tester, result in CW direction after measuring other
two pins resistance respectively, red lead wire connection becomes collector in NPN and
black lead wire becomes collector in PNP.
Multi Meter
Multi Meter
1 2
InBase
case of 2SC1815 transistor (NPN type transistor for
high frequency)
- Right side lead : Base
- Center side lead : Collector
1 : Collector
- Left side lead : Emitter
2 : Emitter
3 : Base
Base
Emitter
Collector
Emitter
Base
Collector
44
BASIC ELECTRONIC
8. Thermistor
45
BASIC ELECTRONIC
To semiconductor element that use change of resistance according to temperature, there are NTC
thermistor and PTC thermistor
8.1 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor)
- Characteristic
If temperature rises, there is characteristic that resistance decreases
Resistance
Temperature
- Usage in car
Engine coolant temperature sensor, Air intake temperature sensor, and Low fuel-warning sensor
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Lamp
R1
12 Volts Battery
NPN TR
NTC
Thermistor
Lamp Thermistor
Battery
Switch
9. Photoconductive cell
According to brightness of light, value of resistance changes.(increase or decrease) .
Material that convey light is Cds (Cadmium sulfide) and CdSe (Cadmium selenide)
47
BASIC ELECTRONIC
- Characteristic
Resistance decreases if brightness of light is strong, and there is Characteristic that resistance
increases if light becomes feeble
K
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
10
100
1,000 Lux
- Usage in car
Auto light sensor, FATC air conditioning system
- To understand circuit that use CDS
1) If transmitter1 does ON, lamp turned ON.
2) For TR1 does ON, TR2 must do ON
R2=4.7
3) TR2'sR1=10
ON operates according
to cds's resistance value
Lamp
4) If receive a lot of raises in CDS, TR2 does ON because TR2's bias voltage rises
5) If quantity of light decreases, TR2's bias voltage decreases, because cds's resistance
cds
R3=1
12 volts
increases lamp Off
BATT.
NPN TR1
2SC372
R4=4.7
NPN TR2
2SC372
48
Chonan Technical Service Training Center
Circuit that use Photoconductive cell
BASIC ELECTRONIC
BASIC ELECTRONIC
When you put hall IC in magnetic field at concentric position with current flowing, both hall IC end can
produce some voltage.
In the following picture, if you put any conduct in magnetic field and make some current flow through
this, A1 and A2 can produce some voltage out.
A1
Iv
Current I
A2
If you simulate the magnetic field then the output voltage between A1 and A2 becomes on and off.
When tone wheel destroy the magnetic filed the output voltage between A1 and A2 in the following
picture, becomes on. When this tone wheel reaches without any damage to the magnetic field the
output voltage becomes off
50
BASIC ELECTRONIC
- Usage in car
CMP sensor, CKP sensor, Speed sensor ect.
- Signal waveform
Volt
Time
51
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Type of I.C
Classification by Scale of Integration
SSI (Small Scale Integrated Circuit) : Less than 100 elements
MSI (Medium Scale Integrated Circuit) : 100 to 1,000 elements
LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) : 1,000 to 100,000 elements
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) : 100,000 or more elements
Classification by Application and Structure
Analog IC
Input
Digital IC
Output
I.C that performs switching only. According to input ON/OFF signal conditions, the
output is obtained as ON/OFF switching signal.
Input
Output
52
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Features of I.C.
Size reduced to minimum by integration
High reliability thanks to integrated structure
Low price thanks to volume production
Low power consumption
12.2 Analog I.C
The IC shown here is one called comparator.
a is the power supply terminal and b is the ground terminal, both are required to supply power to
the comparator for its operation but are not directly associated with the operation itself.
The comparator compares the potential at terminal c and terminal d and in this operating conditions
shown, it gives output va[v] at point e only when the potential at point c is higher than the potential at
point d.
Of the two input terminal voltages, one that remains constant is called the reference voltage and one
that changes is called the comparison voltage which of the two input terminals has the reference
voltage can be known from the circuit connected to the comparator.
+
A (Va)
d
Vc
Vd
Operating conditions
Output(Va volt) is made when VcVd
Output(Va volt) is not made when VcVd
b (Vb)
53
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Switch
12 volts
Battery
Vce
Vce
OFF
OFF
OFF
12 volts
0 volts
ON
ON
ON
54
TR
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Actual Circuit
Logic Symbol
Input/Output relation
A B
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
This figure shows an example of AND circuit using transistors. When both input signals A and B
are 1(H), 1(H) voltage is obtained at output C.
For output C to be high, it is necessary that both Tr 2 be off and for these two transistors to be off,
it is necessary that Tr1 and Tr2 be on. And for Tr1 and Tr2 to go on, high (H) voltage must be
applied to inputs A and B so that base current may flow to both transistors.
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
Actual Circuit
Logic Symbol
Input/Output relation
A B
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
56
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Actual Circuit
Logic Symbol
Input/Output relation
A B
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
Note : The relationship between transistor base voltage (VBE) and collector voltage (VCE) is NOT
relation.
Namely, when the base voltage is high, the transistor goes on and hence the collector voltage
becomes low. On the other hand, when the base voltage is low, the transistor goes off and
hence the collector voltage is high.
57
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Input/Output relation
Input
Output
Input/Output relation
Input
58
Output
BASIC ELECTRONIC
MEMO
59
BASIC ELECTRONIC
13. Microcomputer
The microcomputer is a kind of computer. Lets now review briefly the history of development of
computers.
The first computers ever produced were mechanical ones using gears and other mechanical
parts, which was followed by electric ones using relays and them by electronic computers using
vacuum tubes. An electronic computer using vacuum tubes was large enough to occupy an entire
room of a building, with an many as 20,000 tubes in use. These vacuum tubes were then
replaced by transistors and then by integrated circuits (IC). The degree of integration of these Ics
then became increasingly higher, developing to LSI (large scale integration) and VLSI (very large
scale integration) With these developments, computers also changed from vacuum type to
transistor type to IC type and then to current LSI type, with their size becoming increasingly
smaller.
Lets now see how microcomputers were born.
When development was under way to make electronic portable calculators more compact and
more sophisticated, every design change required redesign of LSI, which required very large cost
and time. This problem was coped with by the use of LSI that allowed free change of internal
functions by program. Namely, with such LSI, you can change the programs to allow
development of new calculators. And such LSI whose internal functions could be freely changed
by program modification was a microcomputer. In other words, a microcomputer is an LSI with
functions that are described in the following.
13.1 Three elements of microcomputer
A microcomputer consists of three elements, CPU (central processing unit) memory and I/O
(input/output unit)
13.2 I/O unit (Input / output unit)
Through this unit, the microcomputer communicates with external units (sensor, switch, actuator,
etc.) In the case of ECU for instance, the intake air amount is input to the microcomputer as a
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BASIC ELECTRONIC
sensor signal and the result of calculation by the CPU is output from this I/O as the fuel injection
amount control signal.
13.3 Memory
The memory stores the program (set of directions for operation, judgment, data exchange, etc.),
data (reference voltage for ECU air/fuel ratio comparison, for instance) and signals that are input
while the CPU is busy with calculation processing.
The memory is generally classified into the following two types.
13.4 ROM (Read Only Memory)
A Memory for read only. In the case of a microcomputer for automotive application, only one fixed
program needs execution and for this reason, the program is permanently stored in a ROM. The
ROM is nonvolatile. The contents are held permanently even after power is turned off. This
nature makes ROM optimum device for storing programs.
13.5 RAM (Random Access Memory)
Memories that can be write in and read from. It is used for temporarily storing data. Normally it is
volatile and the contents stored are lost once the power is turned off.
Note : Nonvolatile RAM is also available that is called NVRAM. It is used in electronic odometer,
for example.
13.6 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The part of a computer, that performs operation, interpretation and data exchange according to
the program stored in the memory.
Take the O2 sensor of ECM as an example. When the voltage signal indicating the air/fuel ratio
arrives at the I/O unit from the O2 sensor, the CPU makes processing according to the program
stored in the memory in the following manner.
The CPU compares this signal with the reference voltage stored in the memory and if the signal
voltage is higher, it judges that the air/fuel ratio is higher than the theoretical air/fuel ratio and
outputs the signal for lowering the fuel injection rate to the I/O. Then, the I/O sends out this signal
(to the injector) so that the fuel injection rate is reduced.
13.7 Types of microcomputer
The microcomputers can be divided into two types depending on whether separate LSI
implements its three elements or all these elements are implemented by a signal LSI.
The former type is called a multi chip microcomputer and the latter type is called a one hip
61
BASIC ELECTRONIC
microcomputer. The microcomputers used in a car mostly belong to the latter category.
62
BASIC ELECTRONIC
13.9 Microcomputer in a system
15.9.1 Use as a controller
In a system formed by transistor, IC, LSI and other individual parts, a microcomputer is
introduced as a controller. Typical examples are TV and radio sets and other household electric
and electronic appliances.
15.9.2 Use as a computer
Application with emphasis placed on its calculation function.
Personal computers and word processor belong to this category.
63
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Blower Motor
IC
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of V
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64
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Condenser
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f do 12Volts/1.2W
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it.
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65
TR 2
D471
E
BASIC ELECTRONIC
R1
4.7
R3
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1
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ess
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66
BASIC ELECTRONIC
MEMO
67
BASIC ELECTRONIC
APPENDIX
68
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Unit
Unit Symbol
Current
Ampere
Voltage
Volt
Electric Resistance
Ohm
Conductivity
Mho
Quantity of electricity
Coulomb
Ampere-hour
Ah
Electric power
Watt
Work of electricity
Joule
Watt-hour
Wh
69
BASIC ELECTRONIC
Static capacitance
Farad
Electromagnetic induction
Coefficient
Magnetic flux
He
Weber
Wb
Ampere-turn
AT/m
Magnetic force
Meter
Ampere-turn
AT
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
Sound level
Phon
Attenuation or gain
Decibel
dB
Multiplier fraction
Prefix
Symbol
106
Mega or Meg
103
Kilo
10-1
Deci
10-2
Centi
c.
10-3
Mili
Mm
10-6
Micro
10-9
Nano
n.
10-12
Pico or Micro
p.
PREFIX
SYMBOL
RELATION TO
70
EXAMPLE
BASIC ELECTRONIC
BASIC UNIT
MEGA
1 000 000
8 M = 8 000 000
KILO
1 000
20 Kv = 20 000 V
MILLI
.001
500 mV = .5 V
MICRO
500 A = .000 5 A
NANO
20 V = .000 000 02 V
PICO
71