Environmental Pollution, Problems and Control Measures - Overview - PARTHA DAS SHARMA's Weblog On - Keeping World Environment Safer and Greener

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Postedby:PARTHADASSHARMA|September1,2009
Environmentalpollution,problemsandcontrolmeasuresOverview
A.IntroductionanddefinitionofenvironmentalpollutionWeknowthat,aliving
organismcannotlivebyitself.Organismsinteractamongthemselves.Hence,allorganisms,
suchasplants,animalsandhumanbeings,aswellasthephysicalsurroundingswithwhom
weinteract,formapartofourenvironment.Alltheseconstituentsoftheenvironmentare
dependentuponeachother.Thus,theymaintainabalanceinnature.Aswearetheonly
organismstrytomodifytheenvironmenttofulfillourneedsitisourresponsibilitytotake
necessarystepstocontroltheenvironmentalimbalances.
Theenvironmentalimbalancegivesrisetovariousenvironmentalproblems.Someofthe
environmentalproblemsarepollution,soilerosionleadingtofloods,saltdesertsandsea
recedes,desertification,landslides,changeofriverdirections,extinctionofspecies,and
vulnerableecosysteminplaceofmorecomplexandstableecosystems,depletionofnatural
resources,wasteaccumulation,deforestation,thinningofozonelayerandglobalwarming.
Theenvironmentalproblemsarevisualizedintermsofpollution,growthinpopulation,
development,industrialization,unplannedurbanizationetc.Rapidmigrationandincreasein
populationintheurbanareashasalsoleadtotrafficcongestion,watershortages,solid
waste,andair,waterandnoisepollutionarecommonnoticeableproblemsinalmostallthe
urbanareassincelastfewyears.
Environmentalpollutionisdefinedastheundesirablechangeinphysical,chemicaland
biologicalcharacteristicsofourair,landandwater.Asaresultofoverpopulation,rapid
industrializations,andotherhumanactivitieslikeagricultureanddeforestationetc.,earth
becameloadedwithdiversepollutantsthatwerereleasedasbyproducts.Pollutantsare
generallygroupedundertwoclasses:
(a)BiodegradablepollutantsBiodegradablepollutantsarebrokendownbytheactivity
ofmicroorganismsandenterintothebiogeochemicalcycles.Examplesofsuchpollutantsare
domesticwasteproducts,urineandfaucalmatter,sewage,agriculturalresidue,paper,wood
andclothetc.
(b)NonBiodegradablepollutantsNonbiodegradablepollutantsarestrongerchemical
bondage,donotbreakdownintosimplerandharmlessproducts.Theseincludevarious
insecticidesandotherpesticides,mercury,lead,arsenic,aluminum,plastics,radioactivewaste
etc.
B.ClassificationofEnvironmentalPollutionPollutioncanbebroadlyclassified
accordingtothecomponentsofenvironmentthatarepolluted.Majoroftheseare:Air
pollution,Waterpollution,Soilpollution(landdegradation)andNoisepollution.Detailsof
thesetypesofpollutionsarediscussedbelowwiththeirpreventionmeasures.
(1)AirPollution:Airismainlyamixtureofvariousgasessuchasoxygen,carbondioxide,
nitrogen.Thesearepresentinaparticularratio.Wheneverthereisanyimbalanceintheratio
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THEENVIRONMENT
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ofthesegases,airpollutioniscaused.Thesourcesofairpollutioncanbegroupedasunder
(i)Naturalsuchas,forestfires,ashfromsmoking
volcanoes,duststormanddecayoforganicmatters.
(ii)Manmadeduetopopulationexplosion,
deforestation,urbanizationandindustrializations.
Certainactivitiesofhumanbeingsreleaseseveral
pollutantsinair,suchascarbonmonoxide(CO),sulfur
dioxide(SO2),hydrocarbons(HC),oxidesofnitrogen
(NOx),lead,arsenic,asbestos,radioactivematter,and
dust.Themajorthreatcomesfromburningoffossilfuels,
suchascoalandpetroleumproducts.Thermalpower
plants,automobilesandindustriesaremajorsourcesof
airpollutionaswell.Duetoprogressinatomicenergy
sector,therehasbeenanincreaseinradioactivityinthe
atmosphere.Miningactivityaddstoairpollutionintheformofparticulatematter.Progressin
agricultureduetouseoffertilizersandpesticideshasalsocontributedtowardsairpollution.
Indiscriminatecuttingoftreesandclearingofforestshasledtoincreaseintheamountof
carbondioxideinatmosphere.Globalwarmingisaconsequenceofgreenhouseeffectcaused
byincreasedlevelofcarbondioxide(CO2).Ozone(O3)depletionhasresultedinUV
radiationstrikingourearth.
Thegaseouscompositionofunpollutedair
TheGases
Partspermillion(vol)
Nitrogen
756,500
Oxygen
202,900
problemsandcontrolmeasures
Overview
GlobalWarming,greenhouse
gasesandtheirharmfuleffects
Urgentreductionofthese
areessentialtosaveour
environment:
PlasticwastesReduce,Reuse
andRecycleofplasticsare
essentialtomakeenvironment
greenerandsafer:
SolidWasteDisposalA
burningproblemtobe
resolvedtosaveenvironment
SolarpowerSustainable
greenenergytoprotectour
economyandenvironment
OilSpillsadverseeffectson
marineenvironmentalbio
systemandcontrolmeasures:
THEENVIRONMENT
PROTECTIONACT,1986(IN
INDIA)
Populationgrowthand
Environmentaldegradation:
EffectsofEnvironmental
Degradation:
IndustrialDust,AirPollution
andrelatedOccupational
Diseases
acidminedrainage
Water
31,200
Argon
9,000
air
pollution
acidrain
bio
CarbonDioxide
Neon
305
17.4
Helium
Methane
5.0
0.971.16
Krypton
0.97
Nitrousoxide
0.49
Hydrogen
0.49
Xenon
0.08
Organicvapours
ca.0.02
ethanolbiotechnology
carbonfootprintcarbon
offsetcarbontrading
citydevelopment
CleancoalClean
coal
Technology
climate
changecoal
coalfiredpowerplant
coalgasificationcoal
HarmfulEffectsofairpollution
minescoalmining
(a)Itaffectsrespiratorysystemoflivingorganismsandcausesbronchitis,asthma,lung
cancer,pneumoniaetc.Carbonmonoxide(CO)emittedfrommotorvehiclesandcigarette
smokeaffectsthecentralnervoussystem.
combating
Environmental
Degradation
(b)Duetodepletionofozonelayer,UVradiationreachestheearth.UVradiationcausesskin
cancer,damagetoeyesandimmunesystem.
(c)Acidrainisalsoaresultofairpollution.Thisiscausedbypresenceofoxidesofnitrogen
andsulfurintheair.Theseoxidesdissolveinrainwatertoformnitricacidandsulfuricacid
respectively.Variousmonuments,buildings,andstatuesaredamagedduetocorrosionby
acidpresentintherain.Thesoilalsobecomesacidic.Thecumulativeeffectisthegradual
degradationofsoilandadeclineinforestandagriculturalproductivity.
conservationofforest
deforestation
degradationof
environment
degradationofmarine
environmenteffectsof
2/20
(d)Thegreenhousegases,suchascarbondioxide(CO2)andmethane(CH4)traptheheat
radiatedfromearth.Thisleadstoanincreaseinearthstemperature.
(e)Sometoxicmetalsandpesticidesalsocauseairpollution.
[FormorereferIndustrialDust,AirPollutionandRelatedOccupationalDiseases]
(2)WaterPollution:Waterisoneoftheprimenecessitiesoflife.Withincreasingnumber
ofpeopledependonthisresourcewaterhasbecomeascarcecommodity.Pollutionmakes
eventhelimitedavailablewaterunfitforuse.Waterissaidtobepollutedwhenthereisany
physical,biologicalorchemicalchangeinwaterqualitythatadverselyaffectslivingorganisms
ormakeswaterunsuitableforuse.Sourcesofwaterpollutionaremainlyfactories,power
plants,coalminesandoilwellssituatedeitherclosetowatersourceorawayfromsources.
Theydischargepollutantsdirectlyorindirectlyintothewatersourceslikeriver,lakes,water
streamsetc.Theharmfuleffectsofwaterpollutionare:
(a)Humanbeingsbecomevictimsofvariouswaterbornediseases,suchastyphoid,cholera,
dysentery,hepatitis,jaundice,etc.
(b)Thepresenceofacids/alkaliesinwaterdestroysthemicroorganisms,therebyhindering
theselfpurificationprocessintheriversorwaterbodies.Agricultureisaffectedbadlydueto
pollutedwater.Marineecosystemsareaffectedadversely.
(c)Thesewagewastepromotesgrowthofphytoplanktoninwaterbodiescausingreduction
ofdissolvedoxygen.
(d)Poisonousindustrialwastespresentinwaterbodiesaffectthefishpopulationand
deprivesusofoneofoursourcesoffood.Italsokillsotheranimalslivinginfreshwater.
(e)Thequalityofundergroundwaterisalsoaffectedduetotoxicityandpollutantcontentof
surfacewater.
(2.1)WaterpollutionbyindustriesanditseffectsAchangeinthechemical,physical,
biological,andradiologicalquality
ofwaterthatisinjurioustoits
uses.Thetermwaterpollution
generallyreferstohuman
inducedchangestowaterquality.
Thus,thedischargeoftoxic
chemicalsfromindustriesorthe
releaseofhumanorlivestock
wasteintoanearbywaterbodyis
consideredpollution.
Thecontaminationofground
waterofwaterbodieslikerivers,
lakes,wetlands,estuaries,and
oceanscanthreatenthehealthof
humansandaquaticlife.Sources
ofwaterpollutionmaybedivided
intotwocategories.(i)Pointsourcepollution,inwhichcontaminantsaredischargedfroma
discretelocation.Sewageoutfallsandoilspillsareexamplesofpointsourcepollution.(ii)
Nonpointsourceordiffusepollution,referringtoalloftheotherdischargesthatdeliver
contaminantstowaterbodies.Acidrainandunconfinedrunofffromagriculturalorurban
areasfallsunderthiscategory.
Theprincipalcontaminantsofwaterincludetoxicchemicals,nutrients,biodegradable
organics,andbacterial&viralpathogens.Waterpollutioncanaffecthumanhealthwhen
pollutantsenterthebodyeitherviaskinexposureorthroughthedirectconsumptionof
contaminateddrinkingwaterandcontaminatedfood.Primepollutants,includingDDTand
polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),persistinthenaturalenvironmentandbioaccumulation
occursinthetissuesofaquaticorganisms.Theseprolongedandpersistentorganicpollutants
aretransferredupthefoodchainandtheycanreachlevelsofconcerninfishspeciesthatare
eatenbyhumans.Moreover,bacteriaandviralpathogenscanposeapublichealthriskfor
thosewhodrinkcontaminatedwateroreatrawshellfishfrompollutedwaterbodies.
Contaminantshaveasignificantimpactonaquaticecosystems.Enrichmentofwaterbodies
withnutrients(principallynitrogenandphosphorus)canresultinthegrowthofalgaeand
otheraquaticplantsthatshadeorclogstreams.Ifwastewatercontainingbiodegradable
organicmatterisdischargedintoastreamwithinadequatedissolvedoxygen,thewater
downstreamofthepointofdischargewillbecomeanaerobicandwillbeturbidanddark.
Settleablesolidswillbedepositedonthestreambed,andanaerobicdecompositionwilloccur.
Overthereachofstreamwherethedissolvedoxygenconcentrationiszero,azoneof
putrefactionwilloccurwiththeproductionofhydrogensulfide(H2S),ammonia(NH3),and
environmentaldegradation
EffectsofOilspills
energyfromsewage
environment
environmental
biotechnology
environmenta
ldegradation
environmental
healthEnvironment
protectionflyash food
supplies glassrecycling
global
warming
green
energy
greenhousegases
greenproducts
greensourceofenergy
hungerhydrogenfuel
cellhydrogenfuelcell
vehicleimprovecity
conditionsland
degradationland
pollutionmarine
environment
marinepollution
methaneoilspill
OilSpillControloil
spillsoverpopulation
Plannedurban
development
pollutionpopulation
explotionpopulation
growthpoverty
rainforest
recycling
reduce
renewable
energy reuse
scraprecycling
sewagetreatment
soilconservationsoil
3/20
otherodorousgases.Becausemanyfishspeciesrequireaminimumof45mgofdissolved
oxygenperliterofwater,theywillbeunabletosurviveinthisportionofthestream.
Directexposurestotoxicchemicalsarealsoahealthconcernforindividualaquaticplantsand
animals.Chemicalssuchaspesticidesarefrequentlytransportedtolakesandriversvia
runoff,andtheycanhaveharmfuleffectsonaquaticlife.Toxicchemicalshavebeenshownto
reducethegrowth,survival,reproductiveoutput,anddiseaseresistanceofexposed
organisms.Theseeffectscanhaveimportantconsequencesfortheviabilityofaquatic
populationsandcommunities.
Wastewaterdischargesaremostcommonlycontrolledthrougheffluentstandardsand
dischargepermits.Underthissystem,dischargepermitsareissuedwithlimitsonthe
quantityandqualityofeffluents.Waterqualitystandardsaresetsofqualitativeand
quantitativecriteriadesignedtomaintainorenhancethequalityofreceivingwaters.Criteria
canbedevelopedandimplementedtoprotectaquaticlifeagainstacuteandchroniceffects
andtosafeguardhumansagainstdeleterioushealtheffects,includingcancer.
[FormorereferWaterConservationNeedofthedayforourverysurvival]
erosionSolarPower
solutiontowater
pollutionsustainable
developmentincities
tropicalrainforests Urban
greencoverwaste
reductionwaste
waterwater
conservation
water
pollution Wind
(3)Soilpollution(Landdegradation):Landpollutionisdueto
Power
(i)Deforestationand
(ii)Dumpingofsolidwastes.
RECENTCOMMENTS
PaddyMendezon
Explosivepopulation
growthaf
Deforestationincreasessoilerosionthusvaluableagriculturallandislost.Solidwastesfrom
householdandindustriesalsopollutelandandenhancelanddegradation.Solidwastes
includethingsfromhouseholdwasteandofindustrialwastes.Theyincludeash,glass,
peelingsoffruitandvegetables,paper,clothes,plastics,rubber,leather,brick,sand,metal,
wastefromcattleshed,nightsoilandcowdung.Chemicalsdischargedintoair,suchas
compoundsofsulfurandlead,eventuallycometosoilandpolluteit.Theheapsofsolid
wastedestroythenaturalbeautyandsurroundingsbecomedirty.Pigs,dogs,rats,flies,
mosquitoesvisitthedumpedwasteandfoulsmellcomesfromthewaste.Thewastemay
blocktheflowofwaterinthedrain,whichthenbecomesthebreedingplaceformosquitoes.
Mosquitoesarecarriersofparasitesofmalariaanddengue.Consumptionofpollutedwater
causesmanydiseases,suchascholera,diarrheaanddysentery.
Dr.Mrs.NeeruJoshi
onEnvironmental
pollution,probl
ParmanandBaigaon
Plasticwastes
Reduce,Reuse
09111055452on
GlobalWarming,
greenhousegas
[FormorereferSolidWasteDisposalABurningProblemToBeResolvedToSave
Environment]
(4)Noisepollution:Highlevelnoiseisadisturbancetothehumanenvironment.Because
ofurbanization,noiseinallareasinacityhasincreasedconsiderably.Oneofthemost
pervasivesourcesofnoiseinourenvironmenttodayisthoseassociatedwithtransportation.
Peopleresideadjacenttohighways,aresubjectedtohighlevelofnoiseproducedbytrucks
andvehiclespassonthehighways.Prolongedexposuretohighlevelofnoiseisverymuch
harmfultothehealthofmankind.
Inindustryandinminesthemainsourcesof
noisepollutionareblasting,movementofheavy
earthmovingmachines,drilling,crusherandcoal
handlingplantsetc.Thecriticalvalueforthe
developmentofhearingproblemsisat80
decibels.
Chronicexposuretonoisemaycausenoise
inducedhearingloss.Highnoiselevelscan
contributetocardiovasculareffects.Moreover,
noisecanbeacausalfactorinworkplace
accidents.
C.Fundamentalsofpreventionandcontrolof
airpollution:
mazharonPlastic
wastesReduce,
Reuse
September2009
M
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Asmentionedabove,airpollutantscanbe
gaseousorparticulatematters.Different
techniquesforcontrollingthesepollutantsare
discussedbelow:
a.Methodsofcontrollinggaseouspollutants
1.CombustionThistechniqueisusedwhenthepollutantsareintheformoforganicgases
orvapors.Duringflamecombustionorcatalyticprocess,theseorganicpollutantsare
convertedintowatervaporandrelativelylessharmfulproducts,suchasCO2.
4/20
2.AbsorptionInthistechnique,thegaseouseffluentsarepassedthroughscrubbersor
absorbers.Thesecontainasuitableliquidabsorbent,whichremovesormodifiesoneormore
ofthepollutantspresentinthegaseouseffluents.
3.AdsorptionThegaseouseffluentsarepassedthroughporoussolidadsorbentskeptin
suitablecontainers.Theorganicandinorganicconstituentsoftheeffluentgasesaretrapped
attheinterfaceofthesolidadsorbentbyphysicaladsorbent.
b.Methodstocontrolparticulateemissions
1.Mechanicaldevicesgenerallyworkonthebasisofthefollowing:
(i)Gravity:Inthisprocess,theparticles
settledownbygravitationalforce.
(ii)Suddenchangeindirectionofthegas
flow.Thiscausestheparticlestoseparate
outduetogreatermomentum.
2.FabricFilters:Thegasescontaining
dustarepassedthroughaporous
medium.Theseporousmediamaybe
wovenorfilledfabrics.Theparticles
presentinthegasaretrappedand
collectedinthefilters.Thegasesfreed
fromtheparticlesaredischarged.
3.WetScrubbers:Wetscrubbersareused
inchemical,miningandmetallurgical
industriestotrapSO2,NH3,metalfumes,
etc.
4.ElectrostaticPrecipitators:Whenagasoranairstreamcontainingaerosolsintheformof
dust,fumesormist,ispassedbetweentwoelectrodes,then,theaerosolparticlesget
precipitatedontheelectrode.
c.Otherpracticesin
controllingairpollutionApart
fromtheabove,following
practicesalsohelpincontrolling
airpollution.
(i)Useofbetterdesigned
equipmentandsmokelessfuels,
hearthsinindustriesandat
home.
(ii)Automobilesshouldbe
properlymaintainedandadhere
torecentemissioncontrol
standards.
(iii)Moretreesshouldbeplantedalongroadsideandhouses.
(iv)Renewableenergysources,suchaswind,solarenergy,oceancurrents,shouldfulfill
energyneeds.
(v)Tallchimneysshouldbeinstalledforverticaldispersionofpollutants.
d.Generalairpollutioncontroldevices/equipmentsforindustriesThecommonly
usedequipments/processforcontrolofdustinvariousindustriesare(a)Mechanicaldust
collectorsintheformofdustcyclones(b)Electrostaticprecipitatorsbothdryandwet
system(c)particulatescrubbers(d)Watersprayeratdustgenerationpoints(e)proper
ventilationsystemand(f)variousmonitoringdevicestoknowtheconcentrationofdustin
generalbodyofair.
Thecommonequipments/processusedforcontroloftoxic/fluegasesarethe(a)processof
desulphurisation(b)processofdenitrification(c)Gasconditioningetc.and(d)various
monitoringdevicestoknowtheefficacyofthesystemsused.
e.Steps,ingeneral,tobetakenforreductionofairpollutionTochangeourbehavior
inordertoreduceAIRPOLLUTIONathomeaswellasontheroad,fewfollowingsmallsteps
takenbyuswouldleadtocleanourEnvironment.
5/20
AtHome:
1.Avoidusingchemicalpesticidesorfertilizersinyouryardandgarden.Manyfertilizersare
asourceofnitrousoxide,agreenhousegasthatcontributestoglobalwarming.Tryorganic
productsinstead.
2.Compostyouryardwasteinsteadofburningit.Outdoorburningisnotadvisable,asit
pollutesair.Breathingthissmokeisbadforyou,yourfamilyandyourneighbors.Plus,you
canusethecompostinyourgarden.
3.Ifyouuseawoodstoveorfireplacetoheatyourhome,itwouldbebettertoconsider
switchingtoanotherformofheatwhichdoesnotgeneratesmoke.Itisalwaysbettertouse
sweaterorwarmclothingthanusingfireplace.
4.Beenergyefficient.Mosttraditionalsourcesofenergyburnfossilfuels,causingair
pollution.Keepyourhomewellmaintainedwithweatherstripping,stormwindows,and
insulation.LoweringyourthermostatcanalsohelpandforeverytwodegreesFahrenheit
youlowerit,yousaveabouttwopercentonyourheatingbill.
5.Planttreesandencourageothertoplanttreesaswell.Treesabsorbandstorecarbon
dioxidefromtheatmosphere,andfilteroutairpollution.Duringwarmerdays,treesprovide
coolair,unnecessaryuseofenergyonairconditioningisavoided,hencetheairpollution.
6.Trytostopsmokingathome,atofficeoratoutside.Tobaccosmokingnotonly
deterioratesselfshealth,itaffectsothershealthtoo.
OntheRoad:
7.Keepyourvehiclewellmaintained.Apoorlymaintainedenginebothcreatesmoreair
pollutionandusesmorefuel.Replaceoilandairfiltersregularly,andkeepyourtiresproperly
inflated.
8.Driveless.Walking,bicycling,ridingthebus,orworkingfromhomecansaveyoumoney
aswellasreducingairpollution.
9.Dontidleyourvehicle.Ifyoustopformorethan30seconds,exceptintraffic,turnoff
yourengine.
10.Dontbuymorecarthanyouneed.Fourwheeldrive,allwheeldrive,enginesize,
vehicleweight,andtiresizeallaffecttheamountoffuelyourvehicleuses.Themorefuelit
usesthemoreairpollutionitcauses.
D.Waterpollutionpreventionandcontrol:
Waterisakeyresourceforourqualityoflife.Italsoprovidesnaturalhabitatsandeco
systemsforplantandanimalspecies.Accesstocleanwaterfordrinkingandsanitary
purposesisapreconditionforhumanhealthandwellbeing.Cleanunpollutedwateris
essentialforourecosystems.Plantsandanimalsinlakes,riversandseasreacttochangesin
theirenvironmentcausedbychangesinchemicalwaterqualityandphysicaldisturbanceof
theirhabitat.
Waterpollutionisahumaninducedchangeinthechemical,physical,biological,and
radiologicalqualityofwaterthatisinjurioustoitsexisting,intended,orpotentialusessuch
asboating,waterskiing,swimming,theconsumptionoffish,andthehealthofaquatic
organismsandecosystems.Thus,thedischargeoftoxicchemicalsfromapipeortherelease
oflivestockwasteintoanearbywaterbodyisconsideredpollution.Thecontaminationof
groundwater,rivers,lakes,wetlands,estuaries,andoceanscanthreatenthehealthof
humansandaquaticlife.
Contaminantshaveasignificantimpactonaquaticecosystems.forexample,enrichmentof
waterbodieswithnutrients(principallynitrogenandphosphorus)canresultinthegrowthof
algaeandotheraquaticplantsthatshadeorclogstreams.Directexposurestotoxicchemicals
suchaspesticides,isalsoahealthconcernforindividualaquaticplantsandanimals.Without
healthywaterfordrinking,cooking,fishing,andfarming,thehumanracewouldperish.
Cleanwaterisalsonecessaryforrecreationalinterestssuchasswimming,boating,andwater
skiing.
a.SourcesofWaterPollutionSourcesofwaterpollutionaregenerallydividedintotwo
categories.Thefirstispointsourcepollution,inwhichcontaminantsaredischargedfroma
discretelocation.Sewageoutfallsandoilspillsareexamplesofpointsourcepollution.The
secondcategoryisnonpointsourceordiffusespollution,referringtoalloftheother
dischargesthatdelivercontaminantstowaterbodies.
6/20
Numerousmanufacturingplantspouroffundilutedcorrosives,poisons,andothernoxious
byproductstowaterstreams.Theconstructionindustrydischargesslurriesofgypsum,
cement,abrasives,metals,andpoisonoussolvents.Theminingindustryalsopresents
persistentwaterpollutionproblems.Inyetanotherinstanceofpollution,hotwater
dischargedbyfactoriesandpowerplantscausessocalledthermalpollutionbyincreasing
watertemperatures.Suchincreaseschangethelevelofoxygendissolvedinabodyofwater,
therebydisruptingthewatersecologicalbalance,killingoffsomeplantandanimalspecies
whileencouragingtheovergrowthofothers.Townsandmunicipalitiesarealsomajorsources
ofwaterpollution.
Inmanypublicwatersystems,pollutionexceedssafelevels.Onereasonforthisisthatmuch
groundwaterhasbeencontaminatedbywastespumpedundergroundfordisposalorby
seepagefromsurfacewater.Whencontaminationreachesundergroundwatertables,itis
difficulttocorrectandspreadsoverwideareas.Dischargeofuntreatedoronlypartially
treatedsewageintothewaterwaysthreatensthehealthoftheirownandneighboring
populationsaswell.Alongwithdomesticwastes,sewagecarriesindustrialcontaminantsand
agrowingtonnageofpaperandplasticrefuse.Althoughthoroughsewagetreatmentwould
destroymostdiseasecausingbacteria,theproblemofthespreadofvirusesandviralillness
remains.Additionally,mostsewagetreatmentdoesnotremovephosphoruscompounds,
contributedprincipallybydetergents.
Follow
b.DangersofWaterPollutionVirtuallyallwaterpollutantsarehazardoustohumansas
wellaslesserspeciessodiumisimplicatedincardiovasculardisease,nitratesinblood
disorders.Mercuryandleadcancausenervousdisorders.Somecontaminantsarecarcinogens.
DDTistoxictohumansandcanalterchromosomes.Alongmanyshores,shellfishcanno
longerbetakenbecauseofcontaminationbyDDT,sewage,orindustrialwastes.
c.PreventionandControlofWaterPollutionSewageshouldbetreatedbeforeitis
dischargedintotheriverorocean.Thisispossiblethroughmoderntechniques.
Sewageisfirstpassedthrougha
grindingmechanism.Thisisthen
passedthroughseveralsettling
chambersandneutralizedwith
lime.Uptothisstage,theprocess
iscalledprimarytreatment.The
sewagestillcontainsalarge
numberofpathogenicandnon
pathogenicorganisms,andalso
sufficientquantityoforganic
matter.Theneutralizedeffluents
aresenttoUASB(upflow
anaerobicsludgeblanket).Itisa
reactor.Inthis,theanaerobic
bacteriadegradethe
biodegradablematerialpresentin
thewastewater.Thisremoves
foulodorandreleasesmethane,
whichcanbeusedelsewhere.In
thissystem,thepollutionloadisreducedupto85percent.Afterthis,waterissentto
aerationtankswhereitismixedwithairandbacteria.Bacteriadigesttheorganicwaste
material.Thisiscalledbiologicalorsecondarytreatment.Evenafterthetreatment,wateris
notyetfitfordrinking.Theharmfulmicroorganismsneedtobekilled.Thefinalstep(tertiary
treatment)is,therefore,adisinfectionprocess,toremovefinaltracesoforganics,bacteria,
dissolvedinorganicsolids,etc.Fortertiarytreatment,methods,suchaschlorination,
evaporation,andexchangeabsorptionmaybeemployed.Thesedependupontherequired
qualityofthefinaltreatment.
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Apartfromtheabove,youshould
alsoadoptthefollowingpractices:
(i)Wastefoodmaterial,paper,
decayingvegetablesandplastics
shouldnotbethrownintoopen
drains.
(ii)Effluentsfromdistilleries,and
solidwastescontainingorganic
mattershouldbesenttobiogas
plantsforgenerationofenergy.
(iii)Oilslicksshouldbeskimmedofffromthesurfacewithsuctiondevice.Sawdustmaybe
spreadoveroilslickstoabsorbtheoilcomponents.
E.Soilerosionanditsprevention:Soilerosionbywater,windandtillageaffectsboth
7/20
agricultureandthenaturalenvironment.Soilloss,anditsassociatedimpacts,isoneofthe
mostimportant(yetprobablytheleastwellknown)oftodaysenvironmentalproblems.Itis
mostlyduetopoorlandusepractices,whichincludedeforestation,overgrazing,unmanaged
constructionactivityandroadortrailbuilding.
Soilisacomplexmixtureofliving
andnonlivingmaterials.It
providesanchorageand
sustenancetoplants.Natural
agentslikewaterandwind,
constantlytendtoremovethetop
soilandcauseerosion.Rain
fallingupontheunprotectedtop
soil,washesitdownintothe
streams.Duetotheabsenceof
plantcovering,erodedsoilcannot
holdwater.Waterrushesintothe
riversandoverflowsasflood.Dust
stormalsocausessoilerosion.The
particlesoftopsoilarepickedup
insuchquantitiesthattheyform
cloudsofdust.Humanbeings
alsocausesoilerosion.The
growinghumanhabitationand
expansionofurbanareasleadtoremovalofvegetation.Oncevegetationisremoved,the
nakedsoilgetsexposedtowindandwater.Impropertillageisanothercauseofsoilerosion.
Farmersoftenloosenthetopsoilforremovingweedsandpreparingseedbeds.Theyalso
leaveagriculturalfieldslyingfallowforlongtime.Thesepracticesexposethetopsoiltothe
windandcauseerosion.
Soilerosionisalwaysaresultofmankindsunwiseactions,suchasovergrazingorunsuitable
cultivationpractices.Theseleavethelandunprotectedandvulnerable.Acceleratedsoil
erosionbywaterorwindmayaffectbothagriculturalareasandthenaturalenvironment,and
isoneofthemostwidespreadoftodaysenvironmentalproblems.Soilerosionisjustone
formofsoildegradation.Otherkindsofsoildegradationincludesalinisation,nutrientloss,
andcompaction.
PreventionofsoilerosionPlantsprovideprotectivecoveronthelandandpreventsoil
erosionforthereasons:
(a)plantsslowdownwaterasitflowsovertheland(runoff)andthisallowsmuchofthe
raintosoakintotheground
(b)plantrootsholdthesoilinpositionandpreventitfrombeingwashedaway
(c)plantsbreaktheimpactofaraindropbeforeithitsthesoil,thusreducingitsabilityto
erode
(d)plantsinwetlandsandonthebanksofriversareofparticularimportanceastheyslow
downtheflowofthewaterandtheirrootsbindthesoil,thuspreventingerosion.
Preventingsoilerosionrequirestechnicalchangestoadopt.Aspectsoftechnicalchanges
include:
(i)useofcontourploughingandwindbreaks
(ii)leavingunploughedgrassstripsbetweenploughedland
(iii)makingsurethattherearealwaysplantsgrowingonthesoil,andthatthesoilisrichin
humus(decayingplantandanimalremains).Thisorganicmatteristhegluethatbindsthe
soilparticlestogetherandplaysanimportantpartinpreventingerosion
(iv)avoidingovergrazingandtheoveruseofcroplands
(v)allowingindigenousplantstogrowalongtheriverbanksinsteadofploughingand
plantingcropsrightuptothewatersedge
(vi)encouragingbiologicaldiversitybyplantingseveraldifferenttypesofplantstogether
(vii)conservationofwetlands.
Wecanchecksoilerosionbyadoptingthefollowingadditionalpractices:
8/20
1.Intensivecroppinganduseofproperdrainagecanals.
2.Terracingontheslopingfields.Thisretardsthespeedoftheflowingwater.
3.Plantingtreesandsowinggrasses.
4.Extensiveaforestationpracticestobecarriedout.
[FormorereferSoilErosionCombatingisEssential]
F.MitigationofNoisepollution:Reducingnoisepollutionbymufflingthesoundsatthe
sourceisoneofthebestmethodsinindustryandforurbanliving.Protectiveequipmentis
generallymandatorywhennoiselevelsexceed85dB(A)inindustry.Creationofgreencover
adjacenttomunicipalroadsandinminesisthewaytomitigatenoisepollution.Ithasbeen
observedthatnoiselevelreducesby10decibelsperevery10mwidegreenbelt
development.Apart,redesigningindustrialequipment,shockmountingassembliesand
physicalbarriersintheworkplacearealsoforreductionandexposureofunwantedindustrial
noise.
Highwaynoisepollutioncanbemitigatedbyconstructingnoisebarriers.Artificialnoise
barriersaresolidobstructionsbuiltbetweenthehighwayandtheresidentialareasalonga
highway.Theyblockmajorportionofnoiseproducedbypassingvehiclesonahighway.
Effectivenoisebarrierstypicallyreducenoiselevelsbyasmuchashalformore.The
constructionofnoisebarriermaybebuiltintheformofearthmounds,verticalwallalongthe
highwaysforcreationofblockageofsoundgeneratedbyheavyvehicles.Creationof
greenbeltinthespacebetweentheresidencesandhighwaysalsoreducesthenoise
nuisance.
G.Conservationandprotectionofenvironment:Bynow,allofushaverealizedhow
importantitistoprotecttheenvironmentforourownsurvival.Thetermconservationof
environmentrelatestoactivitieswhichcanprovideindividualorcommercialbenefits,butat
thesametime,preventexcessiveuseleadingtoenvironmentaldamage.Conservationmaybe
distinguishedfrompreservation,whichisconsideredtobemaintainingofnatureasitis,or
mighthavebeenbeforetheinterventionofeitherhumanbeingsornaturalforces.Weknow
thatnaturalresourcesaregettingdepletedandenvironmentalproblemsareincreasing.Itis,
therefore,necessarytoconserveandprotectourenvironment.Followingpracticeshelpin
protectingourenvironment.
1.Rotationofcrops.
2.Judicioususeoffertilisers,intensivecropping,properdrainageandirrigation.
3.Treatmentofsewage,sothatitdoesnotpollutetheriversandotherwaterbodies.
4.Compostingorganicsolidwasteforuseasmanure.
5.Plantingtreesinplaceofthoseremovedforvariouspurposes.
6.Nationalparksandconservationforestsshouldbeestablishedbythegovernment.
7.Harvestingofrainwater.
Someactionpointstoprotectorimprovetheenvironment
(i)Disposethewasteafterseparatingthemintobiodegradableandnonbiodegradablewaste
material.
(ii)Startacompostheaporuseacompostbin.Thiscanbeusedtorecyclewastefoodand
otherbiodegradablematerials.
(iii)Avoidunnecessaryorwastefulpackagingofproducts.
(iv)Reusecarrybags.
(v)Planttrees.Theywillhelptoabsorbexcesscarbondioxide.
(vi)ObserveWorldEnvironmentDayon5thJune.
(vii)Neverputanyleftoverchemicals,usedoilsdownthedrain,toiletordumpthemonthe
groundorinwaterorburntheminthegarden.Ifyoudoso,itwillcausepollution.
9/20
(viii)Dontburnanywaste,especiallyplastics,forthesmokemaycontainpollutinggases.
(ix)Useunleadedpetrolandalternatesourcesofenergy,andkeeptheengineproperly
tunedandservicedandthetyresinflatedtotherightpressure,sothatvehicleruns
efficiently.
(x)Avoidfaststartsandsuddenbrakingofautomobiles.
(xi)Walkorcyclewhereitissafetodosowalkingisfreecyclingcanhelptokeepyoufit.
(xii)Usepublictransportwhereveryoucan,orformacarpoolforeverydaytravel.
(xiii)Sendyourwasteoil,oldbatteriesandusedtyrestoagarageforrecyclingorsafe
disposalallthesecancauseseriouspollution.
References:
1.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentalsofourenvironment
and.html
2.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/soilerosionandits
prevention.html
3.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/waterpollutionitsprevention
and.html
4.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/fundamentalsofpreventionand
control.html
5.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/conservationandprotection
of.html
6.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/02/noisebarriersaretomitigate
highway.html
7.http://knol.google.com/k/parthadassharma/fundamentalsofour
environment/oml631csgjs7/18#
8.http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/07/NL0607029I.htm
9.http://environmentengineering.blogspot.com/2008/03/waterpollutionbyindustriesand
its.html
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THEENVIRONMENT
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Postedinenvironment,marinepollution|Tags:airpollution,noisepollution,pollution,soil
conservation,soilerosion,waterconservation,waterpollution
SoilErosioncombatingisessentialinordertoconserveourvaluableSoilResources
IndustrialDust,AirPollutionandrelatedOccupationalDiseases
RESPONSES
Ilikethecomprehensivecoverageofthispaper.Itgivesgood By:DrKareruonApril
informationofpollutionandcontrolmeasures.
18,2011
10/20
at7:17pm
Reply
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1,2011
at6:38am
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November25,2012
at5:11pm
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agyeiwaaonOctober
29,2011
at8:35pm
Reply
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November13,2011
at5:01pm
Reply
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23,2012
at6:38am
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April1,2012
at3:10pm
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2012
at1:39pm
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2012
at1:59pm
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16,2012
at5:16am
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11/20
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18,2012
at5:33am
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EdeyokunonJune23,
2012
at5:07am
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28,2012
at5:55pm
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2012
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July2,2012
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July5,2012
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10,2012
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2012
at2:38pm
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ghuleonAugust17,
2012
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2012
at2:14pm
12/20
Reply
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By:'O'Levelstudenton
August18,2012
at5:37pm
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2012
at2:11pm
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September2,2012
at2:20pm
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8,2012
at5:37pm
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September11,2012
at1:49pm
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17,2012
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September30,2012
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October5,2012
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2012
at10:15pm
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aredoingprojectsonnenvironment,forknowledgeseekers
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By:Venkateshon
October10,2012
at12:06pm
13/20
changesandchangesinthemonsoonperiods
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NICEARTICLE
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2012
at4:53am
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October13,2012
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October21,2012
at4:06pm
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October31,2012
at9:00pm
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8,2012
at5:36pm
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November26,2012
at1:15am
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to
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4,2012
at9:45am
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December29,2012
at11:08am
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14/20
2013
at3:49pm
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at12:37pm
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August11,2013
at10:32pm
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onSeptember15,2013
at6:00pm
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By:raskadfonOctober
5,2013
at9:18am
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By:maronMarch15,
2014
at8:04am
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16,2014
at11:14am
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15/20
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2014
at3:56pm
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2014
at7:36pm
Reply
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3,2014
at10:09am
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August19,2014
at1:40pm
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Dontalwayswaitforthegovernment,contribute
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By:BryanEsomchion
September5,2014
at1:44pm
Thanksforthisgreatcontribution.
By:Isma'ilSunusi
SuleimanonOctober5,
2014
at10:07am
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8,2014
at5:07am
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October8,2014
at9:57am
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23,2014
at12:38pm
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November23,2014
at12:48pm
Reply
16/20
weplanttreesnotforourselvesbutforfuture
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preethi.muslapuramon
January18,2015
at8:22am
Reply
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1,2015
at12:56pm
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YACOOBonMarch1,
2015
at4:06pm
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TamreonMarch17,
2015
at6:48am
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March29,2015
at5:16pm
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2015
at6:55am
Reply
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10,2015
at7:00am
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By:MdAadilonMay10,
2015
at7:06am
Reply
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By:hussainkhanonMay
20,2015
at4:57am
Reply
Itisindeedinformativebutiwouldcondensethistooneline By:Dr.Mrs.NEERU
thatonanindividuallevelwehavetoreduceour
JOSHIonJune3,2015
17/20
contributiontothepollutionproblem.Thisisthe
at3:40am
solewaybywhichwecanactuallykeepacheckon
thismatterofgraveconcern.Wehavetothink
Reply
aboutourfuturegenerationsaswell.Theywill
curseusforthisinhumanactivity.Earlierthousandsof
speciesthrongedonthisplanetbutduetoMan,sgreedy
natureandunduedemands,manyofthemareextincted
andmanyofthemareendangered.Indiscriminatekillingof
animalstoappeasethegreedofhumanistheprimefactorto
raisethepollutionlevelasGodhaspurposelycreatedthe
speciestomaintainbalancewithaccurateandwellestablish
foodchainbutManhastriedtojugglewiththeguidelinesof
creationmaker.Maygodgivewisdomtoustopreserveour
motherearth.
Dr.Mrs.NEERUJOSHI
PRINCIPAL
BBPS,MODINAGAR
amazinginformationlikeditverymuch!!!!!
By:anjumshaikhon
June4,2015
at1:20pm
Reply
wow!itsreallyveryinformative.
SafiqurRahman,
SoftwareEngineer.
By:SafiqurRahmanon
September8,2015
at2:30am
Reply
environmentisourhomesoletsdropthe
anthropocentricperspectiveandconserveitforthe
future
By:NUWAGABA
DERICKonOctober6,
2015
at5:18pm
Reply
thanksitwasanawosomesiteithelpsmealot
canyoutellmewhatothertopicsdoyouhave
onceagainthanks
By:SAMonDecember
27,2015
at10:24am
Reply
Itisreallysuperbithelpedmealotthankyouso
muchsirhaveaniceday
By:Sofiyabanuon
January4,2016
at4:18pm
Reply
wowitsreallysuperbfantastic
By:shalinisavitaon
January7,2016
at8:07am
Reply
Thisinformationisindeedreallyhelpfulespecially
inmyacademics
By:Panashe
ChibatamotoonJanuary
28,2016
at7:28pm
Reply
18/20
Thankyouitsveryuseful
By:Sumayiaahmadon
February17,2016
at4:45pm
Reply
thisissocomprehensiveenough,neededawrite
upguideformyenvironmentallawpresentation
anditisjustsohelpful
By:damilolaon
February21,2016
at7:22am
Reply
thankuparthadassarma.itsveryniceanduseful.
By:AtikurRahman.on
February29,2016
at7:00am
Reply
Nondegradablepollutantsdonotbreakdown
intosmallerandharmlessproducts.Isitright?Is
mercury,arsenicetcharmless?
By:ManojonMarch2,
2016
at4:39pm
Reply
Itisveryimportantforeveryoncelife.
By:lavinaonMarch3,
2016
at2:33am
Reply
itisreallynice
By:smrityonMarch7,
2016
at2:03am
Reply
Yeah!Soilerosionanderosionofthebrainsof
millionsofpeoplethatdonotrealizethereno
taxestoslowdowntheproductionandsalesof
productsthatarebadforourhealthorforthe
environment.
By:RobertoStasi
(@fedelisssimo)on
March8,2016
at8:17pm
Reply
SaveEnvironmentistheprimeresponsibilityof
eachoneofus.Weactuallycantshrugoffthe
responsibilitybysayingthatitisnotpossiblewith
oirsoleeffort.Itstruethatwehavetounifytheeffortto
mitigatetheclimatechange.Itstimetosensitizeourselves
beforeweexpectanythingfromothers.Wehavetomodel
ourselves.Thebreathweareinhalingisladenwithlotof
contaminants,thewaterwehaveispollutedbymanmade
greedyactivities.Sowehavetodopositivelyandforthe
motherearth.
By:Dr.Mrs.Neeru
JoshionApril19,2016
at12:29pm
Reply
Dr.Mrs.NeeruJoshi.
Principal
BBPS
LEAVEAREPLY
19/20
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