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Lecture 1
Acceleration :
EXAMPLE 1:
a) Velocity and acceleration as derivatives
rx (t) = t3
vx (t) =
ax (t)dt =
Velocity :
drx
= 3t2
dt
= 6t
6t dt = 3t2 + constant
drx
= 3t2
vx (t)
dt
Position :
ax (t) =
where v0 = 0.
Acceleration :
dvx
dt
Velocity :
ax (t)
dvx
= 6t
dt
rx (t) =
vx (t) dt =
3t2 dt = t3
EXAMPLE 3:
EXAMPLE 4:
Electrons, initially travelling at 2.4 106 m s1 in the horizontal direction, enter a region between two horizontal charged plates of length 2 cm
where they experience an acceleration of 4 1014 m s2 , vertically upwards.
Find (a) the vertical position as they leave the region between the plates,
and (b) the angle at which they emerge from between the plates.
v0,x
ax
vx
rx
rx
t
=
=
=
=
=
0
v0x = 2.4 106 m s1
r0x + v0x t
r0x = 0
6
0.02 m = 2.4 10 t
8.33 109 s
Fair = -kv
dv
= dt + constant
k
gm
v
m
k
ln g v = t + constant
k
m
k
k
ln g v = t + constant
m
m
Z
ay = 4 1014 m s2
vy = v0y + ay t
ry = r0y + 12 ay t2
mg
ln g = constant
Therefore
mg
k
v=
1 e m t
k
ry = 12 ay t2 = 0.0139 m
v
vT
As t , v vT
When t = 0, v = 0
v0y = 0
r0y = 0
Substituting for the time the electron spends between the plates
tan =
dv
k
= g v
dt
m
mg
vT =
k
= 54.2o
EXAMPLE 6:
Lecture 2
What constant force would be required to stop each of the following objects in 0.5 km: (a) a 150 g cricket ball moving at 40 m s1 , (b) a 13 g
bullet moving at 700 m s1 , (c) a 1500 kg car moving at 200 km h1 , and
(d) a 1.8 105 kg airliner moving at 2240 km h1 ? Neglect the effects of
gravity.
EXAMPLE 5:
v
m
before
W = F s = K
pi = m1 v1 + m2 v2 = mv + 0 = mv
Total final momentum (after sticky collision)
K = Kinitial = 12 mv 2
pf = (m1 + m2 ) vf = 2 mvf
i.e.
Conserving momentum
pi = pf
F =
mv 2
2s
Hence
(a) 0.24 N
1
m
v= v
vf =
2m
2
(b) 6.4 N
(c) 4.6 103 N
v/2
after
2m
In this simple example, the force required scales with the kinetic energy
of the particles.
EXAMPLE 7:
Two protons (H+ ), initially separated at large r and possessing initial
velocities v = 200 m s1 , collide head-on. What is their separation of
closest approach?
V( r )
H
v
V=E=Ki
-v
r0
Assume that initially all the energy is kinetic energy, E = Ki , (since the
protons are separated to large r initially). Because both protons have
the same mass and speed we may write
Ki = E = 21 mv12 + 12 mv22 = mv 2
As the particles approach, the potential energy increases according to
the equation
V (r) =
q2
40 r
r0 =
q2
40 mv 2
4
EXAMPLE 9:
Lecture 3
EXAMPLE 8:
Someone stands on a platform, which rotates at 0.5 revolutions s1 . With
arms outstretched, they hold two 4 kg blocks at a distance of 1 m from
the axis of rotation, which passes through the centre of the person. They
then reduce the distance of the blocks to 0.5 m.
Explain what happens when the person turns the wheel upside down (assuming there are no external torques acting on the system).
Assuming that the moment of inertia of the person and the platform
(excluding the blocks) is constant at 4 kg m2 , (a) what is the new angular
velocity and (b) what is the change in kinetic energy?
Define the z-axis pointing vertically upwards. The initial angular momentum is therefore
li
li = +Ib b
Ii = 4 + 2mri2 = 12 kg m2
where the plus is defined by the right hand rule.
and finally
If = 4 + 2mrf2 = 6 kg m2
lf = li
Ii i = If f
f = 2 rad s1
(b) The initial and final kinetic energies are given by
Ki =
1
I 2
2 i i
lf = Iw w Ib b
= 6 J
and
lf
lw
Kf = 12 If f2 = 12 2 J
lb
K = Kf Ki = 6 2 60 J
where the + sign indicates that the platform plus the person rotate in
the counterclockwise direction (the + z direction).
Note that the increase in kinetic energy is supplied by the man doing
work in pulling the blocks inwards.
5
EXAMPLE 10:
A rocket of p
mass m is fired at 60o to the local vertical with an initial
speed v0 = GM/R where M and R are the mass and radius of the
earth respectively. Show that its maximum distance from the earths
centre is 3R/2.
The solution uses both conservation of energy and angular momentum.
Initially, the angular momentum is
v0
o
K = 12 mv02 = GmM/2R
60
= + 2
2R
r 8r
4r 2 8Rr + 3R2 = 0
r=
8R 4R
3
1
= R or R
8
2
2
6
Lecture 4
EXAMPLE 11:
A mass of 100 g hangs at the end of a spring (which obeys Hookes Law).
When the mass is increased by another 100 g the spring extends a further
8 cm. What is the spring constant? (Assume that the acceleration due
to gravity is 9.8 m s2 .)
Dx=0.05m
0.2
Dx=0.08m
f=
(ii) The velocity of the harmonic oscillator (the time derivative of the
position) is
Because the mass is at equilibrium in both cases the net force on the
mass is zero, and we can write
F =0
1
= 1.25 Hz
2
v(t) = A cos (t + )
i.e. kx = mg
F =0
mg
= 12.25 Nm1
x
amax = A 2 = 3.0 m s2
If the masses are pulled down a further 5 cm and then released, what
would be (i) the frequency of vibration, (ii) the maximum velocity of the
masses, and (iii) the maximum acceleration of the resulting motion.
7
EXAMPLE 12:
Show that the function
x = eit + eit
(1)
and therefore equation (1) clearly satisfies the differential equation (it is
actually the general solution).
The link with the more familiar solution x = A sin (t + ) can be established using the fact that
eit = cos t i sin t
Substitution of this equation in the top expression for x yields
x = C cos t + D sin t
(2)