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Lime on S e l e c t e d Lateritic S o i l s
Busby Attoh-Okine*
Abstract
The stabilising effect of locally produced lime on three lateritic soils from Kumasi in Ghana was investigated. The effect
of variation in lime on Atterberg limits, moisture - density relationship and strength characteristics was considered. Two levels
of curing time 7 and 2 8 days were used. it was concluded that there is a need to review the present consistency limits
requirements for lateritic soils. It was recommended that lime modified lateritic soil should be assessed on m a x i m u m dry
density(MDD).
Introduction
Laterite and lateritic soils are commonly found in Ghana.
They are usually traditional road building materials. Yet
untreated lateritic materials have presented many
problems in road construction and maintenance,
although the converse has also been reported that they
generally make good materials for subbase and base
construction for light and medium trafficked roads (de
Graft Johnson 1975).
Unfortunately however, a general survey of most low
volume roads in Ashanti region in Ghana show
deplorable states. A few examples will quickly reveal that
most of these roads fail from poor drainage, inadequate
base and subbase strength. Most of the base and
subbase are predominantly lateritic in nature, and the
fact that lime can be produced locally means that the
use of lime stabilisation to improve soils is feasible. The
main reasons why materials engineers should consider
stabilising soils can be summarised as follows:(a) To utilise locally available soil which is not
acceptable as a sub-base or base material in
its unstabilised state,
( b ) To rehabilitate an existing base.course, subbase by reducing or eliminating the plasticity.
Effect of lime
The use of lime stabilisation on lateritic soils had been
reported by unpublished results of analyses carried out
by the Building and Road Research Institute of Ghana.
Previous research shows that the improvements in the
engineering properties of a soil as lime is added are
attributed to two basic reactions:(a) immediate reduction in plasticity, changes in
workability and swell properties; presumably
the result of base.exchange and cloculation
which occurs when strong calcium actions on
the surface of the clay particles.
(b) The second phase is a time dependent gain
in strength through interparticle cementation.
"Dell. of Civil Engineering, Univanlity of Science and Technology, Kumui, Ghana
00
--&
~ so
"~'~ ~Z~.~
o
A
[]
Ahinsan site
Ahodwo site
Santasi site
Immediate samples
3 clays c u r i n g
....
40
i
l
2
I
4
I
6
I
8
Lime (%)
Fig 1
ssU
35
30
o,'~
.~
.~_
~ 2s
~-
//'/
,-,,//-.
__
./I//
13
~ -
//////
F
---~
n s a n site
A h o d w o s,te
Santasi site
Untreated
sample
Cured
sample
20
i
I
2
Lime
Fig
I
4
I
6
(%)
I
B
Environmental =etUng
Ashanti Region is located in moist semi-deciduous rain
forest with annual rainfall about 1500ram. The climate
consists of an alteration of wet and dry season. The land
form is basically advanced dissection and tertiary erosion
surface. The main rock types are granite, phyllites and
schists.
Laboratory inve~dgations
MateriaLs tested
Three lateritic soils typical in Ashanti Region were used
in the experimental study:
(i) Ahodwo site - Reddish sandy
(ii) Ahinsan site - Yellow brown sandy gravel
(iii) Santasi site - Reddish brown sandy gravel
Laboratory quality identification tests were performed
on each of the untreated and treated soils. The three
soils were very similar in some of their physical properties. The plasticity indices were nearly identical for
Ahodwo and Ahinsan samples; however, both liquid
limit and plastic limit for Ahinsan samples were
40
''
I
J
/
O Ahinsan site
/k Ahodwo site
13 Santasi site
.,
....
Untreated sample
Cured sample
J~
x 3
20
R"
"Z~-. . . . . . .
I
2
Z~. . . . . . .
I
4
___~____~
Lime [~]
F~3
Sand (0.06-2rnm)%
Silt (0.002-0.06mm)%
Clay (0.002mm)%
24.0
11.0
22.0
22.0
11.0
26.0
34.0
10.0
17.0
red
rown
llowish
reddish
brown
2.65
48
19
29
10.63
1.27
2.70
52
24
28
10.63
1,05
2.68
51
21
30
11,42
1.79
6.1
6.0
5.5
Physical property:
Colour
Specific gravity
Liquid limit (%)
Plastic limit (%)
Plasticity index (%)
Linear shrinkage (%)
Activity
Chemical property:
pH value
Classification:
Casagrade
Textural
ASASHTO
CH-ML
CH-MH
CH-MH
sandy gravel
sandy gravel
sandy gravel
A-2-7
A-7-6
A-2-7
Texture
D. pH analysis
Consistency
The effect of lime.treatment (immediate) on the
Atterberg limits of all the three soils was typical, ie an
increased liquid limit and plastic limit with a decrease
in plasticity. In the case of the cured samples addition
of lime on the liquid limit is inconsistent.
There was immediate rise in plastic limit developed
in the low range of lime additions for all the three soils.
The rise occured around 2 per cent lime.
There was notably reduction in linear shrinkage of
Ahodwo and Santasi samples. Inconsistency occurred
between 2 per cent and 4 per cent lime addition in
Ahinsan samples.
Moisture.density relationships
The modified AASHO compaction test were performed
on bulk samples of the soils. The maximum dry density
(MDD) and the optimum moisture content (OMC) was
determined for each sample with percentage of lime
(was mixed with air dried samples and predetermined
amount of water was added). Mixtures were kept
covered overnight before compaction started.
Unconfined compression
~m
mm
,Yk
% f
BS t e s t sieves
63 75
300
150 212
425 600
5
1.18
3.35
63
6.3
10 14 20 28 37 55
75
100
I0
90
80
70
C~
r-
Legend
Ahinsan
Ahodwo
Santasi
13
20
30
40
* GHA limit
f o r base
60
O_
&
Site
50
50
40
60
30
70
20
80
10
90
Ci.
I
I
0
O.OOl
I III
0.01
II1
I
I
0,1
111111
1
I
I
I I IIII
I
10
i i iiiii
I
100
Medium
I Clay
*GHA-GHANA
Fig5
Silt
HIGHWAY AUTHORITY
60
2O
0.06
Sand
Coarse
Fine
Medium
Gravel
Coarse
I00
2
LQ
20
A h i n s a n sample
160' I
140
E
z
.....
19
Unsoaked
Soaked
120
>~
100
"O
>.
L
.o
18
80
"O
O A h i n s a n site
A A h o d w o site
13 Santasi site
E
E
t
i
"o.
17
,e
11o
Lime (%)
F~g6
'i
20
Lime
24
Fig9
O A h i n s a n site
A A h o d w o site
13 Santasi site
22
~
o
I
B
6
(~o)
Table #
20
Oxide
"~
E
E
4-J
r~
CaO
MgO
16
A=203
l
8
Lime (,~o~
~7
100
Ahodwo
_
Soaked
60
40
J
20
=
Fe203
SO2
Ignition loss
Insoluble residue in hydrochloric acid
Free moisture
Insoluble material in Na2CO3
Available lime
61,6
2,41
195
0,61
11,62
20,16
15,45
0,42
0,42
35,05
sample
Unsoaked
.....
80
18
Lime (%)
89
1600
160
A h i n s a n sample
Santasi sample
E
z
1400
140
12"01
- - -
Unsoaked
.....
Soaked
~1200
i
/
/
/
I /
O"
m 1000
100
7-day
strength
28-day s t r e n g t h
800
80
~;
~
.....
>
E
o
u
~~c~
L~
6O0
400
200
20
Lime ('%)
I
6
0
0
I
8
Lime (~)
160l
Fig
Santasi sample
- -/
E 140~
/
/
.,~
Ahodwo sample
--.o
1200
~/
2000
u~
i ooo
.....
1800
I
/
"~
800
600
~=
4oo
7-day strength
28-day strength
/
/P
1600
/
/
1400
J
~
......
7-day
strength
28-day s t r e n g t h
c
o
u
c
1200
E
200
[]
~ooo
0
800
I
8
Lime (%)
i
600
0
I
8
Lime (%)
90
EI-Ruwl,
N Pq, A w e d ,
A A A.
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91